Effects of Sewage-Sludge Application on Soils and Sunflower Yield: Quality and Toxic Element Accumulation

Sunflower nutrition, sewage-sludge nutrients, and trace-metals supply have been studied in detail, but separately. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of sewage sludge on sunflower yields and the accumulation of nutrients and trace metals in soils and in the crop. Three experiments with sunflower were therefore conducted on farms located in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The treatments were control, 7 t dry matter (DM) sewage sludge/ha, and 14 t DM sewage sludge/ha. Soils were Typic Argiudolls and a Typic Hapludoll. At physiological maturity, grains and aerial biomass were harvested. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were determined and, after digestion with acids, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed with inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometry (ICPES). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for nutrients and Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Only available P and nitrate-N increased in the soil after the application of sewage sludge. Sunflower yields increased by increasing grains per head. Individual grain weight, oil content, nutrients, and trace-metals concentrations were not affected, nor were the aerial biomass and its composition. Using sewage sludge according to standard regulations does not affect either toxic-metals uptake or sunflower quality.     

Effects of Broomrape Parasitism on Sunflower Plants: Growth,Development, and Mineral Nutrition

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a parasitic plant that infects sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. In this work, sunflower plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with the substrate infested or non-infested with broomrape seeds. At different numbers of days after sowing, plant height, internode lengths, number of leaves, head diameter, mineral composition of leaves, and potassium (K) concentration in stem were measured. The negative effects of broomrape parasitism were assessed from 57 d after sowing, when broomrape started to emerge. Parasitized plants exhibited lower shoot dry weight, height, and head diameter than control plants. The reduction in internode lengths was associated with a decrease in the gradient of K concentration from basal to apical stem. The mineral composition of leaves was also affected in parasitized plants. The concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in leaves of parasitized plants were lower than those of the control plants, while there were few differences for K, phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). The effects of parasitism are discussed in relation to their competition for resources and to perturbations of the host physiology such as hormonal and water balance.     

Phosphorus Efficiency in Sunflower Cultivars and Its Relationships with Phosphorus,Calcium, Iron,Zinc and Manganese Nutrition

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) efficiency (shoot dry weight at low P/shoot dry weight at high P) of a cultivar is the ability to produce a high yield in a soil that is limited in that element for a standard genotype. The large variation in P efficiency of different crops provides opportunities for screening crop species that perform well on low phosphorus soil. To explain the differences in P efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars a glasshouse pot experiment was conducted by using P-deficient soil [0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)-extractable P 8.54 mg kg^?1] treated with 0 (low P) and 100 mg P kg^?1 soil (high P). The relationship between P efficiency and P, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition and anthocyanin accumulation was investigated in ten sunflower cultivars. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in significant decreases in the shoot and root yield. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars have the ability to produce higher yield than the inefficient cultivars in a limited P conditions. Our results showed that P-efficient cultivars had lower P concentrations, but higher P content in low P conditions. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars also have lower Ca and Fe concentrations in low P conditions but not in P-sufficient conditions. Applied P resulted in significant decreases in Zn concentrations in the shoots of the cultivars. Anthocyanin concentrations showed an accumulating pattern in all cultivars under P deficiency. The results demonstrated that phosphorus efficiency of the sunflower cultivars depends on their ability to produce higher yield and take up more P, and lower the concentration of Ca and Fe in shoots under low P conditions.     

pH和磷的交互作用对稳定化土壤砷释放的影响

以3种含Fe材料稳定化土壤(FeSO_4、FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤)为研究对象,研究了不同pH和P的交互作用对As释放量的影响及其作用机理。结果表明,在pH=3条件下,随着时间的延长能够促进释放的As重新趋于稳定化,而pH=11时3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量显著增加,144 h后分别约为pH=3时的10.5、16和10倍。添加P时,在3种pH条件下都促进了稳定化土壤中As的释放,尤其在酸性条件下,相对于无P体系As的释放量增加最为明显。FeSO_4稳定化土壤中As的释放特征能用Elovich方程较好地描述,而双常数方程拟合FeS和Fe~0稳定化土壤效果更优。在pH=3条件下,3种稳定化土壤中As的释放量与Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,而pH=11时FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放量与SO_4~(2–)的溶出量呈(极)显著相关,表明在酸性条件下,稳定化土壤As的释放主要受Ca、Mg、Mn氧化物结合态As溶解的影响,而碱性条件下,FeSO_4和FeS稳定化土壤中As的释放可能与硫化物的溶解有关。     

