Crop Residue Effects on Total and Dissolved Losses of Fe,Mn, Cu,and Zn by Runoff

Runoff may cause losses of micronutrients from soils. This can result in environmental problems such as contaminant transfers to water or a decrease in soil fertility. Appropriate soil management may reduce these micronutrient losses. This study examined the effect of applying crop residues to the soil surface on iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) losses by runoff. Runoff and sediment yield were measured on 1-m² plots using a rainfall simulator with constant 65 mm h^?1 intensity. Eight successive rainfall applications were performed at 65 mm each. Corn (Zea mays L.) straw was applied to plots at rates ranging from 0 to 8 t ha^?1. Both total and dissolved concentrations of the micronutrients studied were decreased by corn straw applications. After 520 mm cumulative rainfall, total soil losses ranged from 150 to 15354 kg ha^?1 depending on the amount of corn straw applied. Total micronutrient concentrations in runoff were as follows: Fe from 14.98 to 611.12 mg L^?1, Mn from 0.03 to 0.61 mg L^?1, Cu from 0.10 to 1.43 mg L^?1, and Zn from 0.21 to 5.45 mg L^?1. The relative contribution of the dissolved fraction to the total micronutrient content loss was low, but varied depending on the nutrient, being less than 1 percent for Fe and Mn and almost 10 percent for Zn. Total and dissolved concentrations in runoff of the studied elements decreased exponentially as the rate of applied corn straw increased. In conclusion, the addition of corn straw to soil reduced micronutrient losses.     

The effects of applied crop residues on losses of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in run-off from a soil prone to crusting

Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near-surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run-off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run-off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run-off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m² plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run-off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss.     

自然降雨条件下农田地表产流及氮磷流失规律研究

基于淮北平原自然降雨条件下2个连续汛期观测的降雨-径流试验数据,分析不同试验处理下农田地表产流规律和氮磷浓度及其构成,探讨地表径流氮磷浓度和流失量的时间变化过程及其分布差异。结果表明,当地农田地表径流氮磷浓度构成分别以颗粒态氮和可溶性磷为主,而可溶性氮中又以溶解性有机氮为主,且硝态氮是农田地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。汛初7月不同土地利用方式下农田地表径流量及铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性氮磷和颗粒态氮磷的浓度及流失量间的差异相对较小,但8月期间的差异却明显增加,低秆高密度作物种植模式下的相应流失量最低。在淮北平原夏季种植黄豆、棉花等矮秆高密度作物,可起到有效减少地表径流氮磷流失量的作用,减缓因农业非点源污染对地表水体富营养化产生的潜在威胁。     

不同作物对坡耕地地表径流及氮素流失的影响

为了揭示坡耕地种植作物后径流和氮素流失间的差异,采用径流小区法对坡耕地种植玉米、莜麦和土豆3种作物后坡面径流、地面作物状况、氮素流失量及其关系进行了研究。结果表明:2014年7—9月6场侵蚀性降雨平均降雨量为31.49mm,径流量(Q)为Q_(莜麦-总)Q_(土豆-总)Q_(玉米-总),且与降雨量成线性关系;作物种类对径流中氮素浓度有显著影响,各形态氮浓度均值范围分别为:NO_3~-—N含量10.33~11.83mg/L,TN含量27.48~31.28mg/L,NH_4~+—N含量0.72~0.92mg/L,NO_2~-—N含量0.35~0.49mg/L;6次侵蚀性降雨全氮流失量(TNL)为TNL_(莜麦)TNL_(土豆)TNL_(玉米),均值分别为147.01,139.45,125.63mg;硝态氮流失量(NL_硝)占TNL的33.33%~43.14%,NL_硝和TNL与径流量之间存在线性关系;7—9月份,农作物进入生殖生长阶段,作物覆盖度变化较小,与降雨量和氮素流失量之间没有显著关系,不是影响坡面径流和养分流失的主要影响因素。     

