重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响

采用温室盆栽土培方法,研究了土壤中不同浓度重金属铅（Pb,0-800 mg.kg^-1）、镉（Cd,0-50 mg.kg^-1）单一及其复合处理对玉米（Zea mays L.）生长及土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量的影响。结果表明,在重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合处理下,玉米的株高、干重均低于对照,重金属Pb、Cd处理对玉米的生长存在负面影响。重金属Pb、Cd单一处理抑制细菌、真菌的生长,中低浓度Pb（≤300 mg.kg^-1）、Cd（≤10 mg.kg^-1）单一处理促进放线菌数量的增加,高浓度（Pb≥800 mg.kg^-1、Cd≥50 mg.kg^-1）则呈现抑制效应;Pb、Cd复合在高中低浓度下都抑制土壤微生物生长,减少微生物数量。玉米株高同土壤微生物之间相关性不显著;玉米干重同土壤细菌、真菌显著相关,同土壤放线菌之间相关性不显著。     

干旱区绿洲土壤Cd／Pb复合污染下重金属形态转化与生物有效性

采用盆栽试验及连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了Cd和Pb在土壤中的形态分布规律及其对油菜的生物有效性的影响。结果表明,当土壤受外源Cd/Pb污染后,重金属的形态分布特征发生了变化,以可交换态（EXC）响应最大,Cd、Pb的赋存形态分别以碳酸盐结合态（CAB）、铁锰氧化态（FMO）和碳酸盐结合态（CAB）为主;一定浓度范围内的Cd/Pb复合胁迫能促进油菜的生长,油菜根系和茎叶的Cd、Pb含量均随着Cd/Pb复合胁迫水平的升高而持续增加。茎叶中的Cd含量远远高于根系,Pb含量反之。油菜可将更多的Cd从根系转移至茎叶,而将更多的Pb滞留在根系中;对油菜根系吸收Cd最重要的形态为可交换态（EXC）和碳酸盐结合态（CAB）,而对茎叶吸收Cd以及油菜吸收Pb贡献最大的则为碳酸盐结合态（CAB）。     

Effects of Cadmium on the Content,Accumulation, and Translocation of Nutrients in Bean Plant Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

The effects of increasing dosages of cadmium (Cd) on the content, accumulation, and translocation of macronutrients and micronutrients in different parts of bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are reported. Plants were cultivated in Clark's nutritive solution and submitted to 0 to 0.5 mg L^?1 of Cd. Experiments were built using an entirely randomized, statistical arrangement, and measurements were performed after 60 days of exposure to Cd. Inclusion of Cd in solution decreases the contents of nutrients in bean plants, except phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in fruits, sulfur (S) in root, and copper (Cu) in fruits and root. Also, accumulation of nutrients in all parts of plant was reduced, as was the the translocation index for the following nutrients: potassium, calcium, and S in fruits and Cu in shoots. Overall, this work can serve as a template study to evaluate the effects of cadmium on bean plant nutrition.     

Effects of Lead on the Content,Accumulation, and Translocation of Nutrients in Bean Plant Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

Increasing contents of lead (Pb; from 0 to 10 mg L^?1) as contaminant were added in Clark's nutritive solution to evaluate the effects on content, accumulation, and translocation of macronutrients [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S)] and micronutrients [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe)] in different parts of the bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Experiments were built using an entirely randomized statistical arrangement and measurements were performed after 60 days of exposure to Pb. The contents of almost all nutrients decreased when Pb was added, except for P in root, Mg in fruits, and S in root and fruits. Reduction in accumulation of all nutrients in the three parts of plants was determined, and an increase in the translocation index was observed for the following nutrients: Mg and Zn in fruits and S in fruits and leaves. For the remaining nutrients, the translocation index diminished.     

