不同浓度硫处理下硒镉交互胁迫对水稻幼苗的生理特性影响

以淮稻6号为试验材料,采用水培的方法,研究了不同硫（S）浓度下（9、720mg·L-1）硒（Se）（5mg·L-1）和镉（Cd）（1、10mg·L-1）交互胁迫对水稻幼苗一些生理特性的影响,主要研究指标包括生物量、巯基物质含量和硒、镉含量。结果表明：（1）Cd对水稻幼苗各部分生长状况抑制能力大小不同,其对根长的抑制作用明显大于对茎长的抑制;（2）在无Se条件下,随着Cd浓度的增加,Cd对水稻幼苗生长的毒性不断增大,在加入一定浓度的Se后,Cd的毒性作用得到缓解;（3）在不同浓度S处理和Se、Cd交互胁迫下,随着S浓度增大,Cd对水稻幼苗毒性作用减轻;但高浓度的S处理反而对Cd与Se交互实验中Cd的毒性产生协同作用;（4）高浓度的S处理可以抑制水稻幼苗对Se的吸收;（5）巯基物质含量随着胁迫时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。在Se、Cd交互实验中,低浓度S处理可以提高水稻幼苗中GSH和PCs的含量,从而促进植株体内重金属和PC的络合作用,缓减Cd对水稻幼苗的毒害。     

天然富硒土壤上三种蔬菜对硒的吸收与转化差异

【目的】研究对硒 (Se) 不同敏感性蔬菜对天然富硒土 (Se ≥ 0.4 mg/kg) 中硒的吸收和转化差异,为富硒土壤生产富硒蔬菜提供理论与技术指导。【方法】以大蒜、芥菜和菠菜三种蔬菜为试验材料,在全硒含量为0.29、0.58、0.98、2.07 mg/kg的四种土壤上进行了盆栽试验 (依次标记为Se_0.29、Se_0.58、Se_0.98、Se_2.07),并测定四种土壤中不同形态硒的含量。芥菜和菠菜于生长40 d、53 d、68 d和82 d后取样,测定蔬菜可食部分硒含量;于生长97 d后收获,分为根部和地上部。大蒜于生长42 d、68 d、82 d、120 d后取样,测定地上部硒含量;于生长165 d后收获,分为根部、鳞茎和叶。测定供试蔬菜总硒含量、有机硒含量,计算不同硒含量土壤上蔬菜对硒的吸收和转化系数。【结果】三种蔬菜中芥菜的生长对土壤硒最为敏感,芥菜可食部位生物量鲜重以Se_0.29处理最高,菠菜和大蒜均以Se_0.58处理最高,与Se_2.07处理均达显著差异。三种蔬菜地上部硒含量在整个生育期总体呈现增加的趋势,不同生育期均表现为大蒜 > 芥菜 > 菠菜。收获期三种蔬菜各部位的硒含量随着土壤硒含量 (0.29～2.07 mg/kg) 的增加而增加,表现为Se_2.07 > Se_0.98 > Se_0.58 > Se_0.29,Se_2.07处理的菠菜地上部和地下部硒含量分别是其Se_0.29处理的8.63倍和7.10倍,芥菜是12.25倍和23.29倍,Se_2.07处理大蒜鳞茎和叶部硒含量是Se_0.29处理的39.92倍和4.90倍;可食部位硒含量为大蒜 (7.25～289 μg/kg) > 芥菜 (1.22～14.9 μg/kg) > 菠菜 (0.73～6.30 μg/kg),均表现为地下部 > 地上部,Se_2.07处理菠菜根部硒含量是茎叶的4.80倍,芥菜是12.06倍,大蒜是8.22倍。在富硒土壤Se_0.98和Se_2.07处理条件下,大蒜和芥菜能从土壤中富集硒,吸收系数是菠菜的3.06～8.47倍和1.58～5.8倍,均达到了富硒蔬菜标准 (≥ 0.01 mg/kg)。三种蔬菜可食部位有机硒含量占总硒比例为73.5%～84.7%,并随土壤硒含量的增加而增加,其中Se_2.07与Se_0.29处理差异显著;蔬菜硒含量不但与土壤总硒含量相关,而且与有效态硒含量呈显著正相关。【结论】蔬菜种类和土壤硒含量均影响蔬菜硒的吸收、转化和富集。三种蔬菜对土壤硒的敏感性以芥菜最强。蔬菜硒含量和可食用部位有机硒的转化率均随着土壤硒含量的增加而增加,与土壤总硒含量和有效态硒含量呈显著正相关。富硒能力为大蒜 > 芥菜 > 菠菜,在天然富硒土壤上生长的大蒜和芥菜硒含量易达到富硒蔬菜标准,而菠菜未显示出富硒能力。因此,虽然土壤硒含量高影响了大蒜和芥菜的生长,但大蒜和芥菜具有较强的将硒转移到可食部位的能力,可作为富硒蔬菜生产。     