DEA方法在土壤元素与葵花品质评价中的应用

采用数据包络分析方法（DEA）建立葵花品质评价模型,探讨土壤元素对葵花品质的相对有效性,并以吉林省西部葵花籽产区为例进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）研究区58个土壤样本中,除5个表现为DEA无效外,其余53个均为有效,表明研究区的根系土壤元素对葵花品质影响的有效性程度较好,根系土壤元素含量及结构比例与葵花品质存在着较合理的输入输出关系;（2）对DEA无效的样本,要针对具体情况对土壤环境进行改良,以达到适合葵花生长的最佳条件。该研究有助于确定影响葵花品质的主要地球化学因素,提高该区域的葵花籽品质,以达到充分利用吉林西部大面积的盐碱地的目的。     

蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分的影响

从湖南石门县的As矿区附近采集不同程度As污染的农田土壤,分别设置添加秸秆、接种蚯蚓等处理,研究蚯蚓对As污染土壤酶活性及其P养分供给的影响。结果发现,高浓度As土壤的脱氢酶活性显著低于中、低浓度As土壤,而酸性磷酸酶活性及有效P含量则与之相反。蚯蚓+20g秸秆处理在50d时脱氢酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶活性则是秸秆处理在100d时最高,且接种蚯蚓和施用秸秆有利于土壤P素的释放。结果表明在施用秸秆条件下接种蚯蚓有利于改善As污染土壤的养分供给,从而改善根际营养。     

Use of Lithium Metaborate to Determine Total Phosphorus and Other Element Concentrations in Soil,Plant, and Related Materials

Lithium metaborate was examined as an alternative to sodium carbonate for preparing samples for measuring total elements, especially P, by fusion in soil, geological, plant, and other natural organic compounds. The examination also included the effect of two concentrations (0.8 and 3M) of nitric acid used to dissolve the metaborate fusion products as preparation for multiple element analyses by inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The three methods compared favorably and were able to reproduce a wide range of element concentration values documented for National Institution of Standards and Technology (NIST) mineral and organic samples. Neither lithium metaborate method measured sulfur (S) acceptably, especially in organic material. The sodium carbonate method traditionally uses sulfuric acid for dissolution, and therefore S measurements cannot be included. Also, sodium (Na) could not be included for the carbonate method. There were detection limit problems for measurement of some elements that are naturally present in small quantities in mineral and organic samples due to relatively low emission intensities for ICP-AES, and the greater sensitivity of ICP-mass spectrometry would be needed. There were only small differences between the two concentrations of nitric acid dissolution after metaborate fusion, but 3 M was adopted for routine use. The metaborate fusion with 3 M nitric acid method performed well on the routine analyses of soil samples. These results show that lithium metaborate is a good alternative to sodium carbonate fusion for the measurement of total P and many other elements (except S) in soil and related materials.     

基于矿物元素指纹的龙井茶产地溯源

龙井茶由于外形、工艺的一致性,无法通过外观特征来识别其产地,茶叶中元素组成因气候条件和土壤类型不同而有所差异,形成茶叶产地的元素指纹。本研究通过测定不同产区龙井茶中多种元素含量及同位素比率,借助化学计量学工具建立龙井茶产地区分模型。从西湖龙井、越州龙井和钱塘龙井3个产区采集102个春茶样本,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)、稳定同位素质谱(EA-IRMS)测定51种元素含量及18种元素同位素比率;运用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)、逐步线性判别分析(FLDA)、决策树C5.0和神经网络(BP-ANN)4种判别方法对龙井茶进行产区判别。结果表明,4种方法所构建的模型对模型构建样本回代验证的正确判别率均在92%以上,而4种模型的交叉验证准确率以FLDA准确率最高,达到92.17%,决策树C5.0和BP-ANN模型略低,但也在84%以上,4种模型对外部样本的预测准确度均在80%以上,其中以OPLS-DA最高,达93.33%。不同产区龙井茶的矿质元素指纹结合化学计量学工具可以有效对龙井茶产地进行溯源;FLDA和OPLS-DA模型较适合龙井茶产地溯源。通过多元统计分析建立不同产区龙井茶判别模型,为龙井茶品牌的原产地保护提供了鉴定。     

Concentrations of Major and Minor Mineral Elements in Different Organs of Kosteletzkya virginica and Saline Soils