Effects of Soil Amended with Cadmium and Lead on Growth,Yield, and Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Parsley

A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) distribution and accumulation in parsley plants grown on soil amended with Cd and Pb. The soil was amended with 0, 5, 10 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 in the form of cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂] and 0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg Pb kg^?1 in the form of lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂]. The main soil properties; concentrations of the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals lead (Pb), Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in soil; plant growth; and total contents of metals in shoots and roots were measured. The DTPA-extractable Cd was increased significantly by the addition of Cd. Despite the fact that Pb was not applied, its availability was significantly greater in treatments 40–100 mg Cd kg^?1 compared with the control. Fresh biomass was increased significantly in treatments of 5 and 10 mg Cd kg^?1 as compared to the control. Further addition of Cd reduced fresh weight but not significantly, although Cd concentration in shoots reached 26.5 mg kg^?1. Although Pb was not applied with Cd, its concentration in parsley increased significantly in treatments with 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd g^?1 compared with the others. Available soil Pb was increased significantly with Pb levels; nevertheless, the increase was small compared to the additions of Pb to soil. There were no significant differences in shoot and root fresh weights between treatments, although metal contents reached 20.0 mg Pb kg^?1 and 16.4 mg Pb kg^?1 respectively. Lead accumulation was enhanced by Pb treatments, but the positive effect on its uptake was not relative to the increase of Pb rates. Cadmium was not applied, and yet considerable uptake of Cd by control plants was evident. The interactive effects of Pb and Cd on their availability in soil and plants and their relation to other metals are also discussed.     

微生物对土壤Cd Pb和Zn生物有效性的影响研究

采用土壤盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了接种不同微生物对重金属富集植物——印度芥菜修复土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn的作用效果。结果表明,接入菌株JA27、JC55、JC40不仅显著促进植物的生长,提高印度芥菜的生物量,降低了土壤pH,并且对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生活化作用,使土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态含量显著增加,增强印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量,显著提高了富集植物的修复效果。以上3个处理使印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量分别提高了117%～137%、37%～62%、9%～15.1%。接种JB37对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生钝化作用,并且抑制印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收。JB37处理印度芥菜地上部Pb、Zn吸收量分别降低了72.5%、27%,对Cd吸收量无显著影响。     

不同土壤质地条件下麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤系统中迁移的影响

通过室外砂土和黏土的大型土柱栽培试验,研究了麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤中迁移的影响。研究结果表明,在砂土和黏土中随着水稻的生长发育,水稻植株镉含量逐渐降低,添加铅和麦秸均促进了水稻对镉的吸收,增加了水稻植株镉的含量,且铅的促进效应大于麦秸处理。添加铅和麦秸有利于镉向籽粒的转运和提高水稻籽粒镉的富集系数,砂土中添加铅、麦秸的处理籽粒镉含量和富集系数比镉单一处理分别增加44.00%、36.00%和41.67%、50.00%;黏土中分别增加58.62%、43.00%和46.15%、61.54%。镉进入土壤后会随着水分流动向下迁移,在砂土中的迁移能力大于黏土。随着土壤深度的增加镉含量逐渐减少,黏土在40～60cm、砂土在60～80cm土层中镉含量与对照含量差异不显著。添加铅和麦秸可以降低镉在土壤中向下迁移的能力,降低幅度黏土大于砂土。     

镉对油菜幼苗生长及微量元素含量的影响

通过营养液培养,重点研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）胁迫下,中双9号冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）幼苗体内生理生化及微量元素（Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）含量的变化特征,目的是进一步阐明Cd胁迫对油菜生长产生毒害的作用机理。结果发现,Cd胁迫显著抑制了油菜幼苗的生长,植株根系和地上部干重随着Cd浓度的升高而显著降低;油菜幼苗叶片中光合色素含量也随着Cd浓度的升高而显著降低;油菜幼苗根系和地上部4种微量元素浓度也随着Cd浓度的升高发生了显著变化;同时,油菜幼苗体内抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性随着Cd浓度的升高表现出先显著升高后显著降低的趋势。这些结果表明,外源Cd胁迫通过降低油菜幼苗光合色素含量、抑制植株光合作用,引起幼苗体内养分代谢紊乱,诱导产生氧化胁迫等抑制了油菜幼苗的生长。研究还发现,中双9号油菜幼苗地上部Cd浓度和Cd富集量显著低于根系,中双9号应该属于低吸收Cd的冬油菜品种。     