污泥对赤红壤坡地磷素随地表径流流失的影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下,研究了污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地磷随径流流失的影响.结果表明,污泥撒施1d后的径流中混匀样总磷(MTP)、静置样总磷(STP)、颗粒态总磷(TPP)、悬浮态总磷(TSP)和可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度均达到峰值.撒施(60 t/hm~2)对应峰值分别为4.22,1.58,3.84,1.20,0.38 mg/L.为撒施(120 t/hm~2)对应峰值的40%～96.8%,此后撒施径流磷索浓度呈递减趋势,施用量引起的撤施径流磷素浓度差异逐渐变小.模拟试验期内,随污泥用量的增加,撒施径流磷素平均浓度不同程度随之升高.但撒施径流磷素流失量未必随之升高;污泥用量对穴施径流磷索浓度和流失量无明显影响.撒施径流46.0%～67.8%MTP和62.2%～74.6%STP流失量发生在污泥施用前期(1d和18d)径流中.MTP径流流失系数依次为撒施(60t/hm~2)>撒施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(60t/hm~2).颗粒态磷是磷随径流流失的主要形式.     

模拟降雨条件下不同土石比例弃土堆置体产流产沙研究

为研究不同土石比例条件下弃土堆置体水土流失特征之间的差异,以前期概化的4类弃土堆置体中坡顶平台有车辆碾压的弃土堆置类型为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究4种土石比例弃土堆置体在4种降雨强度条件下的产流产沙特征。研究表明:4种土石比例的弃土堆置体的开始产流时间随着砾石含量的增加而缩短;相同土石比例条件下,径流率和侵蚀速率随着降雨强度的增大而增大;相同降雨强度条件下,径流率和侵蚀速率随着土石比例的减小而减小;径流率随着降雨时间的推移在一定范围内呈波动式变化,侵蚀速率随时间推移呈稳定、波动两种变化趋势。不同土石比例弃土堆置体平均径流率、平均侵蚀速率随着砾石含量的增大而增大;总产沙量随着总径流量的增大而增大。     

Influence of Soil Properties and Manure Sources on Phosphorus in Runoff during Simulated Rainfall

Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff and characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P in runoff. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm h^?1 of simulated rainfall for 30 min. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg^?1. Sources of P included broiler litter, breeder manure, and breeder manure treated with three rates of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) 0, 3.9, and 7.8 kg m^?2, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and an un-amended control. All manure sources were surface applied at 66 kg P ha^?1 without incorporation. Water extractable P represented an average of 10 ± 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ significantly for low and high STP Coastal Plain soils. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all dissolved reactive P lost in runoff with dissolved reactive P correlating strongly with water extractable P concentration (r² = 0.9961). Overall, manures containing the highest water extractable P concentrations contributed to the largest amounts of dissolved reactive P in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m^?2 of Al₂(SO₄)₃ (alum) decreased dissolved reactive P in runoff by 29%. While this soil box runoff study represents a worst-case scenario for P loss, highly significant effects of soil properties and manure sources were obtained. Management based on these results should help ameliorate harmful effects of P in runoff.     

表层土壤容重对黄土坡面养分随径流迁移的影响

农田化学物质随地表径流迁移的问题,既是农业问题,又是水环境问题。地表土壤容重是影响土壤溶质随径流迁移的重要因素之一。通过室内模拟试验,研究了降雨条件下土壤容重对黄土区坡面土壤氮、磷和钾随径流迁移过程的影响。结果表明,随着土壤容重增大,初始产流时间提早,径流系数增大,土壤流失量增多,土壤磷和钾流失量也随之增大。径流养分浓度变化对土壤容重响应程度的大小次序是：NO3ˉ-N〉PO4^3-P〉K^＋。径流养分流失率过程曲线存在“峰值点”,它是土壤容重、溶质理化特性以及土壤水文参数综合作用的结果。通过数学模拟,进一步证实了幂函数是模拟黄土区非饱和水流条件下养分流失过程的最佳模型。本研究为深入理解黄土坡面径流溶质迁移机理提供了参考。     