Abstract

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. is a perennial dicot halophytic species that grows in brackish portions of coastal tidal marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. It was introduced into Northern Jiangsu, China, by the Halophyte Biotechnology Center (University of Delaware, Newark, DE) as a species with potential to improve the soil and develop ecologically sound saline agriculture. Fifteen major and minor elements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V)] in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Kosteletzkya virginica and saline soils were measured in the study. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, V, and Pb were the highest in soils, whereas concentrations of Na, Li, Cu, Ca, and Mg were the highest in the roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, and concentrations of K and P were the highest in the seeds. Potassium, P, Mg, and Ca were the main constituents in the seeds, and concentrations of Fe, Li, Mn, Zn, and Cu in seeds were relatively high. However, concentrations of Na and Al were very low in the seeds. The K/Na ratio in the seeds was 34.26, and the Ca/P ratio was 0.52, which was less than the maximum tolerable value for the human diet. These proportions were considered to be an advantage from a nutritional point of view. From roots to stems to leaves, increases in K/Na, Ca/Na, and Ca/Mg ratios could mitigate salt stress of the growth habitat of Kosteletzkya virginica. These results suggest that Kosteletzkya virginica is a halophytic species with potential as a rich source of mineral-element supply, and its products could be used for development of food, fodder, health care products and industrial raw materials.     

Sugarcane Biomass Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilizer on Four Mineral Soils as Related to Extractable Soil Phosphorus

ABSTRACT

The efficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers is very important in South Florida so that the environmental impact is minimal while meeting crop demand. To ensure that this is accomplished, an updated soil test P calibration is needed for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) grown on Florida mineral soils, which accounts for almost 30% of the total sugarcane planted in the state. An outdoor pot experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating four soil extractants for potential use in soil test P calibrations. Sugarcane cultivar CL 88–4730 was grown in 26L pots in a randomized complete block design with four replications of four P fertilizer rates (0, 38, 76, and 152 mg P L^?1 soil) and four soil series (2 Spodosols, 1 Entisol, and 1 Alfisol). Sugarcane biomass was significantly increased with P fertilizer application and extractable soil P significantly increased with increasing P fertilizer rate. Strongest relationships of extractable soil P with relative fresh weight yield were determined with the water, acetic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants. All extractants tested, including Mehlich 3, had significant relationships with relative yield and leaf P concentration and so all these extractants should be considered in further field calibration studies with sugarcane on Florida mineral soils.

Abbreviations: EAA: Everglades Agricultural Area; EREC: Everglades Research and Education Center; OM: organic matter; TSP: Triple superphosphate     

CO2浓度与氮磷供应水平对黄瓜根系生长及各组织矿质养分含量的影响

在开顶式生长箱内，以黄瓜为试验材料，采用营养液培养方法，研究了不同氮水平、磷水平条件下大气CO2浓度对黄瓜植株内矿质养分含量以及根系形态的影响。结果表明：黄瓜植株各部位氮素含量随供氮水平提高而增加，磷水平提高，也能促进各部位氮含量的提高。植株各部位磷含量随供磷水平的提高而升高，在相同磷水平下，缺氮会使各部位磷含量升高。大气CO2浓度升高会使黄瓜植株各部位氮及特定部位的磷含量降低。黄瓜根部的Ca含量随CO2浓度的升高而显著降低，氮和磷水平的升高极显著地增加了其含量，且CO2浓度与供磷水平、供氮与供磷水平以及这三者之间存在明显的交互作用。供氮、供磷水平的升高极显著的提高了黄瓜叶片Ca的含量以及茎部Mg的含量，且两者存在明显的交互作用。黄瓜总根长和总根表面积随CO2浓度的增加有增大的趋势；在缺磷条件下，总根长和总根表面积随氮水平的提高而增大；而同一氮水平和CO2浓度下，磷水平的降低会增加总根长和总根表面积。总体看来，大气CO2浓度的升高能促进黄瓜根系的生长，但会使得黄瓜植株某些部位氮、磷、钙、镁等矿质元素含量降低，而供氮、供磷水平的提高可以通过增强黄瓜的生长与活力促进黄瓜根系对矿质养分的吸收，从而缓解由于CO2浓度升高带来的矿质元素含量降低的风险。这启示我们在对设施蔬菜CO2施肥的同时，也要注重适量提高合理配比下矿质元素的供应。     

不同有机物料对库尔勒香梨果实矿质元素含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,对20 a树龄库尔勒香梨设置不同有机物料(生物黑炭、羊粪)的施肥处理,用原子吸收光谱法测定香梨中7种矿质元素的含量.结果表明:库尔勒香梨果实中Ca,Mg,Fe,Na元素的含量相对较高,Zn,Cu,Mn元素的含量相对较低.施用有机物料能明显提高香梨Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn,Na元素的含量,且随着有机物料施入量的增加,其提高效果越明显,施肥效应表现为:羊粪＞生物黑炭.     