镉胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长和镉吸收分配的影响

为比较玉米不同类型及其基因型对重金属镉富集特性的差异,筛选出具有镉(Cd)低积累潜力的玉米品种,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究3种玉米类型(普通玉米、甜性玉米和糯性玉米)的6个基因型(掖单13、郑单-958、苏玉糯-2、沪玉糯-2、金珠蜜超甜和申甜-1)在镉中度污染胁迫(3 mg·kg^-1)与轻度污染胁迫(1 mg·kg^-1)下植株生长及镉吸收分配特征。结果表明,轻度镉胁迫(Cd1)能够促进所有玉米基因型的生长,而中度镉胁迫(Cd3)降低了掖单-13、苏玉糯-2和沪玉糯-2基因型的生物量,同一镉水平下植株的生物量表现为普通玉米>甜玉米>糯玉米。随着土壤镉含量的提高,镉在普通玉米基因型根中的分配量大于甜型玉米和糯型玉米,但同一镉水平下普通玉米茎、叶和籽粒中的镉含量显著低于甜性玉米和糯性玉米。参试6个玉米基因型中普通玉米郑单-958基因型对镉的生物富集和转运能力最小。依据我国食品中污染物限量标准(GB2762-2017)和饲料卫生标准(GB13078-2017),郑单-958基因型在土壤轻度镉污染(Cd1)下籽粒中镉含量为0.083 mg·kg^-1,未超过国家食品安全标准(≤0.1 mg·kg^-1),2个普通玉米基因型和2个甜玉米基因型籽粒中的镉含量在土壤中度(Cd3)、轻度(Cd1)镉污染下均未超过国家饲料卫生标准(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)。本研究结果为中、轻度镉污染耕地进行玉米安全生产提供了理论依据。     

黑麦草与施肥对石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤微生物活性的影响

随着工业和农业生产的发展,重金属、有毒有机物及其复合污染土壤日益增多,其修复问题在世界范围内是一项具有挑战性的任务。以砂质壤土为试验对象,模拟石油-铅-镉复合污染,共设置4个处理:(1)对照处理,复合污染土壤(CK);(2)不施肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草(NF);(3)施氮肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草+氮肥(F1);(4)施氮肥和磷肥处理,复合污染土壤+黑麦草+氮肥+磷肥(F2),研究种植黑麦草与施肥处理对石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤微生物活性的影响,以期为污染土壤修复及环境影响评价提供初步的理论基础。结果表明:黑麦草与施肥对复合污染土壤基础呼吸、微生物量碳均有促进作用,处理NF、F1和F2的土壤基础呼吸强度比对照处理CK最高分别增加约20.94%,24.41%,42.69%,其中施加氮、磷肥(F2)对土壤基础呼吸影响最显著;第10天时,处理NF、F1和F2土壤微生物量碳含量与对照相比分别增加约26.92%,127.43%,181.89%,施肥处理土壤微生物量碳含量显著高于不施肥处理;不同种类的酶活性对黑麦草与施肥的响应不尽相同,其中种植黑麦草与施肥均会抑制石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤中FDA水解酶活性,施加氮肥在一定时间内能较好地维持石油-铅-镉复合污染土壤内的脱氢酶活性,施肥能有效地提高并维持复合污染土壤中脲酶活性,而过氧化氢酶活性受黑麦草与施肥影响不显著。研究表明种植黑麦草配施氮、磷肥对土壤微生物基础呼吸、土壤微生物量碳及相关土壤酶活性均有增强作用,进而有利于促进土壤污染物的去除及土壤质量的改善。     

有机质对红壤和黑土中外源铅镉稳定化过程的影响

采用室内培养方法研究了中国典型红壤和黑土中外源铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）在单一和复合污染下的稳定化过程,探讨了土壤有机质含量对Pb、Cd稳定化过程的影响。结果表明,加入500mg·kg-1Pb、1.0mg·kg-1Cd或1.0mg·kg-1Cd＋500mg·kg-1Pb条件下,各种土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量在培养前期迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养30d后基本达到平衡。利用二级动力学方程对Pb、Cd稳定化过程进行拟合,在红壤和黑土上,有机质含量高的土样有效态Cd的平衡浓度比有机质含量低的土样中降低12.7%～37.3%;有效态Pb的平衡浓度比有机质含量低的土样中降低78.3%～96.2%,相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量的增加显著抑制了外源Pb、Cd的有效性（P〈0.05）。在铅镉复合污染中,Pb的存在提高了土壤中Cd的有效性,而Cd对Pb的影响较小。与黑土相比,红壤上外源Pb、Cd稳定化速率较小,达到平衡所需的时间较长,且有效态Pb、Cd的平衡浓度较高。因此,在农业生产实践中,通过提高红壤和黑土上有机质的含量能够显著降低外源重金属Pb、Cd的有效性,减少环境污染风险。     

