Excessive Nitrogen Inputs in Intensive Greenhouse Cultivation May Influence Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Composition

Intensive greenhouse vegetable‐production systems commonly utilize excessive fertilizer inputs that are inconsistent with sustainable production and may affect soil quality. Soil samples were collected from 15 commercial greenhouses used for tomato production and from neighboring fields used for wheat cropping to determine the effects of intensive vegetable cultivation on soil microbial biomass and community structure. Soil total nitrogen (N) and organic‐matter contents were greater in the intensive greenhouse tomato soils than the open‐field wheat soils. Soil microbial carbon (C) contents were greater in the greenhouse soils, and soil microbial biomass N showed a similar trend but with high variation. The two cropping systems were not significantly different. Soil microbial biomass C was significantly correlated with both soil total N and soil organic matter, but the relationships among soil microbial biomass N, soil total N, and organic‐matter content were not significant. The Biolog substrate utilization potential of the soil microbial communities showed that greenhouse soils were significantly higher (by 14%) than wheat soils. Principal component (PC) analysis of soil microbial communities showed that the wheat sites were significantly correlated with PC1, whereas the greenhouse soils were variable. The results indicate that changes in soil microbiological properties may be useful indicators for the evaluation of soil degradation in intensive agricultural systems.     

不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量氮的影响

研究了长期定位试验不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量氮的变化,结果表明:农田生态系统中,长期施用化肥并不能提高微生物生物量氮的水平,但可以加快其周转速率。NPK配合猪厩肥处理的微生物体氮含量最高,周转也最快。林地和草地生态系统中,荒地处理由于积累的有机物很多,其微生物量氮最大,其次是林地处理和割草处理,裸地处理的微生物生物量氮最低。各处理的土壤微生物量周转速率为:NPK+M>荒地>林地=割草>NPK>CK>裸地。     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵区茶园土壤微生物量的影响

在亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园经过4年稻草覆盖及间作三叶草田间小区试验，对土壤剖面分析结果表明．稻草覆盖及间作三叶草均能明显增加土壤表层有机C、碱解N、有效P．增加土壤微生物量C、N、P。剖面中土壤有机C、微生物量C、全N、碱解N、土壤微生物量N、全P、有效P、微生物量P随深度的增加而递减。稻草覆盖影响到40cm土层左右，阃作白三叶草影响到20cm左右。0～20cm土层微生物量C／有机CT2〉T3〉T1，3个处理微生物量N／全N在1．02～2．74之间，微生物量P和全P比值在2．27～13．1之间。亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳C、碱解N、微生物量N、有效P、微生物量P具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01），与全N、全P呈显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。     

长期施肥对黑土、棕壤微生物量的影响

以公主岭黑土长期定位试验和中科院沈阳生态试验站棕壤长期试验为平台,对不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的变化及其与土壤有机碳、全氮的关系进行研究。结果表明,长期不同施肥处理黑土和棕壤微生物量碳、氮含量不同,大小依次为有机肥配施化肥>有机肥>化肥>不施肥,其中有机肥配施化肥处理可以显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮。微生物量碳、氮含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量之间具有极显著的正相关关系。同时,有机肥配施化肥处理能够显著增加土壤微生物商。     

长期施用化肥对红壤性水稻土中微生物生物量、活性及群落结构的影响

利用化肥长期定位试验,研究了施肥对土壤微生物生物量、活性及其群落结构的影响.结果表明:与不施肥相比,长期施用化肥不仅增加了土壤微生物生物量,而且导致了土壤微生物群落结构的分异.其中,有机无机配施处理和2倍NPK配施处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量、全N含量、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物活性.NPK均衡施肥处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响小于非均衡施肥的处理(NP、NK、N、P、K),适当增施K肥有利于提高土壤微生物中真菌的比例.     

不同节水稻作模式对土壤微生物数量和微生物量碳氮的影响

针对南方丘陵区季节性干旱这一区域问题,以节水稻作模式为研究对象,以常规稻作模式为对照,通过田间定位试验,研究了稻基农田土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳氮的变化规律.结果表明,与该区常规稻作模式相比,节水稻作模式的土壤微生物数量和土壤微生物量碳氮差异显著;节水稻作模式有利于土壤细菌和放线菌的增殖,但抑制了真菌的增殖;土壤微生物量碳和微生物量氮的显著增加,以水旱轮作双季稻模式最佳,说明采用节水稻作模式可有效提升土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量、微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量.因此,在南方丘陵季节性干旱区,采用节水稻作模式,可促进稻田生态系统健康持续发展.     