铜、镉毒害对番茄生长和膜功能蛋白酶活性的影响及外源NO的缓解效应

为探讨外源NO（SNP为供体）对50 mol/L铜、镉毒害的缓解效应,采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同程度的铜、镉毒害（5 mol/L和50 mol/L）对番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力、硝酸还原酶、光合特性及生物膜ATPase、H+-PPase等功能蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜、镉胁迫显著抑制番茄生长。随处理浓度增加,番茄根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性显著降低,番茄长势越差; 铜、镉胁迫对根系离子吸收的影响远远大于叶片,尤其是铜胁迫,50 mol/L铜胁迫使番茄根系铜含量增加了12倍。铜浓度的增加对镉含量无影响,镉浓度的增加降低了铜的吸收。铜、镉胁迫使番茄净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著增加,表现为非气孔限制。50 mol/L 铜、镉处理显著降低叶片、根系质膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和根系液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase活性; 提高了5和50 mol/L部分处理叶片液泡膜H+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase和H+-PPase的活性。表明生物膜功能蛋白对不同程度铜、镉胁迫的响应时间和部位存在差异。铜毒害对细胞质膜ATPase的影响较大,而镉毒害对液泡膜伤害的程度较大。100 mol/L SNP可以显著缓解铜、镉胁迫导致的番茄生长受抑,铜、镉总吸收量显著高于胁迫处理。     

硒镉交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

硒能够缓解镉胁迫对植物产生的毒害。为探明硒(Se)和镉(Cd)交互作用对植物的影响,本研究以西葫芦为材料,采用沙培的方式,研究了不同浓度Se(0.5、2.0和4.0 mg·L^-1)与Cd(0.2、0.4和0.6 mg·kg^-1)交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,单一Cd胁迫下,随着Cd浓度的增加,其对西葫芦幼苗的生长和抗氧化酶活性具有一定的促进作用。Se与Cd交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响与Se和Cd的浓度有关。不同浓度Se与低中浓度Cd(0.2和0.4 mg·kg^-1)交互作用可使Cd胁迫下西葫芦幼苗苗高、鲜重和干重显著增加,与高浓度Cd(0.6 mg·kg^-1)交互作用却抑制了西葫芦幼苗的生长。与单一Cd胁迫相比,不同浓度Se与0.2 mg·kg^-1Cd交互作用可显著提高西葫芦幼苗SOD和POD活性,不同浓度Se与0.4和0.6 mg·kg^-1Cd交互作用抑制了西葫芦幼苗SOD和POD活性,且Cd浓度越高,差异越明显。在高浓度(0.6 mg·kg^-1)Cd胁迫下,Se浓度越高,2种元素的交互作用对西葫芦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性产生的抑制作用越大。Cd胁迫下,外源Se可以降低西葫芦幼苗Cd含量,同时提高Se含量。较低浓度的Se能够有效缓解Cd对西葫芦幼苗造成的毒害作用,综合来看,2.0 mg·L^-1Se与Cd的交互作用对西葫芦幼苗的生长和抗氧化酶活性的促进作用最强。本研究表明施加外源Se缓解Cd胁迫对植物的毒害时,应同时考虑Cd的污染程度和施加Se的量,为Cd污染治理提供了一定的参考依据。     