Effects of Sodium Chloride and Mineral Nutrients on Initial Stages of Development of Sunflower Life

Abstract

The effects of three levels of salinity [0, 50, and 100 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl)] and the addition of potassium, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and boron (K, Ca, N, P, Fe, Mn, and B) on seed germination and survival of Helianthus annuus L. plants grown in an inert medium were studied. Increasing levels of salinity significantly decreased germination percentage. The presence of NaCl affected seedling survival rather than germination. Nitrogen addition damaged seedling growth, especially in high saline conditions. Addition of some nutrients may alleviate the effects induced by NaCl. Calcium additions to the culture medium significantly improved germination percentage and seedling survival, which markedly decreased after addition of K and B under saline conditions. Iron addition, especially in the ferrous form, counteracted the effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling survival. Phosphorus addition showed detrimental effects on germination and especially in seedling survival; however, it benefited the surviving seedling's growth.     

氮磷配施对苹果幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态和磷素利用的影响

以矮化苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置4个氮水平(N 0,150,300,450 mg/kg,分别以N0、N1、N2、N3表示)和2个磷水平(P2 O5100,200 mg/kg,分别以P1、P2表示),研究了氮磷配施对苹果砧木幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态转化和磷素吸收利用的影响,以期为果园磷肥高效利用提供参考依据.结...     

溶磷真菌的筛选及配施难溶态磷对土壤磷素有效性的影响

为研究溶磷真菌菌群对土壤磷素有效性的影响,首先在室内对3株不同种类溶磷真菌(1株属于被孢霉属Z1,1株为青霉属Z2,1株为黑曲霉Z3)的组合效应进行了研究,确定了最佳的菌株组合Z1+Z2+Z3,试验选用Z1、Z2、Z3组成菌群作为试验菌株;然后通过盆栽油菜试验研究溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷(磷酸三钙和磷矿粉)对土壤磷素有效性的影响。结果表明:溶磷真菌处理土壤有效磷、有机质、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶含量和油菜产量分别比基质处理显著增加了60.00%,20.21%,56.45%,53.81%,14.38%,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷上述各指标都高于单施溶磷真菌处理;单施溶磷真菌对土壤最大吸磷量的影响与基质无差异,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷可以显著降低土壤最大吸磷量,溶磷真菌+磷酸三钙和溶磷真菌+磷矿粉处理土壤最大吸磷量比溶磷真菌处理显著减少158.7,47.6 mg/kg,溶磷真菌各处理土壤吸附常数都低于对应的基质处理,溶磷真菌可以降低土壤对磷的吸附。在土壤上溶磷真菌应与难溶态磷配合施用,对提高土壤磷素有效性有积极的作用。     

Influence of Plant Phosphorus and Iron Concentrations on Growth of Soybean

Growth responses to phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are commonly assessed based on element concentrations to which plants are exposed. Such data offer little insight about responses to the concentration of P and Fe actually accumulated in plants. In this study, soybean (Glycine max Merr., cv. ‘Biloxi’) was grown on nutrient solutions to induce varying P and Fe concentrations in plant tissues. Leaf P and Fe concentrations were correlated at lower concentrations. However, under high P treatments there was an apparent excess of accumulated P based on plant response. These results were interpreted to indicate that these plants could accumulate P in excess of the amount required for normal physiological activity. There appeared to be no excess accumulation of Fe so that correlations between leaf Fe concentration and leaf area and plant mass were significant for all data. Root mass did not correlate significantly with either leaf P or Fe concentration.     