模拟降雨条件下不同PAM用量及其与强化剂联用对紫色土磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同PAM用量及其与不同强化剂联用对紫色土坡面磷素流失的影响。结果表明:分别施加4,8,16g/m2分子量600万、水解度20%的阴离子型PAM均能显著降低坡面径流量、总磷(TP)及颗粒态磷(PP)浓度,并显著增加壤中流体积。2次降雨中,PAM应用效果均与PAM用量有关。第1次降雨以8g/m2 PAM效果最佳,相比对照,径流量减少62.28%,TP减少80.71%,PP减少95.78%;第2次降雨以16g/m2效果最佳,相比对照,径流量减少53.28%,TP减少77.52%,PP减少98.40%。相比PAM单施,分别联用石膏和石灰石后,坡面径流量增加,TP和DP浓度均显著降低。第1次降雨以石膏联用效果更佳,其中TP减少83.91%,DP减少85.34%;第2次降雨2种强化剂效果相近,TP分别减少76.10%和75.28%,DP也分别减少78.17%和79.46%。可见,施用PAM和强化剂能够显著降低磷素流失量,对农业面源污染的控制有一定作用。     

土石山区径流小区坡长对径流量和侵蚀量影响的研究

以土石山区径流小区所产生的径流量和侵蚀量为研究对象,对在山东省临朐县辛庄试验站径流小区坡长为10m,20m和40m多年的观测资料,分析了坡长与径流和侵蚀的关系.研究表明:不同坡长条件下降雨量与径流量和侵蚀量呈线性关系,同一坡长条件下,径流量和侵蚀量随降雨量的增加而增加,不同坡长条件下,随坡长的增加,径流量逐渐增加,在P<10mm时20m坡长的侵蚀量大于40m坡长的侵蚀量,在P>10mm时呈相反变化.不同坡长条件下I₃₀与径流量和侵蚀量呈幂函数关系,同一坡长条件下,径流量和侵蚀量随I₃₀的增加而增加,不同坡长条件下,随坡长的增加,侵蚀量逐渐增加,在I₃₀<20mm时20m坡长的径流量大于40m坡长的径流量,在I₃₀>20mm时呈相反变化.     

秸秆覆盖红壤径流养分流失效益及径流剪切力影响研究

采用模拟降雨试验的方法,研究秸秆覆盖条件下红壤侵蚀效益及动力影响因素。模拟降雨强度2.0mm/min,坡度20°,径流小区(长1.5m,宽0.5m,深0.3m)条件下,供试土壤为赤红壤。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖减流效益达到69.3%,减沙效益达到99.2%;明显提高土壤的入渗速率,渗透效益达到了32%,秸秆覆盖有较好的水土保持效益。(2)秸秆覆盖有效减少径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮、径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷的流失,减少径流中氮流失效益均达到74%以上,减少径流中磷流失效益均达到78%以上,径流中元素流失均以溶解态氮磷元素大于颗粒态氮磷元素,秸秆覆盖减少径流中磷养分流失的效益大于氮养分的流失效益。(3)建立单位面积单位时间径流剪切力和产沙率、径流总氮、径流溶解态氮、径流颗粒态氮和径流总磷、径流溶解态磷、径流颗粒态磷流失速率的模型,初步推断径流剪切力是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素。(4)秸秆覆盖和未覆盖的临界启动径流剪切力分别为2.8N/m2和1.5N/m2。     