Protective role of selenium on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) exposed to cadmium and lead stress during reproductive stage role of selenium on heavy metals stress

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of selenium on flowering indices, sex determination of flowers, and yield of cucumber plant under heavy metal stress conditions. Treatments consisted of selenium (0, 4, 6, 8 mgL^?1) and heavy metals of cadmium (0, 20, 25 µM) and lead (0, 60, 100 µM), which were applied in three stages during the experiment period. The results of this study showed that the stress of heavy metals with a negative effect on flowering indices resulted in delayed flowering and changing flower’s sex toward male flowers. Furthermore, delayed fruiting and significant decreases in fruit growth indices and total yield was observed in plants treated with cadmium and lead. Adding selenium to the culture medium resulted in accelerated flowering (reducing the time and number of nodes needed until the first flower emerges), the emergence of more male flowers, increased the ratio of the number of female flowers to male flowers in plants under stress, and the highest effect of this element was observed at the concentration 6?mg/L. Based on this results, the application of 4and 6mg/L selenium in stress and non-stress conditions enhanced fruiting (a significant reduction in the time required from cultivation to fertilize the first flower and the formation of fruit in lower nodes) and significantly increased the number of fruits, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight and total yield, and the greatest effect of this element was observed in 6?mg/L concentration. The results of this study showed that selenium has a positive effect on control of stress conditions and improvement of flowering indices and total yield in cucumber plant under the stress of heavy elements of lead and cadmium.     

褪黑素对葡萄幼苗生长及硒富集的影响

  目的  探讨在硒胁迫下外源褪黑素对葡萄生长和硒富集的影响,筛选出能够促进葡萄生长和硒富集的最佳褪黑素浓度。  方法  以‘夏黑’葡萄扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了在硒胁迫下褪黑素对葡萄幼苗生长、生理及硒富集的影响。  结果  不同浓度的褪黑素在一定程度上提高了葡萄幼苗的生物量和提高了根冠比,其中浓度为150 μmol L?1的褪黑素对葡萄幼苗地上部分生物量的提高幅度最大(18.22%)。褪黑素处理也在一定程度上增加了葡萄幼苗叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,提高了光合能力和抗氧化酶活性,降低了脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量。不同浓度褪黑素均提高了葡萄幼苗的硒含量,其中浓度为150 μmol L?1的褪黑素对葡萄幼苗地上部分硒含量的提高幅度最大(112.71%)。回归分析表明,褪黑素浓度与葡萄幼苗根系生物量、地上部分生物量、根系硒含量和地上部分硒含量均存在二次多项式或线性回归关系。  结论  外源褪黑素能促进硒胁迫下的葡萄生长和硒富集,其中以150 μmol L?1的浓度为最佳。     