土壤矿物质吸附砷的研究进展

砷是一种有毒的重金属元素,由于自然和人为的原因,世界上的许多国家存在砷污染问题,因此有关砷污染的研究与控制日益受到人们的关注。本文介绍了土壤砷污染的产生原因及污染状况,重点集中在探讨土壤中的各种矿物质对砷吸附行为的作用机理。这些矿物质包括铁铝氧化物和氢氧化物、锰氧化物、黏土矿物和碳酸盐类。关于砷在各类矿物质上的吸附机理,普遍接受的观点认为:砷氧阴离子与矿物质的表面发生了配位体交换过程并通过共价键的作用,形成了表面配位体。表面配位体以内层双齿双核鳌合形式为主,受矿物质的种类、pH值和氧化还原电位等因素的影响,外层吸附和其他鳌合状态可能存在。砷在土壤矿物质上的吸附效果强烈依赖于体系的pH值,这与吸附的理论模型和数学计算结果相一致。矿物质的种类、组成、结晶状态和表面积等影响了砷的吸附过程和吸附效果。土壤中存在的各种阴阳离子通过与砷阴离子竞争吸附位而影响砷在矿物质上的吸附。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对番茄成熟过程中果实品质和矿质元素含量的影响

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)为高等植物中叶绿素等卟啉类化合物的生物合成前体,在促进作物生长、增强抗逆性及提高产量方面发挥着重要作用。为探究ALA对番茄果实成熟过程中品质和矿质元素含量的影响,本研究以原味1号品种为试验材料,向绿熟期番茄果实表面涂抹不同浓度(0、50、100、200、300 mg·L^-1)ALA溶液,筛选出促进设施栽培番茄成熟及品质形成的最佳ALA施用浓度,并进一步研究其对设施番茄果实成熟过程中硬度、可溶性固形物以及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,外源ALA通过降低果实硬度促进了果实的成熟,并通过提高番茄果实中可溶性固形物含量提升了果实品质。另外,在坐果后40 d,200 mg·L^-1ALA处理的K、Ca和Fe元素含量分别比对照提高了21.82%、56.25%和12.86%,但P、Mg和Cu元素含量分别比对照降低了9.92%、21.74%和25.00%。相关性分析结果表明,可溶性固形物含量与K含量呈正相关关系,与Cu含量呈负相关关系;果实硬度与K含量呈负相关关系。成熟期番茄果实中P含量与Cu含量呈正相关,与Mn、K和Ca含量呈负相关...     

Interactive Effects of Lanthanum and Cadmium on Plant Growth and Mineral Element Uptake in Crisped-Leaf Mustard Under Hydroponic Conditions

Plant growth and mineral element accumulation in Brassica juncea var. crispifolia (crisped-leaf mustard) under exposure to lanthanum (La) and cadmium (Cd) were studied by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete two-factorial design. Four levels of La (0.05–5.0 mg L^?1) and two levels of Cd (1.0 and 10.0 mg L^?1) were used in this experiment. Lanthanum did not improve plant growth in this experiment. Addition of La (≥ 1.0 mg L^?1) or Cd (≥ 10 mg L^?1) to the solution inhibited root elongation. Lanthanum treatments reduced accumulations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in roots, and Mn in shoots. Lanthanum at ≥ 1.0 mg L^?1 limited the Cd translocation from roots to shoots and thus decreased the accumulation of Cd in shoots. Cadmium had no influence on La accumulations in roots, but inhibited the accumulation of La in shoots. The study results suggest that applications of rare earth elements in vegetables would be potentially risky to human health.     

Short-Term Effect of Drought and Salinity on Growth and Mineral Elements in Wheat Seedlings

Both drought and salinity cause nutrient disturbance, albeit for different reasons: a decrease in the diffusion rate of nutrients in the soil and the restricted transpiration rates in plants for drought and extreme soil sodium (Na)/calcium (Ca), Na/potassium (K), and chloride (Cl)/nitrate (NO₃) ratios for salinity. The objective of this study was to examine short-term effects of drought and salinity on nutrient disturbance in wheat seedlings. Wheat was grown in a greenhouse in soil under drought and saline conditions for 26 days after sowing. At harvest, shoot biomass and length, and fresh weight and dry weight of the blade and sheath in expanded leaves 3 and 4 and expanding leaf 5 were determined. Mineral elements (K, Ca, magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), Na, sulphur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn)) in leaf blades and sheaths were also analyzed. At harvest, the reduction in plant height, shoot biomass, and accumulative evapotranspiration under drought was similar to that under salinity as compared with control plants. However, drought decreased the accumulation of all ions in the blade of the youngest leaf 5 compared with the control, whereas there was either an increase or no difference in all ion concentrations under saline conditions. The change in concentration for most ions in the blade and sheath of expanded leaves 3 and 4 varied among control, drought, and salinity plants, which indicated a different competition for nutrients between the sheath and blade of expanded leaves under drought and saline conditions. It can be concluded from this study that ion deficiency might occur in expanding leaves under drought but not saline conditions.