缺硼条件下两种不同砧木“纽荷尔”脐橙矿质元素含量变化的比较

采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。     

Trace elements in soils and food chains of the Balkan region

Abstract

The present review summarizes the available data on the concentration of trace elements (TEs) in soils and their availability to plants with a view to reflect the quality and safety of food and fodder crops. Most soils in western Balkan countries are not contaminated. However, soils around industrial centers and historical mining sites do create concern for food and feed safety. Also high concentrations of TEs are related to their geochemical original. For example, ultrabasic rocks and serpentinites in western Serbia and western Bosnia are very rich in chromium, nickel, magnesium, iron (Fe), and cobalt, and cover an area of 5200 km². High TE concentrations caused by anthropogenic activities are also reported. In vineyard soils in Croatia, concentrations of cadmium, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were much higher than their background concentrations. On the other hand, TE deficiency in plants is also prevalent in the regions. For example, Zn and Fe deficiencies in eastern parts of Croatia and northern parts of Serbia, Cu deficiency in pasture and sheep's blood at Nisici Plateau of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and selenium (Se) deficiency almost in the whole region have been observed. Therefore, information on TEs' behavior and soil factors affecting their mobility and availability is highly needed in order to separate the areas of contamination and then propose agrotechnical measures to protect the entry of TEs into the food chain. Research is also required to assess the influence of agronomic management on TE supply to plants and for achieving a better utilization of essential TEs. Concentrations of Se in wheat in Serbia are so low that if people were fed exclusively with wheat, their daily requirements for Se would not be met. There is also a need for full implementation of new food safety regulations in the Balkan countries in accordance with the legislations of the European Union.     

Role of soil organic matter in a desert soil on plant response to silver,tungsten, cobalt,and lead

Abstract

Barley plants grown in a soil very low in organic matter had higher concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo than when the plants were grown in soil considerably higher in soil organic matter. Application of some heavy metals (Co, W, Ag) resulted in much more severe phytotoxicity on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. FeDTPA (ferric diethylene triamine pentaacetate acid) increased Fe levels in plants much more on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. Low organic matter soil resulted in a lower Cs level from the applied Cs than from the high organic matter soil. Sulfur increased Mn concentration of plants even though all the soil was not neutralized.     

Clarification of water movement properties in a multi-soil-layering system

Maize (Zea mays L.) cv. T42 was grown in refined sand at low (0.1 μM) and normal (30 μu) concentrations of boron each under low (1 mM), normal (4 mM), and excess (8 mM) supply of calcium. Visible symptoms of boron deficiency which appeared first, were accentuated by calcium deficiency and were least evident when calcium was added in excess. The yield was maximum at normal levels of boron and calcium and was the lowest under boron and calcium deficiency.

In maize leaves when both calcium and boron were deficient together the activity of starch phosphorylase increased markedly and that of ribonuclease and polyphenol oxidase also increased. The increase in the calcium content inhibited the starch phosphorylase activity when boron was deficient. The activity of peroxidase was stimulated under boron deficiency at all levels of calcium and that of ATPase was depressed significantly when calcium was deficient alone.

A decrease in the tissue boron (except in old leaves) and tissue calcium content as well as sugar and starch contents was observed under the combined deficiency of calcium and boron.

Excess calcium at both levels of boron increased the tissue boron and calcium contents and decreased the concentration of starch, sugars, nucleic acids, total and inorganic phosphorus, and the activities of starch phosphorylase and ATPase.

The activity of ATPase increased upon the addition of calcium to plants deficient in calcium and boron respectively. The tissue concentration of the element added increased when the element was applied to calcium or boron deficient maize plants.     