干旱胁迫下外源硒对小麦幼苗抗旱性的影响

通过对小麦幼苗进行叶面喷施亚硒酸钠,研究不同浓度外源硒对模拟干旱胁迫(PEG-6000)下小麦幼苗形态和生理特性的影响,为探究外源硒对小麦幼苗抗旱性的影响提供理论依据。试验以舜麦1718、晋太102、京冬17、S1204(品系)4个小麦品种(系)为材料,设置4个供硒水平,包括蒸馏水对照(CK)、20(Se20)、40(Se40)、60 mg/L(Se60)Na2SeO3处理。待小麦幼苗第二片真叶展开时,对其进行叶面喷硒后继续培养2 d。随后进行20%PEG-6000模拟干旱处理,继续培养7d后测定其形态指标和生理指标。结果表明:外源硒处理可以显著提高不同品种(系)小麦幼苗的株高、根长、根数、鲜重、干重(P0.05);外源硒处理可以降低小麦幼苗超氧阴离子(2O?-)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。随外源硒浓度的提高,除晋太102的MDA含量外,其余品种(系)小麦幼苗的2O?-和MDA含量均显著低于CK(P0.05);同时,外源硒处理可以显著提高小麦幼苗超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。随外源硒浓度的提高,除京冬17的SOD活性和S1204的POD活性外,其余小麦品种(系)的SOD和POD活性均显著高于CK(P0.05)。隶属函数法综合分析可得:舜麦1718、晋太102、京冬17、S1204对应的适宜处理分别为Se40、Se60、Se20、Se60,对硒的敏感性排序为:京冬17舜麦1718S1204晋太102。因此,4个小麦品种(系)对硒的敏感性存在差异,适宜浓度外源硒叶面处理有效增加小麦幼苗POD、SOD等保护酶活性,降低体内活性氧积累,缓解膜脂过氧化损伤,增强小麦幼苗的抗旱能力,促进干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长和发育。外源硒叶面处理可作为一种缓解小麦幼苗干旱胁迫的有效措施。     

Silicon alleviates mercury toxicity in garlic plants

Abstract

Silicon (Si) can increase plant stress tolerance. Mercury (Hg) is one of the major elements of heavy metal pollution. However, little attention has been paid to the possible effect of Si on Hg toxicity in plants. Here, the effects of Si on growth, photosynthesis, Hg accumulation and antioxidant defense were investigated in garlic grown in pots under Hg stress. Before sowing, Hg and Si were added at 3?mg Kg^?1 and 500?mg Kg^?1, respectively. The treatments included CT (control), Si, Hg and Hg?+?Si. The results showed that in non-stress conditions, added Si did not affect the garlic growth, photosynthetic gas exchange, malonaldehyde concentration or activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves, except that it increased the superoxide dismutase activity. Under Hg stress, the garlic growth, leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpirational rate and superoxide dismutase activity in leaves were all inhibited, while the malondialdehyde concentration was increased; whereas these changes were all reversed in the presence of added Si. Added Si significantly decreased Hg concentrations in the root, bulb and shoot, and it also decreased exchangeable Hg level in the soil. These results suggest that Si could alleviate Hg toxicity in garlic through improving antioxidant defense ability, and decreasing Hg availability in soil and thus Hg uptake.     

外源油菜素内酯介导Cu胁迫下番茄生长及Cu、Fe、Zn的吸收与分配

为了探索外源油菜素内酯对番茄Cu胁迫的缓解效应及机理,采用营养液水培的方法,以‘改良毛粉802F1’番茄为材料,研究外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-EBR,简称EBR)对Cu胁迫下番茄生长及矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明:外源EBR能够缓解Cu胁迫对番茄植株的生长抑制。与Cu胁迫处理相比,喷施EBR的番茄叶绿素含量和生物量分别提高39.6%和20.0%,差异均达显著水平;Cu胁迫条件下,外源EBR显著降低番茄根系对Cu的吸收与转运,提高叶片中因Cu过多而降低的Fe、Zn含量,有效调控Cu、Fe、Zn的化学提取态和亚细胞分布水平,降低Cu在细胞内的生物毒性,使之向着有利于番茄生长的方向发展,从而保证Cu胁迫下植株正常的生理生化代谢。Cu胁迫提高了番茄叶片和根系各种化学形态的Cu含量,而外施EBR降低了番茄叶片中除NaCl提取态Cu以外的其他各种形态Cu含量。Cu胁迫下易移动态Cu在叶片中的比例升高,而根系中却下降;外施EBR后,番茄植株中难移动态和易移动态Cu的所占比例接近CK,说明Cu胁迫下EBR对Cu的番茄体内分配具显著调控作用。     