植茶年龄对茶园土壤微生物特性及酶活性的影响

分析了浙江省两个典型茶区土壤化学、微生物学性质以及酶活性。结果表明,茶园土壤的酸化程度随植茶年龄的增加而加重,土壤有效态N以NO-3 N为主。两茶区高龄茶园的土壤微生物量均很低,表明长期植茶形成的独特生态环境对微生物有抑制作用。两茶园土壤微生物代谢商(Rmic/Cmic)都较非茶园对照土壤低,并且随植茶年龄的增加,两者呈相似的变化趋势。土壤微生物商的变化可能与茶园土壤环境胁迫状况有关,低龄茶园的土壤微生物商(Cmic/Corg)高于非茶园对照土壤,也明显高于高龄茶园。土壤有机碳,全N ,有效P ,NH-4 N ,NO-3 N ,脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均随植茶年龄的增加而增加,而与土壤pH值呈相反的变化趋势     

Response of Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity to Soil Fertilization in an Eroded Farmland of Chinese Mollisols

The aims of this study were to examine interrelationships between microbial biomass and enzyme activities of soil quality and to determine their suitability for differentiating areas. The study included five simulated erosion soil depths (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm), which had received contrasting fertilizer treatments over a 5-year period in an eroded black soil of northeastern China. Our results indicated that soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities declined as the erosion depth increased. On the five erosion depths, soil microbial carbon, phosphatase, and invertase variation ranged as follows: 35.4–53.3, 39.8–45.2, and 55.9–67.1%, respectively. In the fertilizer + manure treatment, soil microbial carbon, nitrogen, urease, phosphatase, and invertase activities were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of fertilizer treatment in all five different erosion depths. Overall, this study may be considered as the foundation for soil quality evaluation and fertility restoration in northeastern China and similar regions.     

Microbial Biomass,Community Diversity,and Enzyme Activities in Response to Urea Application in Tea Orchard Soils

To improve yield and quality in tea orchards, a large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is usually applied. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of N application on microbial community and activity in tea orchard soils and assess the relative importance of fertilizer application versus land use in structuring the soil microbial community. Urea application caused significant decreases in soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the three tea orchards. For the wasteland and forest, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities significantly increased as a result of N fertilizer application. Urea application caused significant decreases in microbial functional and genetic diversity indices of the three tea orchards. Moreover, the bacterial and fungal phospholipid fatty acids were found to be changed with urea application. Multivariate analyses consistently showed that land use had a greater effect on soil microbial community diversity than urea application.     

薄层黑土微生物生物量碳氮对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应

研究土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤微生物生物量的影响可以为科学评估土壤侵蚀的环境效应提供依据。以典型薄层黑土区——黑龙江省宾州河流域为研究区,利用土壤137Cs含量估算侵蚀速率,通过分析流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量以及土壤侵蚀强度的差异,揭示土壤微生物生物量对土壤侵蚀—沉积的响应规律。结果表明:流域不同位置和不同坡面部位土壤微生物生物量的分布存在明显差异,并呈现出与土壤侵蚀—沉积空间分布相反的变化趋势。土壤侵蚀速率在流域的分布为上游中游下游,在坡面的分布为坡中部坡上部坡下部;土壤微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)在流域表现为下游中游上游,在坡面表现为坡下部坡上部坡中部。回归分析表明,MBC、MBN、有机质(Organic matter,OM)和全氮(Total nitrogen,TN)含量随土壤侵蚀强度的增大而减少。土壤侵蚀对土壤微生物生物量的分布有重要影响,土壤侵蚀—沉积过程引起土壤养分的迁移和再分布是导致侵蚀区和沉积区土壤微生物生物量分布产生差异的重要原因。     

Watering Frequency and Total Water Input Influence Wheat Growth,Soil Microbial Biomass and Nutrient Availability in a Silt Loam

Two experiments with different watering regimes were conducted. In the first experiment, wheat was grown for four days at 50% of maximum water holding capacity (WHC), then 4-day cycles with three watering regimes were implemented, percentages refer to water lost over 4 days: in TW1 pots were watered on day 1 of each cycle adding 100%, TW2 pots were watered on day 1 and day 3 each time adding 50%, TW4, pots were watered daily, each time 25%. In the second experiment, the soil was rewetted to 50% WHC when soil water content reached 40, 30, 20 and 10% WHC. In the first experiment, shoot and root biomass were higher in 4TW than 1TW and 2TW, whereas microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in 2TW was higher than in 1TW and 4TW. In Experiment 2, shoot and root biomass and MBC decreased with soil water content at which the pots were watered. Watering treatments had a stronger effect on plant biomass than MBC.     