Changes in nutritional homeostasis of Poncirus trifoliata and Ceratonia siliqua as a response to different iron levels in nutrient solution

Abstract

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a nutritional disorder in plants. Poncirus trifoliata is susceptible to Fe deficiency, but symptoms of Fe deficiency are rare in Ceratonia siliqua, a slow-growing species. Specimens of the two species were grown in nutrient solutions containing three Fe concentrations: without Fe (0?µM), 1?µM Fe, and either 10?µM Fe (for Ceratonia) or 40?µM Fe (for P. trifoliata). Growth, the degree of chlorosis, the plant mineral composition, and the activity of the root ferric chelate-reductase (FCR) were assessed. Ceratonia plants exposed to 1?µM Fe were efficient at using Fe in the synthesis of chlorophyll. The activity of FCR was enhanced in the total absence of Fe. In Poncirus a low activity of the FCR was observed in plants with no Fe. The balance between micronutrients in the Ceratonia roots was not affected with 1?µM Fe compared with the higher Fe concentration treatments.     

Interaction Between Calcium Concentration and Growth Irradiance on Photosynthesis and Growth of Temperate Lettuce in the Tropics

ABSTRACT

Temperate lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in the tropics under 100% (high light), 70% (medium light), and 40% (low light) of prevailing solar radiations. Their root zones were maintained at 25°C, while the shoots were exposed to hot ambient temperature. Three calcium (Ca) concentrations: ?25% Ca (minus Ca), control (Ca) and +25% Ca (plus Ca) were supplied to the plants under each growth irradiance. Plants grown at the plus Ca under high light had the highest productivity, largest root system, highest photosynthetic capacity and highest Ca concentration. Grown at the minus Ca under low light they had the lowest values of these parameters. However, highest and lowest chlorophyll concentrations were found in plants grown at the plus Ca under low light and at the minus Ca under high light, respectively. When grown at the plus Ca under low light, plants transported higher portion of the absorbed Ca to the shoots.     

Phosphorus Efficiency in Sunflower Cultivars and Its Relationships with Phosphorus,Calcium, Iron,Zinc and Manganese Nutrition

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) efficiency (shoot dry weight at low P/shoot dry weight at high P) of a cultivar is the ability to produce a high yield in a soil that is limited in that element for a standard genotype. The large variation in P efficiency of different crops provides opportunities for screening crop species that perform well on low phosphorus soil. To explain the differences in P efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars a glasshouse pot experiment was conducted by using P-deficient soil [0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)-extractable P 8.54 mg kg^?1] treated with 0 (low P) and 100 mg P kg^?1 soil (high P). The relationship between P efficiency and P, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition and anthocyanin accumulation was investigated in ten sunflower cultivars. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in significant decreases in the shoot and root yield. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars have the ability to produce higher yield than the inefficient cultivars in a limited P conditions. Our results showed that P-efficient cultivars had lower P concentrations, but higher P content in low P conditions. Phosphorus-efficient cultivars also have lower Ca and Fe concentrations in low P conditions but not in P-sufficient conditions. Applied P resulted in significant decreases in Zn concentrations in the shoots of the cultivars. Anthocyanin concentrations showed an accumulating pattern in all cultivars under P deficiency. The results demonstrated that phosphorus efficiency of the sunflower cultivars depends on their ability to produce higher yield and take up more P, and lower the concentration of Ca and Fe in shoots under low P conditions.     

Sulfur composition of soybeans as affected by macronutrient deficiencies

Abstract

Results of solution culture experiments on effects of N, P, and K deficiencies on S constituents of leaf blades, total S concentrations, and S uptake by soybean plants are reported. Nitrogen deficiency decreased the concentration of soluble protein S, had little effect on nonsoluble S, and increased concentrations of soluble nonprotein S, sulfate S, reduced non‐protein S, and total S of soybean leaf blades. Soluble protein and S content of soluble protein decreased under N‐deficient conditions. For whole plants, S concentration and S uptake increased while dry weight was unaffected by N deficiency.

Phosphorus deficiency did not significantly affect S constituents of soybean leaf blades or whole plants. However, S concentrations and S uptake tended to decrease when P was deficient.

Potassium deficiency increased nonsoluble S concentrations in leaf blades and total S concentrations in whole plants but lowered dry weight per plant. Other S fractions of the leaf blades and S uptake per plant were not significantly affected.     

Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus 1

Abstract

Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (P_o) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (P_i) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with P_o (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and P_i (KH₂PO₄, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse.