生物炭与叶面硒肥联合施用对生菜吸收镉及土壤镉形态的影响

  目的  为探明生菜吸收富集镉的能力对生物炭与叶面硒肥的响应程度,抑制有毒有害元素镉的吸收。  方法  通过盆栽试验,以生菜为研究对象,在镉污染土壤中添加生物炭,并在生菜叶片上喷硒处理,探索了生物炭与叶面喷硒的联合施用对镉污染土壤理化指标（pH和有机碳）和土壤不同形态镉含量以及对生菜镉吸收累积的影响。  结果  ① 土壤中添加生物炭与叶面硒肥都可以有效降低生菜可食部镉含量,其中喷施低浓度硒的效果更好。当生物炭添加量为30 g kg?1,叶面喷硒浓度为1 mg L?1时,生菜地上部镉含量由0.314 mg kg?1降至0.049 mg kg?1,低于国家食品安全标准（GB 2762—2017）中规定的叶菜类镉限量值0.20 mg kg?1。② 镉胁迫下,添加生物炭与叶面硒肥的交互作用对生菜镉含量和镉富集与转运能力均产生了显著性的影响,相对于生菜根部镉含量,添加生物炭的效应高于叶面硒肥的效应,而对于地上部镉含量,叶面硒肥的效应高于添加生物炭的效应。③ 生物炭添加可通过改善土壤pH和有机碳含量降低酸可提取态、可还原态、可氧化态镉的比例,增加残渣态镉的比例,从而有效地降低生菜对土壤中镉的吸收累积,减少生菜中镉含量。  结论  综合来看,生物炭与叶面硒肥联合施用可以降低生菜镉含量,其效果明显高于两者单独施用的效果,为无公害蔬菜的种植提供理论指导。     

Coffee response to nitrogen and soil water content during the early growth stage

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the major crop grown in highland and mountainous areas of Colombia, where the most common yield‐limiting factors are nitrogen (N) and soil water content. Since the eventual success of a plantation is determined by the performance of coffee plants during critical early stages, our goal was to better understand plant response to these limiting factors. Four different levels of N and soil water content were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their effect on growth, water use efficiency, fertilizer‐N recovery efficiency (FNRE), and stem lignin and cellulose of coffee seedlings. The interaction between N and moisture did not produce a significant response in coffee growth. However, by increasing N, both water use efficiency and ¹³C content were enhanced, while growth, recovery of urea by plants, and stem strength were decreased. Water stress due to low soil water content increased water use efficiency, ¹³C content, and root to shoot ratio, but decreased shoot growth. These results demonstrate the effects of N supply and water balance and highlight the excessive amount of N typically applied to coffee seedlings as well as the importance of the acclimation process of young plants to changes in soil N and water. All of these are important considerations in improving management strategies to reduce environmental impact while sustaining optimal productivity.     