不同土壤坡面产流产沙特征对比分析

通过不同坡度(5°,10°,20°)、不同质地土壤(粘土、砂土)的人工模拟降雨试验,对比研究粘土和砂土在不同坡度条件下的坡面产流产沙规律,并建立试验条件下坡面土壤侵蚀模型。结果表明:(1)粘土坡面和砂土坡面的产流规律相似,在相同试验条件下随着产流时间的延长粘土坡面和砂土坡面的产流率均先逐渐增加最后趋于稳定,同时随着坡度增大,粘土坡面和砂土坡面的产流率均逐渐变小,但粘土坡面达到稳定产流率的时间早于砂土坡面;(2)粘土坡面和砂土坡面的产沙规律相似,在不同坡度条件下粘土坡面和砂土坡面的产沙率均随产流历时呈先增大后降低的趋势,但粘土坡面的产沙能力小于砂土坡面,且在坡度为5°时两者之间的差别达到最大;(3)随着坡度增加,粘土坡面和砂土坡面的总产沙量的变化幅度均大于总产流量的变化幅度,即坡度对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响大于对径流的影响;(4)统计得出试验条件下粘土坡面和砂土坡面的土壤侵蚀量与坡度、产流时间的回归方程,并据此得出试验条件下粘土相对于砂土坡面的减沙能力方程。     

不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及径流氮输出的控制效果

基于巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土和养分流失监测的定位试验,于2014—2015年连续2a进行观测,研究小麦—芝麻模式下,植物篱(黄花菜)(PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)3种农艺措施对水土和径流氮输出的控制效果。结果表明,植物篱、植物篱+秸秆覆盖和等高垄作能有效减少地表径流量和土壤流失量,3种农艺措施的降低效果依次为PHSPHCR。与CK(当地常规耕作)相比,PH、PHS和CR处理平均分别减少24.5%,36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和31.0%,45.6%和25.4%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用,且减沙效果大于减流效果。3种农艺措施显著降低了径流液颗粒态氮(PN)的浓度,提高了溶解态总氮(DTN)、硝态氮(NO~-_3—N)和溶解态有机氮(DON)的浓度,但对总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH~+_4—N)浓度无显著影响。CK处理径流液中PN和DTN所占TN的比例基本相当,而在其3种农艺措施下,DTN是N随着径流迁移的主要形态。在DTN中,NO~-_3—N占较大比例,DON次之,NH~+_4—N所占比例最小。CK处理N随地表径流平均年度累积流失量为9.35kg/hm~2,占当年施N量的2.83%。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR处理的N素年度累积流失量平均分别降低了28.3%,40.7%和21.2%,其对N素输出的控制效应主要是通过减流减沙来实现的。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

洞庭湖平原冲积性菜园土壤养分径流规律研究

通过定位大田和田间小区试验,研究不同作物类型及不同施肥结构对菜园土壤养分径流损失的影响。结果表明,菜园土壤养分径流损失以氮为主,磷、钾素相对较少。从氮素形态看,以硝态N为主,铵态N较少。就淋失速度而言,硝态N最快,磷素次之,铵态N和钾素较慢且有一定的持续性。种植辣椒作物,由于施肥量大于南瓜,N、P养分的淋失显著高于南瓜地。当地菜农习惯施肥(CK2)和单施化肥处理(NPK),在辣椒生育前期,N、P养分的淋失较其他处理严重。施用有机肥料,特别是饼肥,作物生育后期水溶性总N和硝态N的淋失大于其他处理。不施肥处理,也存在着N、P养分的损失,且数量较大,在生产实践中应加强土壤养分资源的管理和高效利用。     

Intercropping and Crop Residue Incorporation: Effects on Soil Nutrient Status

ABSTRACT

A maize-melon mixture relayed into a cassava-soybean intercrop was established at Ibadan, Nigeria, between 1995 and 1997 in order to study the changes in soil-nutrient status, that occurred due to soybean intercropping and residue incorporation. The experiment was conducted on a Kanhaplic Haplustalf soil. Soybean was planted in drills between cassava rows after harvesting maize and melon. Soybean stover was recycled into half of the soybean plots. Cassava yield was reduced by about 16% with soybean intercropping without the residue incorporation and by about 11% with incorporation of the crop residue. Soil pH was significantly reduced from an initial 6.0 to 5.7 with soybean intercropping. Organic matter was drastically reduced from an initial 31.0 g kg^?1 to 5.3 g kg^?1 with sole cassava cropping, and to 10.1 g kg^?1 with soybean intercropping and incorporation of crop residue. Total nitrogen (N) was also significantly reduced to about 0.4 g kg^?1from an initial content of 1.8 g kg^?1, while the available phosphorus (P) was increased from 1.8 to an average of 4.0 mg kg^?1. The exchangeable potassium (K) and effective cation-exchange capacity (ECEC) were not significantly affected.     