Plants grown with P_o had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with P_i NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not related to dry matter yield of roots. In experiments where genotypes were grown three weeks with KH₂PO₄ before being transferred to other sources of P, within four days root Pase activity patterns were similar to those for plants grown initially in the particular P_o or P_i compound. Root Pase activity of sorghum plants appeared to be an indicator of P status or P deficiency stress in the plants, and not associated with making P_o or P_i compounds more available for plant use.     

Manganese Fertilizer Requirement to Prevent Manganese Deficiency When Liming to Remediate Ni‐Phytotoxic Soils

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) contamination occurred near a Ni refinery at Port Colborne, Ontario, on soils susceptible to Mn deficiency. Previous studies showed that adding limestone to remediate these soils induced Mn deficiency in plants. This greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with Welland loam and Quarry muck soils to learn the application of MnSO₄ needed when these soils were limed. Limestone application, along with Mn fertilizer, allowed normal growth of oat and red beet known as sensitive to Ni phytotoxicity and Mn deficiency. Strontium (Sr)‐nitrate extractable Ni was a smooth function of slurry pH with much higher Ni extractable from the Welland loam than Quarry muck. Ni phytotoxicity was severe at low pH for the Welland loam but it was generally prevented by liming. No severe Mn deficiency was observed in this experiment when nitrogen was applied as combination of urea, ammonia, and nitrates. Manganese fertilization greatly improved Mn uptake by both crops in both soils.     

Distribution of sludge‐borne manganese in field‐grown maize

Abstract

The uptake and distribution of manganese (Mn) in field‐grown maize (Zea mays L.) was studied in a long‐term sewage sludge field trial on an acid sandy soil at Bordeaux. Since 1974, sewage sludge had been applied at levels of 101 dry matter (DM) ha^‐1 year^‐1 (SS 10) and 1001 DM ha^‐1 per 2 years (SS 100) on annually cropped maize plots. Treatment with farmyard manure (FYM) at a rate of 10 t DM ha^‐1 year^‐1 served as unpolluted control. Five replicate plants per treatment were examined at six different growth stages. At each stage, the whole plant was separated into its different organs and the Mn distribution was determined in at least 12 different plant parts. Manganese concentrations were always higher in SS 100 plants compared to FYM and SS 10 treated plants. Significant treatment‐dependent differences occurred almost all in the roots and in the different leaf levels while we found similar Mn concentrations in the stalk and in the reproductive organs. In the different stalk levels and in the ear composites we determined low Mn concentrations with critical deficiency values in FYM and SS 10 plants while Mn concentrations in SS 100 plants were in the normal range. Soil treatment also significantly influenced the initial absorption by the roots. Despite low absolute Mn concentrations in the roots of FYM plants, the Mn transfer coefficient (plant Mn concentration/soil Mn concentration) was highest in FYM plants and lowest in SS 100 plants indicating a relatively low Mn plant availability in the sludge‐treated plots.     

Interactions calcium‐magnesium ‐ potassium chez le sorgho‐grain.

Abstract

The interactions of major cations (K,Ca,Mg) are studied in Sorghum (Sorghum dochna F.); the nutritive solutions are deficient or not, in magnesium. The mineral contents of the plants grown on the reference solution are compared to those of two solutions, in which magnesium is replaced by calcium or potassium. The limit threshold of deficiency does not affect the yield of plants, but reduces strongly the content of magnesium. On the other hand, no variation of calcium is observed since the magnesium substitution is effected by potassium. The experiments do not clearly show a Mg/Ca interaction in Sorghum.     

Effects of boron and lime on boron concentration and growth of forage legumes under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Maximum yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were obtained when 0.25 to 1.0 ppm B was added to the soil. An application of lime to raise the soil pH to 5.8–6.3 improved yields, while at pH 6.8 a decline in yield in the first and second cuts of birdsfoot trefoil was noted. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the yield of all cuts of birdsfoot trefoil and first cut of red clover, with much higher yields with high rates of lime at high rates of added B.