外源一氧化氮对镉胁迫下长春花质膜过氧化、ATPase及矿质营养吸收的影响

重金属污染已成为全球范围的主要问题之一,其中土壤镉（Cd）污染已成为当今社会普遍关注的问题。镉是植物生长发育的非必需元素,极小浓度即可产生较大危害。一氧化氮（NO）是一种氧化还原信号分子和活性氮（RNS）, 参与植物对重金属镉胁迫的应答。长春花（Catharanthus roseus）是我国广泛栽培的兼具园林绿化和抗癌药源等有重要价值的多年生草本花卉植物。为了解镉胁迫下外源NO 对园林地被植物生理响应的调控机制,采用盆栽试验研究了外源NO（硝普钠SNP）对镉胁迫下长春花幼苗生长、 活性氧代谢、 质膜ATPase酶和5'-核苷酸酶活性以及矿质营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明, 25 mg/kg 镉胁迫严重抑制长春花幼苗的生长,显著增加地上部和根系镉的富集量,抑制对大量元素和微量元素的吸收。施加0.45、 0.90、 1.80 mg/kg 的SNP显著降低镉从根系向地上部的转运,缓解因镉胁迫对钾（K）、 钙（Ca）、 镁（Mg） 和 铁（Fe）、 铜（Cu）、 锌（Zn） 吸收产生的抑制效应,降低镉胁迫的毒害作用,促进植物生长。镉胁迫下,丙二醛（MDA）含量和活性氧（O2和H2O2）水平显著升高。施加低浓度 SNP 能够显著缓解细胞质膜过氧化,降低硫代巴比妥酸反应产物（TBARS）堆积,且对抗氧化酶和ATPase酶具有相同作用。添加0.45、 0.90、 1.80 mg/kg 的SNP 可提高镉胁迫下长春花地上部和根系的抗氧化酶［过氧化氢酶（CAT）、 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）］活性与抗氧化物（还原型谷胱甘肽GSH）含量,诱导质膜H+-ATPase、 Ca2+-ATPase和 5-AMPase 活性提升到正常水平（对照CK）。添加1.80 mg/kg 的SNP对镉毒害的缓解作用最有效,而添加3.60、 7.20 mg/kg 的SNP的处理则无明显效果。     

Influence of Zeolite,Selenium and Silicon upon Some Agronomic and Physiologic Characteristics of Canola Grown under Salinity

The effect of soil applied zeolite, foliar application of selenium and silicon on the agronomic and physiologic traits of canola grown under salt stress conditions was investigated in two-year field experiment during 2012 and 2013. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, arranged in factorial with 27 treatments forming combinations of zeolite (0, 5 and 10 ton ha^?1), selenium (0, 2 and 4 g liter^?1) and silicon (0, 2 and 4 g liter^?1) and three replicates. The results indicated that zeolite improved plant growth in terms of plant height and increased yield and yield components of canola. In addition, biological yield, harvest index and oil percentage increased due to zeolite application. Zeolite could decrease respiration, malondialdehyde and proline in salt-stressed plants. Soluble sugars and potassium content increased in response to zeolite application while sodium content significantly decreased. Selenium led to an increase in plant height, silique number, seed number in silique, biological yield, harvest index and oil percentage, while respiration, malondialdehyde, proline and sodium decreased on account of selenium application. Similarly, silicon had a significant effect on growth and agronomic traits and increased them. Silicon promoted chlorophyll synthesis while preventing malondialdehyde, proline and sodium accumulation in plant tissues. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were suppressed by using silicon on plants. Interaction between zeolite and selenium was significant on leaf relative water content, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, seed weight, seed yield, photosynthesis and soluble sugar content were affected by selenium and silicon application.     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫下芦竹生长、光合特性和矿质营养的影响

为揭示丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AMF）对芦竹耐镉（Cd）胁迫的作用及其机理，采用大棚盆栽试验，利用丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae，FM）、根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices，RI）、地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme，GV）进行接种试验，研究了在Cd胁迫下接种AMF对芦竹生长、光合、矿质营养的影响。结果表明：AMF能够显著改善Cd胁迫下芦竹的生长状况，与对照相比，接种处理芦竹的株高增加19.09%~27.98%，叶长增加12.18%~31.06%，叶绿素相对含量SPAD值增加8.55%~9.36%，地上和根系生物量分别增加20.08%~31.41%、12.24%~24.12%，最大净光合速率增加7.08%~32.12%，芦竹根系全P含量增加30.26%~46.05%。接种处理后芦竹地上Cd含量介于68~105.97 mg/kg之间，显著高于对照处理（42.20 mg/kg），根系Cd含量介于113.07~221.47 mg/kg之间，显著高于对照处理（46.47 mg/kg），且根系Cd含量显著高于地上部。Cd胁迫下不同AMF菌种对芦竹产生的效应有差异，其中，RI处理对芦竹株高、叶长促进效应最好，经GV处理的芦竹全N、全P、全K含量以及Cd含量最高。Cd胁迫下接种AMF能促进芦竹的生长，增强其光合作用，提高全N、全P、全K吸收量，同时增强了芦竹对Cd的吸收。该研究表明芦竹丛枝菌根共生体对重金属Cd具有较强的固持作用，在Cd污染土壤修复中具有潜在应用价值。     