喀斯特岩溶裂隙对地下径流和氮素垂直渗漏的影响

为了探究水土漏失过程对岩溶裂隙发育形态的响应,采用野外模拟降雨试验,研究了裂隙出露型岩土(XL)、裂隙埋藏型岩土(XM)两种结构形态岩溶裂隙对地下径流及氮素垂直渗漏的影响,并以全土微区(QT)为对照。结果表明:裂隙出露型岩土(XL)、裂隙埋藏型岩土(XM)和全土(QT)3个处理中地下径流对降雨的响应时间表现为XLXMQT,其初始地下径流产流时间分别是29,77,139min,XL和XM初始地下径流产流时间分别比QT减少了79.14%,44.60%;降雨产流阈值分别为20.64,55.06,94.90mm,以QT的降雨产流阈值为基准,XL和XM的降雨产流阈值分别减少了78.25%,41.98%;地下径流达到稳定的时间分别为59,107,169min,稳定径流速率分别为42.09,42.36,38.24mm/h。不同结构形态岩溶裂隙下XL全氮、硝态氮渗漏浓度最高,浓度均值分别为11.64,10.45mg/L,除XM外,XL、QT在降雨结束前地下径流中的全氮、硝态氮浓度基本达到稳定;不同结构形态岩溶裂隙下全氮渗漏量表现为XLXMQT,硝态氮渗漏量表现为XMXLQT,地下径流中氮素输出的主要形式为硝态氮,其比例约占全氮渗漏量的82.32%~90.12%,而铵态氮渗漏量占全氮渗漏量的比例不足2%。裂隙的存在,尤其是出露地表裂隙的存在,增加了微区底部单位面积土壤地下径流速率,同时还增加了微区底部单位面积土壤氮素渗漏量,喀斯特地区普遍存在的裂隙结构促进了水分入渗,加剧了地下径流中氮素的渗漏。本研究相关结果可为喀斯特地区水土漏失机制的探索以及物质迁移模型的构建提供科学依据。     

降雨条件下灌草配置方式对褐土坡面径流泥沙特征的影响

为探究不同灌草配置方式对褐土坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,通过室内模拟降雨试验,以种植灌木胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)以及草本紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的褐土坡面为研究对象,设计3种降雨强度(30,60,90 mm/h)、3种灌草覆盖度(灌草覆盖度比例分别为1∶2(Ⅰ),2∶1(Ⅱ),1∶1(Ⅲ))以及3种灌草空间配置方式(灌木位于坡上(US)、坡中(MS)、坡下(LS)),分析降雨条件下不同灌草覆盖度及不同灌草空间配置交互作用下产流产沙及减流减沙特征。结果表明：(1)坡面产流产沙量在降雨初期大幅度增加,随后增加趋势逐渐减缓,最后趋于稳定。当灌丛位于坡下(LS)且灌草覆盖度为Ⅱ时,产流产沙量显著低于其他灌草配置方式。(2)不同灌草覆盖度减流减沙率大小关系为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ;不同灌草空间配置下减流减沙率大小关系为LS>MS>US。其中最大减流率达61.58%,最大减沙率达93.27%。不同灌草配置方式间的减流率及减沙率具有显著差异。(3)通过双因素方差分析研究灌草空间配置方式对坡面总产流产沙量的显著性和贡献率发现,灌草覆盖度和灌...     