辽东湾湿地微生物量与土壤酶的研究

研究考察了种植碱蓬(Suaeda Heteroptera K itag)对湿地的微生物量、部分土壤酶和土壤细菌总数的影响。实验发现:随着碱蓬的生长,种植碱蓬区的微生物量碳、氮均呈上升趋势,明显高于对照,微生物量碳变化范围为295~383mg kg-1,微生物量氮变化范围为29.74~41.81mg kg-1。土壤酶与微生物量的变化趋势相近,各种酶活性增幅大小不同,可能与植株分泌的养分对酶活性激活的程度不同。在种植碱蓬区,土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤酶活性的相关性达极显著水平或显著水平。在恒定的条件下,裸土区细菌总数基本恒定,而种植碱蓬区随着土样中植株的生长,细菌总数增长很快,在实验的20~40d,细菌总数分别增加1.48~6.9倍。     

辽宁省不同土地利用对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

通过野外调查采样和室内氯仿熏蒸提取法分析,研究了辽宁省旱地、稻田、湿地、草地、森林、果园6种不同土地利用方式共计35个样地表层土壤（0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm）对土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的影响。结果表明,土地利用方式对土壤微生物量有显著影响,其中土壤微生物量碳依次为森林〉湿地〉稻田〉旱地〉果园〉草地;土壤微生物量氮则为森林〉旱地〉稻田〉果园〉湿地〉草地。土壤微生物量碳氮均表现为森林显著高于其他土地利用方式,湿地、稻田、旱地、果园高于草地。除旱地和稻田,土壤微生物量碳随土层加深含量递减;而土壤微生物量氮在6种土地利用类型中,均表现为随土层加深含量递减。相关分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著相关,土壤微生物量碳、氮是可以表征土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

Assessment of Methods for Measuring Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Temperate Fruit Tree-Based Ecosystems

We investigated the potential of three methods of quantifying microbial biomass carbon (MBC), viz., chloroform fumigation-extraction (CFE) following organic C estimation through Vance method (CFE-V) and Snyder–Trofymow method (CFE-ST), and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method in soils under various temperate fruit crops along with a control (no plantation) at 0–20 and 21–40 cm soil depths. CFE methods have shown significant (p < 0.05) increase in chloroform labile C in all orchards over the control in surface soil. The interaction between the fruit crops and methods, although significant (p < 0.01), indicated that CFE-ST and SIR methods were statistically at par with each other within the same fruit crop, except peach plantation (CEF-ST significantly lower than SIR) in 0–20 cm soil depth. The coefficient of variation recorded for chloroform labile organic C estimates by CFE-ST method makes it more precise than CFE-V method, especially in 0–20 cm soil depth. The very close agreement between the methods suggests that over this narrower range (i.e., smaller geographical area) all methods are appropriate for assessing MBC. However, SIR, being most sensitive to orchard plantations and strongly correlated with various soil chemical properties, could preferably be recommended for estimation of MBC in such soils. As an alternative to CFE-V method, CFE-ST may also be used for estimation of chloroform labile organic C in these soils.     

熏蒸浸提法测定碱性土微生物生物量碳初探

为探究熏蒸浸提法测定碱性土壤微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)的最优熏蒸时间和浸提液浓度,本研究采用9种熏蒸时间、2种K_2SO_4浸提液浓度对不同有机质含量的碱性土壤MBC进行了测定。结果表明:(1)对于碱性土壤,熏蒸时间的选择与土壤有机质含量有关,土壤有机质含量越高,MBC提取值达到稳定的熏蒸时间越长。建议测定高有机质土壤(≥60 g/kg)MBC时熏蒸时间不少于24 h;测定中、低有机质土壤(≤30g/kg)MBC时熏蒸时间不少于18 h。(2)土壤有机质含量影响K2SO4浸提液的提取效率,测定高、中有机质土壤MBC时需要0.5 mol/L K_2SO_4浸提液进行提取;在低有机质土壤MBC测定中,0.25 mol/L K_2SO_4浸提液即可。(3)对于未知有机质含量的碱性土壤建议氯仿熏蒸时间至少为24 h,K_2SO_4浸提液浓度为0.5 mol/L。     

Organic Amendment Effects on Microbial Population and Microbial Biomass Carbon in the Rhizosphere Soil of Soybean

The aim of the study was to determine microbial populations and microbial biomass carbon in the rhizosphere soil of soybean cultivated under different organic treatments: plant compost (PC), vermicompost (VER), farmyard manure (FYM), and integrated plant compost (IPC). The serial dilution plate method was employed to enumerate the rhizosphere soil fungi and bacteria. Results showed that microbial populations and biomass carbon were affected by the application of organic amendments. Fungal population was the greatest in the VER plot for two crop cycles, whereas bacterial population was the greatest in the VER in the first crop cycle and FYM for the second crop cycle. Tukey's test at P ≤ 0.05 showed that change in microbial biomass carbon in the sites studied over time was significant, with the greatest in FYM. In our study, addition of organic amendments affected the soil physicochemical properties, which in return affected the rhizosphere microbial characteristics.     