外源NO对镉胁迫下草地早熟禾种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探究可缓解草地早熟禾镉胁迫的最适有效硝普钠(SNP)浓度,以草地早熟禾品种蓝月为试验材料,SNP为NO供体材料,研究不同浓度NO对镉胁迫下草地早熟禾叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,镉离子浓度为200 μmol·L^-1时草地早熟禾的生长受到严重抑制,施加SNP(<100 μmol·L^-1)能够促进草地早熟禾种子发芽,增加草地早熟禾幼苗叶绿素含量,提高叶片干物质量、相对含水量,以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,而其游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有所降低。表明低浓度NO(<100 μmol·L^-1)可有效缓解草地早熟禾镉胁迫,高浓度SNP(>100 μmol·L^-1)则表现出抑制作用。本研究结果为草地早熟禾修复镉污染土壤提供了理论依据。     

Investigation of Plant Systemic Organoseleno Compounds. V. Effects of the Derivatives of Selenomorpholine on the Selenium Content of Garlic

The availability of inorganic and organic forms of selenium (Se) to garlic was studied by supplying selenium twice during the life cycle under field conditions. Most of the organic seleno compounds were more effectively taken up by garlic than sodium selenite. When sprayed with 50 mL 100 ppm O,O-diethyl-(N-selenomorpholinyl)phosphonate, the selenium content of the garlic bulb increased from 0.138 ppm to 1.734 ppm. When sprayed with 3-butyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride and 4-amino benzenesulfonyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride, the selenium content of the garlic leaf increased from 0.240 ppm to 7.32 ppm and 6.03ppm, respectively.     

Effects of Hydrophilic Polymer on the Survival of Buttonwood Seedlings Grown Under Drought Stress

The effect of 0.0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of the hydrophilic polymer “Stockosorb K-400” hydrogel (HG) on survival and growth of buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) seedlings grown in sandy soil under drought stress was investigated. The ability of the soil to retain water increased with increasing hydrogel concentrations. The highest level of the HG was capable of changing the typical sandy soil to a loam or even silty clay in terms of water potential and water content. The highest HG concentration prolonged the time of water loss from the soil by about 66% more than the control soil. During drought stress, the seedlings grown in 0.6% HG-mixed soil survived three times as long as those grown in the control soil. Shoot and root growth increased significantly in HG-amended soil as compared with non-amended soil. Plant water potential increased significantly with HG application, thus it aided in the establishment and growth of C. erectus seedlings under water stress conditions. There were no significant differences between 0.4% and 0.6%. The study indicated that an amendment of soil with 0.4% to 0.6% of the hydrophilic polymer “Stockosorb K-400” can be used in arid and semi-arid areas to enhance the drought tolerance of C. erectus seedlings.     

PEG预处理对盐及镉胁迫下黑麦草生理代谢的影响

为了探讨PEG预处理对盐胁迫和镉胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生理特性的影响,将黑麦草幼苗分别用0,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%(对应水势分别为0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.50,-0.77 MPa)的PEG-6000营养液进行预处理后,分别用含150 mmol/L NaCl和Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的胁迫液培养,然后测定黑麦草幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。结果表明:盐胁迫下15%(-0.30 MPa)PEG预处理和镉胁迫下10%(-0.15 MPa)PEG预处理可以有效提高多年生黑麦草的光合色素含量,降低MDA、游离脯氨酸含量,增加可溶性糖含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。PEG预处理下多年生黑麦草在遭受逆境胁迫时,受到多种生理生化的调节,其生理指标的动态变化是黑麦草应答逆境因子胁迫的重要调节机制,体现了其对逆境胁迫的适应能力以及在多种逆境胁迫下的交叉适应能力。     