不同施肥管理模式对集雨区苗木地径流氮素流失的影响

采用田间径流小区定位研究方法,以合溪水库集雨区苗木种植地为研究对象,设置了撒施(对照)、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、区外设置植草缓冲带、条施、穴施6种施肥管理处理小区,探究不同施肥管理模式对合溪水库集雨区苗木地径流氮素流失的影响,筛选最佳施肥管理模式。结果表明:不同施肥管理模式下,苗木地地表径流年总氮素径流流失通量大小顺序为:撒施(对照)覆膜条施穴施区外植草缓冲带秸秆覆盖,撒施(对照)、地膜覆盖、条施、穴施、区外设置植草缓冲带和秸秆覆盖6种施肥管理模式下的年总氮素径流流失通量分别为35.61,18.30,15.86,12.94,8.18,3.44kg/(hm2·a),说明穴施、区外设置植草缓冲带和秸秆覆盖是较佳的施肥管理模式,将其优化组合后会显著消减水库集雨区苗木地径流氮素流失及其对水库水质的潜在影响。此外,不同施肥管理模式下,苗木地径流水样氮素流失的主要形态为颗粒态氮,其次为硝态氮,其中,撒施(对照)、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、区外植草缓冲带、条施和穴施年均流失的颗粒态氮占流失总氮的比例分别为69.11%,68.87%,68.04%,61.89%,61.17%和65.09%;年均流失的硝态氮占流失总氮的比例分别为23.18%,23.36%,20.21%,27.20%,32.02%和28.71%。     

湘北红壤低山丘陵区典型水土流失治理模式径流泥沙效应

探明径流小区尺度下不同水土流失治理模式的径流泥沙效应,对于大尺度水土流失治理具有重要意义。通过野外标准径流小区自然降雨试验探究了湘北红壤低山丘陵地带3种典型水土流失治理模式(S1模式:坡改梯+经果林,S2模式:等高沟垄+农作物,S3模式:平整撂荒坡面+草本)径流泥沙效应。结果表明:3种治理模式在次降雨诱导下平均径流量为S3(1.84m~3)S1(1.03m~3)S2(0.78m~3),平均泥沙流失量为S3(1.191t/hm~2)S1(0.411t/hm~2)S2(0.311t/hm~2);3种治理模式在A、B、C雨型诱导下(K-均值聚类)累积径流量均为S3(33.19,15.25,14.13 m~3)S1(19.40,9.06,6.48 m~3)S2(16.60,5.89,4.15m~3),累积泥沙流失量也表现出了相同规律,即S3(14.474,10.863,15.153t/hm~2S1(7.521,2.695,3.766t/hm~2)S2(6.149,1.685,2.741t/hm~2);不同治理模式泥沙流失对径流响应特征均呈极显著正相关(P0.01,r0),相关系数(r)分别为0.853,0.920,0.677,其中,S1、S2和S3模式泥沙流失量与径流量线性回归斜率(k)分别为0.356,0.420,0.493,表明S3模式泥沙流失对径流的响应最明显,S2模式次之,S1模式泥沙流失对径流响应程度较小。因此,3种典型模式在控制水土流失方面具有明显不同的效果。     

降雨和前期含水量对大别山区不同作物坡面产流产沙的影响

基于霍山县水土保持试验站3个径流小区（茶叶、桑树、红芋）2016—2017年逐日连续观测数据,定量研究土壤含水量与天然降雨条件下产流产沙规律与动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）4—7月为产流高峰期,该时期各小区产流量占年产流量的76%（桑树）,57%（茶叶）,70%（红芋）。3种作物对产流产沙的抑制效果为茶树地 > 桑树地 > 红芋地。（2）各作物年内土壤含水量变化趋势相似,全年变化呈W形。其中表层土壤平均含水量排序为茶树地 > 桑树地 > 红芋地,与作物抑制产流产沙效果排序一致。秋季土壤水分稳定性最强,夏季最弱。全年以桑树为例的乔木对土壤水分稳定效果最好。（3）降雨参数与土壤含水量之间灰色关联度大小为历时 > 平均雨强 > I₃₀ > I₆₀ > 雨量。作物小区内产流量贡献度最大变量为降雨侵蚀力,而就产沙量而言,茶叶地与红芋地的产沙量贡献度最大变量为I₃₀,对桑树地产沙贡献度最大变量为降雨量。