Levels of 4 to 9 ppm B in the leaf tissue of the three crops were in the deficiency range. Boron concentrations of 21 to 45, 39 to 52, and 30 to 45 ppm in the first cuts of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were indicative of sufficiency and were associated with maximum yields, while levels of >59, >99, and >68 ppm, respectively, in the three crops were in the toxicity range. Sufficiency levels of soil B for legumes appeared to be related to pH since B deficiency was more severe at higher pH than at lower pH. Liming of soil from pH 5.3 to 6.8 resulted in decreased concentration of B in all the three crops with the smallest decreases in alfalfa. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the B concentrations of the three crops, with much higher B concentrations in high B treatments at low soil pH than at high pH values.     

Zinc Nutrition of Onion: Proposed Diagnostic Criteria

ABSTRACT

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global nutritional problem in crops grown in calcareous soils. However, plant analysis criteria, a good tool for interpreting crop Zn requirement, is scarcely reported in literature for onion (Allium cepa L.). In a greenhouse experiment, Zn requirement, critical concentrations in diagnostic parts and genotypic variation were assessed using four onion cultivars (‘Swat-1’, ‘Phulkara,’ ‘Sariab Red,’ and ‘Chilton-89’) grown in a Zn-deficient (AB-DTPA extractable, 0.44 Zn mg kg^?1), calcareous soil of Gujranwala series (Typic Hapludalf). Five rates of Zn, ranging from 0 to 16 mg Zn kg^?1 soil, were applied as zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) along with adequate basal fertilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and boron (B). Four onion seedlings were transplanted in each pot. Whole shoots of two plants and recently matured leaves of other two plants were sampled. Zinc application significantly increased dry bulb yield and maximum yield was produced with 8 mg Zn kg^?1. Application of higher rates did not improve yield further. The cultivars differed significantly in Zn efficiency and cv. ‘Swat-1’ was most Zn-efficient. Fertilizer requirement for near-maximum dry bulb yield was 2.5 mg Zn kg^?1. Plant tissue critical Zn concentrations were 30 mg kg^?1 in young whole shoots, 25 mg kg^?1 in matured leaves, 16 mg kg^?1 in tops and 14 mg Zn kg^?1 in bulb. Zinc content in mature bulb also appeared to be a good indicator of soil Zn availability status.     

Etude de la nutrition potassique du sorgho I‐ incidence du remplacement du potassium par le sodium sur la teneur en cations des feuilles

Abstract

Grain sorghum plants were grown in nutritive solution culture under variable potassium concentrations from 0.5 to 6.0 meq/l, Na replacing K in deficient solutions. Leaves were analysed for K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺.

Potassium deficiency has no effect on the total amount of cations, but the decrease of K in deficient leaves is correlated with an increase of Na⁺, Ca⁺⁺ and Mg⁺⁺. Evidence of antagonism between K and divalent cations in given, but, in the most deficient leaves, magnesium instead of calcium balances for the diminution of potassium.     

Indicators of Cotton Nitrogen Status

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) deficiency limits cotton yields, while too much N causes excessive vegetative growth hurting yields, wastes expensive inputs, and causes environmental pollution. Diagnostic indicators are needed to assess cotton N status so that yields can be optimized as efficiently as possible. This study evaluated selected tools for predicting cotton responses to N fertilizer application. Petiole nitrate (NO₃)-N (PNN) concentration was found to correlate with cotton N status and a good indicator of potential for response to N application. Critical PNN concentrations for irrigated cotton in subtropical South Texas at first bloom, and 10, 20 and 30 d later were determined to be 15.0, 9.0, 4.5, and 2.0 g kg^{? 1}, respectively. These critical PNN levels are higher than in more humid areas of the traditional southern US Cotton Belt, probably due to the effects of the subtropical climate. Cotton plants in this area tend to be less vegetative, possibly due to shorter growing season day lengths, and therefore need to be “pushed” slightly harder with greater N fertilization. Leaf total N concentrations were found to be less responsive to changes in applied N than were PNN levels. Although leaf N tended to be more stable over time, there was no consistent pattern between years. Leaf N values of 35 g kg^{? 1} or less appear to represent a deficiency at any time, and optimum levels may be slightly higher. Nodes above white flower showed very small responses to N fertilization and the differences occurred late in the bloom period. Chlorophyll meter readings showed a good relationship with N fertilizer application within a given sampling date, but much greater variability occurred between dates and due to other factors. The most effective indicator of cotton N status was found to be PNN, and to a lesser extent leaf N, but none of other parameters could be recommended for purposes of making inferences as to N status of cotton.     