不同价态硒缓解小油菜镉胁迫的生理机制

【目的】 硒有利于提高植物对环境胁迫的抗性,缓解植物受到的非生物胁迫。研究不同价态硒对小油菜缓解重金属镉胁迫的影响,可为治理农田土壤重金属镉污染提供参考。 【方法】 采用盆栽试验,选取三种价态硒,分别为硒代甲硫氨酸 Se (–2)、亚硒酸钠 Se (+4) 和硒酸钠 Se (+6),硒浓度均为 1 mg/kg,设置镉胁迫浓度 0、低浓度镉 (2 mg/kg) 和高浓度镉 (5 mg/kg),共计 12 个处理,采用原子吸收光谱法测定植物的镉含量,分析调查了对小油菜生长及生理特性的影响。 【结果】 未加外源镉时,与对照 (CK₀) 相比,各价态 Se 均能显著促进小油菜生长,且 Se (–2) 处理对小油菜生物量、株高、根长的促进效果优于无机硒 Se (+4) 和 Se (+6) 处理;低浓度镉胁迫下,与对照 (CK₂) 相比,经 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理后,小油菜地上部镉含量分别降低 13% 和 5%,而 Se (+6) 处理却增加了 25%;在高镉胁迫下,与对照 (CK₅) 相比,经 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理后,小油菜根部及地上部镉含量降幅可达 13%～41%,而 Se (+6) 处理后,小油菜根部及地上部镉含量分别增加了 38% 和 17%。当存在镉胁迫时,施用 Se (–2) 和 Se (+4) 处理可有效提高植物体内超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 等酶的活性,增加小油菜叶片内抗坏血酸 (AsA) 和还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的含量,但Se (+6) 降低了其抗氧化酶的活性,减少了小油菜叶片中 AsA、GSH 的含量。 【结论】 在镉胁迫下,Se (–2) 在促进小油菜生长、抑制镉在小油菜体内的积累及增强小油菜生理特性方面的作用均优于 Se (+4) 和 Se (+6)。因此,Se (–2) 处理最能有效缓解小油菜镉胁迫,Se (+4) 次之,Se (+6) 却增加了镉对小油菜的胁迫作用。      

Regulatory effects of sulfur on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) response to selenite

Selenite is a form of selenium (Se) commonly found in Se-excessive soils. To regulate the Se content in plants in high-Se areas, a potted soil experiment was performed on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to evaluate the effects of varied amounts of sulfur (S) on the biomass, accumulation and distribution of Se in B. napus under the conditions of different amounts of Se in the soil. The results showed that the seedlings of B. napus were more sensitive to Se than the mature plants were. The addition of S significantly alleviated the growth inhibition in seedlings and facilitated the growth of mature plants under higher Se (15 mg kg^?1) conditions. S treatment significantly decreased soil pH within the range of 0.22–0.60. An appropriate moderate amount (150 mg kg^?1) of S exerted the strongest inhibition on Se concentration and accumulation in B. napus at the seedling stage, but a higher amount (300 mg kg^?1) of S led to a more significant decrease in the mature plants under higher Se conditions, with the maximum reduction in various parts of B. napus reaching 51.3–60.9% and 42.5–53.4%, respectively. The application of S only affected the uptake of Se, and not the translocation of Se; the accumulation of Se in B. napus follows the sequence of pod ≈ stem > rapeseed > root, and the distribution ratio is approximately 1.00:0.97:0.69:0.49. Overall, the application of S alleviated the inhibitory effect on growth caused by excessive Se by reducing the Se concentration in B. napus and facilitating its growth, suggesting that S treatment is a suitable and highly cost-effective method to regulate the content of Se in B. napus.