Stress Induced by Heavy Metals Cd and Pb in Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Grown in Nutrient Solution

The increasing number of cases of soil contamination by heavy metals has affected crop yields, and represents an imminent risk to food. Some of these contaminants, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), are very similar to micronutrients, and thus can be absorbed by plants. This study evaluated the translocation of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead and the effects of these metals in the production of beans. Bean plants were grown in nutrient solution Clark and subjected to increasing levels of Cd (from 0 to 0.5 mg L^?1) and Pb (from 0 to 10 mg L^?1). Cadmium concentration of 0.1 mg L^?1 translocated 39.8% to the shoot, and dry matter production was reduced by 45% in shoots and 80% in roots, compared to the control treatment. Lead showed impaired movement in the plant, however the concentration of 1.0 mg L^?1 was observed in 5.7% of metal translocation to the leaves. The concentration of 10 mg L^?1 Pb reduced dry matter production of roots and shoots in 83% and 76%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.     

镉和铅在2种典型土壤中的吸附及其与温度的关系

采用批平衡法研究我国2种典型土壤对镉和铅的吸附特性及其与温度的关系,运用热力学参数△G°、△H°和△S°解释土壤镉和铅的吸附机理,并对镉和铅在复合共存情况下的吸附特性进行讨论.结果表明,镉和铅在土壤中的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,镉和铅的吸附分别符合Freundlich模型和Lang-muir模型.壤土对镉和铅的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量均大于红壤的.镉和铅复合共存时,2种重金属的吸附均受到抑制;温度升高时,镉和铅对彼此的抑制作用有所减弱.吉布斯自由能变△G°为负值表明镉和铅吸附反应为自发反应;△H°为正值衰明土壤对镉和铅的吸附为吸热反应.单一存在时,镉在填土和红壤中的主要作用力分别为氢键和范德华力;而铅在壤土和红壤中的主要作用力均为范德华力.复合共存时,镉和铅的主要作用力发生改变.     

耐性植物秸秆覆盖对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响

[目的]研究秸秆覆盖对富集植物重金属积累的影响,筛选能促进荠菜生长和镉积累的镉耐性植物.[方法]通过盆栽试验研究镉污染条件下,覆盖4种镉耐性植物(扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前)秸秆对荠菜生长及镉积累的影响。[结果]覆盖扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前秸秆后,荠菜的地上部分生物量、总生物量和叶片叶绿素含量值均低于未覆盖处理。覆盖扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前秸秆的荠菜总生物量则较未覆盖分别降低了34.04%,49.85%,40.27%和18.39%。只有覆盖邻近风轮菜秸秆提高了荠菜根系镉含量,而覆盖扬子毛茛和通泉草秸秆则提高了荠菜地上部分镉含量(较未覆盖分别提高了18.61%和12.87%)。然而,覆盖4种耐性植物的荠菜根系、地上部分及整株镉积累量均低于未覆盖。[结论]在盆栽条件下,覆盖镉耐性植物(扬子毛茛、通泉草、邻近风轮菜和车前)秸秆不能提高荠菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力。     

贝类产品镉铜铅锌的含量特征与风险分析

根据2007年和2009年对广东、广西沿海部分海域近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）、太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes Philippinarum）和文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）的监测资料,分析了贝类产品中镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）的含量特征及其季节差异,并采用点估计方法对贝类产品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb进行了风险分析。结果表明,贝类品种的差异决定了其体内Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量的差异,近江牡蛎样品中Cd、Cu、Zn的含量远远高于另外4种贝类,文蛤样品中Cd、Cu、Pb的含量明显低于其他4种贝类。贝类产品中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量存在一定的季节差异,这可能与海水的温度、盐度、溶解氧等因子的季节变化有关。与《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》标准的限量值相比,贝类产品中Cd、Cu、Pb的合格率分别为65%、67.7%和100%。与其他海域贝类产品的调查结果相比,此次贝类样品Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量处于正常的波动范围内;与世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周耐受摄入量相比,太平洋牡蛎、翡翠贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔和文蛤的Pb、Cd的膳食暴露量处于安全范围内,而近江牡蛎的Cd膳食暴露量可能存在风险。     