Plant analysis diagnostic indices for phosphorus nutrition of sunflower,mungbean, maize,and sorghum

Abstract

The relationship between nutrient concentration and yield of plant forms the basis of using plant analysis to assess nutrient status of plants. This study determined critical levels of phosphorus (P) in diagnostic plant parts of four grain crops. The crops were grown in greenhouse using a P‐deficient Typic Ustochrept fertilized with 0, 10, 30, 90, and 270 mg P/kg soil. Crop sensitivity to P deficiency was: sorghum > maize > sunflower > mungbean. Fertilizer requirements (mg P/kg soil) for near‐maximum grain yield were: sunflower, 89; and maize and mungbean, 74. Fertilizer requirement of sorghum was much greater than the other species. Critical P concentrations in whole shoots (≤30 cm tall) were: mungbean, 0.30%; sunflower, 0.29%; and maize, 0. 24%. Equivalent values for diagnostic leaves were: mungbean, 0.33%; sunflower, 0.31%; and maize, 0.26%. Critical P concentrations in mature seeds were: mungbean, 0.34%; maize, 0.29%; and sunflower, 0.20%.     

Potassium and nitrogen effects on carbohydrate and protein metabolism in alfalfa roots

An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of potassium (K) nutrition on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and metabolism of root total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and proteins, and to study whether nitrogen (N) fertilization overcomes N deficiency and low root protein concentrations caused by K deficiency. In Experiment 1, nodulated alfalfa plants were grown in plastic pots containing washed quartz sand and provided minus‐N Hoagland's solution containing 0, 0.6, or 6.0 mM K. Shoot and root K concentrations increased with increasing solution K. Root N concentrations were higher in plants receiving 6.0 mM K than in plants receiving 0.6 or 0 mM K, but shoot N concentrations were similar for all treatments. Plant persistence, shoots per plant, and shoot mass increased as solution K levels increased. Root starch concentration and utilization were positively associated with K nutrition. Total amylase activity was higher, but endoamylase activity was lower in roots of plants receiving 6.0 mM K compared to plants receiving 0.6 or 0 mM K. Root soluble protein concentrations were significantly higher in plants receiving 6.0 mM K than in plants receiving 0 or 0.6 mM K. In Experiment 2, plants were supplied with Hoagland's solution containing 10 mM N as ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) or nitrate (NO₃) with 0,3, or 6.0 mM K. The addition of N increased root N concentrations only in plants receiving 0 mM K. Plant persistence was reduced by NH₄ ⁺ application, especially in plants receiving 0 or 3 mM K. Root starch concentrations were markedly reduced in plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ at all K levels. The addition of NO₃ ^‐ had little effect on alfalfa root carbohydrate and protein metabolism and subsequent shoot growth. Potassium deficiency reduced starch and protein concentrations in roots; factors that were associated with poor persistence and slow shoot regrowth of alfalfa.     

Pattern of iron distribution in the soil‐plant system and its possible relation to iron‐chlorosis

Abstract

The frequent concentration‐ranges of various nutrient elements in soils and in plants are compared. Iron is different from almost all other nutrient elements in the fact that its optimal concentration range in plants is much lower than its frequent concentration range in soils. It is suggested that this observation is related to a chemical‐physiological mechanism of control on the uptake of iron by plants which in turn may explain the situations in which iron deficiency conditions in plants arise.     

Critical nitrate levels for leaf lettuce,radish, and spinach plants

Abstract

Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) plants were grown in sand culture under variable N concentrations from 0.187 to 48.0 meq/l. The plants were harvested when those grown at 12 meq N/l had attained approximate market maturity. Growth was restricted, and symptoms of N deficiency were evident at the low levels of N. Growth was also restricted at the highest N level. Approximate critical levels for leaf lettuce, radish roots, and spinach are 2000 ppm, 5000 ppm, and 4000 ppm, nitrate‐N respectively, on a dry weight basis.