土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响

采用聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺、腐殖酸钾、聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配5种土壤改良剂,研究其对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂均能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,各指标分别比对照增加了8.24%～30.22%,7.60%～19.29%,5.15%～29.45%和27.86%～68.86%;各土壤改良剂处理0-60cm各土层土壤容重均有不同程度的降低,其中,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾均降低幅度最大,各处理间差异不显著;各土壤改良剂均能显著提高0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层>0.25mm团聚体含量,其中>2mm和2～1mm土壤团粒结构增幅较大,聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾复配处理显著高于单施处理;土壤改良剂能促使燕麦全生育期内0-10cm,10-20cm和20-40cm各土层的土壤微生物量碳含量显著提高,复配较单施效果显著,随着土壤深度增加土壤微生物量碳逐层递减;各土壤改良剂处理籽粒产量和生物产量均显著高于对照,其中聚丙烯酸钾+腐殖酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐殖酸钾籽粒产量较其他处理高,分别为4 694.2kg/hm2和4 566.9kg/hm2,较对照增产21.66%和18.36%,两处理生物产量也表现较佳。     

秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对农田棕壤微生物生物量碳氮及酶活性的调控效应

如何有效运筹秸秆还田与氮肥施用，研发高效节氮秸秆还田技术，是目前东北地区农业生产中亟待解决的问题。基于田间定位试验，研究不同秸秆还田方式（秸秆不还田、秸秆粉碎翻压还田、秸秆堆腐旋耕还田）与施氮水平（180、210、240 kg N/hm2）运筹对土壤微生物量碳氮和氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明，与秸秆不还田相比，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN和脲酶活性均显著增加，硝酸还原酶活性无规律性变化。随着生育时期推进，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC和MBN分别呈现单峰和双峰曲线变化，脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性均呈波动式变化，高峰期均出现在春玉米旺盛生长期（拔节期 ~ 灌浆期）。随着施氮水平增加，秸秆还田处理土壤MBC、MBN均增加，MBC/MBN降低，而脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性变化行为因秸秆还田方式而异。在保证氮肥总量不变前提下，秸秆粉碎翻压还田配以15％氮肥后移能够增加土壤MBC和MBN，降低MBC/MBN。综上，在东北农业产区，秸秆粉碎翻压还田 + 210 kg N/hm2 + 15％氮肥后移的秸秆还田技术模式具有优化氮素管理、提高土壤肥力的潜力。     

秸秆还田对土壤氮素养分及微生物量氮动态变化的影响

通过定位试验研究玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田及小麦秸秆旋耕施肥播种同步完成的前提下,秸秆还田循环利用对小麦玉米两熟制土壤氮素养分及土壤微生物量氮的动态变化。结果表明小麦、玉米秸秆还田能满足小麦旺盛生长阶段拔节期对氮素养分的需求,秸秆还田处理或施肥处理的土壤全氮量总体上在小麦拔节期处于最低值,而既无秸秆还田又没有施肥的对照处理土壤全氮含量最低值出现的时期延后,在小麦开花期出现,持续至小麦的灌浆期。对于麦玉秸秆还田但不施氮磷钾肥而言,小麦生长后期(小麦开花期以后)土壤脱氮比较严重。秸秆还田后土壤碱解氮含量在小麦整个生长发育时期呈现上升的趋势。单独施肥或秸秆还田对提高土壤微生物量氮均有一定的作用,但是仅仅施肥其后效不足。秸秆还田并且施肥显著地促进了土壤微生物的活动,能持续地增加土壤微生物量氮含量。     

耕作与施肥对甘蔗地土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过野外调查与室内分析,研究了云南蒲缥甘蔗地赤红壤不同耕作与施肥土壤剖面微生物量碳、氮特征。结果表明:不同耕作与施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮均有一定影响,其中耕作对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响较为一致,表现为免耕 > 翻耕。施肥对0—20 cm土层中微生物量碳的影响表现为翻耕施肥 > 翻耕,对20—40 cm,40—60 cm土层中微生物量碳的效应呈现为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥,而施肥对土壤微生物量氮影响则与其对微生物量碳的效应相反。耕作和施肥对各个土层土壤微生物商具有显著的影响（p<0.05）,表现为免耕 > 翻耕,翻耕施肥条件下0—20 cm土层的微生物商稍高于翻耕,而其他土层均为翻耕 > 翻耕施肥;土壤微生物量氮与全氮的比值与微生物量氮的变化趋势相近。在不同的耕作和施肥条件下,免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量,施肥在一定程度上也利于提高土壤微生物量。