镉胁迫对白车轴草生长、镉含量及养分分配的影响

为了解镉(Cd)胁迫对白车轴草(Tritolium repens L.)生长发育以及养分的吸收、累积与分配的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度镉处理下白车轴草幼苗的生长、生物量及碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)的积累与分配特征。结果表明:随镉胁迫浓度增加,植株幼苗叶面积、主根长、侧根数、侧根长及地上部高先升高后降低,叶柄长明显降低;而根、茎、叶中镉含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶。同时,植物各器官生物量生产及C、N、P和K积累量均表现出随镉添加量的增加而先升高后降低,高浓度镉胁迫处理(50.00、100.00和200.00 mg·kg-1)明显抑制植株生物量生产以及C、N、P和K的积累,显著改变了生物量及其C、N、P和K积累量的分配格局,但低浓度镉处理(12.50mg·kg-1)却无明显影响。一定浓度的镉胁迫处理(12.50和25.00 mg·kg-1)降低植株N、P、K的利用效率,但高浓度镉处理(200.00 mg·kg-1)则提高植株N、P、K的利用效率。本研究为城市园林绿化及镉污染土壤的修复提供了应用潜力,同时也为牧草的安全评估提供了科学借鉴。     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: I. Extractable Cadmium in Newly and Long-Term Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Effects of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers on extractable soil Cd in relation to its concentrations in plants were investigated. “Paired” soil samples were collected from newly and long-term cultivated fields and analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. Plant samples were also collected and analyzed for Cd. Significant differences in extractable Cd by all the extractants except NH₄NO₃ were observed between the newly and long-term cultivated soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were not increased by the elevated extractable Cd. Although significant relationships were observed between plant Cd and extractable soil Cd, none of the extractants used alone gave a good assessment of plant-available Cd for all the samples used in this study.     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: II. Factors Related to the Extractability and Plant Uptake of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Eighty four soil samples collected from southeastern Norway were analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. The total Cd, pH, exchangeable K and Ca, dithionite-extractable Mn, available P and fine sand (0.2–0.02 mm) contents were the principal factors related to the extractable Cd, with some inter-extractant variations. Cadmium extracted by NH₄NO₃, NH₄OAc, HCl and CaCl₂ decreased with increasing soil pH, but the Cd extracted by all the extractants increased with increasing total Cd, exchangeable K and Ca, available P, and Mn-oxide contents in the soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were significantly related to the extractable Cd, exchangeable Ca and Mg, pH, Mn-oxides and organic matter content.     

菜地土壤铅、镉有效态与生物有效性研究

通过野外采样、室内测试分析,探讨重庆市北碚区菜地土壤铅、镉的有效态含量及生物有效性。结果表明：研究区菜地土壤铅、镉有效态平均含量为3.114,0.051mg/kg,生物有效性系数分别为7.7%,25.1%;小白菜可食部分铅、镉平均含量分别为0.123,0.021mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.4%,9.8%;从富集系数和生物有效性系数看,研究区菜地土壤镉的潜在生态风险要大于铅的。研究区菜地土壤理化性质中pH对有效态镉有显著影响;砂粒、粘粒和有机质对有效态铅含量有显著影响;铅、镉有效态与全量变化一致,全量是有效态含量的主要影响因素;土壤类型对铅、镉有效态含量有影响;在人类活动中交通对有效态铅含量有影响,肥料的施用对有效态镉含量有影响。菜地土壤中铅、镉有效态含量与小白菜可食部分铅、镉的含量相关性优于全量的,用土壤中铅、镉的有效态表征铅、镉的生态风险更准确。     

高羊茅和黑麦草对污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特征

以潮褐土为供试土壤,通过模拟试验研究了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium multif lorum)对复合污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特点。结果表明,在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染处理条件下,高羊茅Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.76,19.77,418.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为129.82,256.66,354.66 mg/kg;黑麦草Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.57,26.13,467.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为114.53,155.98,513 48 mg/kg。通过方差分析,这两种草坪草的重金属富集量没有显著差异,并且富集规律呈现较为一致的特点。地上部的富集量和土壤重金属含量的离子冲量呈显著的线性相关。这两种草坪草对其重金属的富集能力顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb,其中对Zn的吸收呈现富集植物的特性规律,当土壤Zn含量>400 mg/kg时,其转运系数>1,地上部对Zn的富集能力很强,可作为Zn污染土壤的修复植物。通过偏相关和多元回归分析表明,这两种草坪草在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染条件下均未产生复合效应。