不同土壤水分供应下锌对玉米叶片超微结构的影响

选择 土为供试土壤, 进行盆栽玉米试验, 设定0和5.0 mg·kg^-1两个锌处理, 按土壤饱和持水量的40%~45%和70%~75%在玉米的4叶1心期实施干旱和正常水分处理。生长50 d后, 测定不同土壤水分与锌供应状况下植株生物量和锌含量, 利用透射电子显微镜观察完全伸展新叶的超微结构变化, 以期揭示不同土壤水分供应下, 植物对施锌的响应机理。结果表明: 土壤水分供应充足条件下, 与不施锌相比, 施锌玉米地上部生物量和总干重分别增加78%和52%, 根系和地上部锌含量和锌吸收量增加较多; 而干旱条件下, 施锌对玉米生物量无显著影响。干旱条件下缺锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构基本保持完好, 淀粉粒和基质片层清晰可见, 但叶肉细胞中叶绿体膜受损, 基质片层结构出现皱缩, 基粒片层减少; 施锌玉米叶片维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体结构保持完好, 叶绿体周围的线粒体数目较多, 叶肉细胞中叶绿体中脂肪颗粒增多, 叶片维管束鞘细胞与叶肉细胞之间可见清晰的胞间连丝。土壤水分充足处理下, 缺锌叶片细胞膜出现皱缩, 维管束鞘细胞叶绿体淀粉粒增多, 片层结构受损, 严重时维管束鞘细胞中内溶物消失, 残存的叶绿体中仅有淀粉粒和少许片层; 叶肉细胞中叶绿体可见淀粉粒, 但片层结构少, 有些出现断裂、收缩。土壤水分充足条件下, 施锌玉米维管束鞘核叶肉细胞结构清晰, 叶绿体结构完整。结论认为: 锌对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片细胞结构的破坏有一定的缓解作用; 但土壤水分正常供应下, 缺锌导致细胞结构受损程度比干旱情况下更严重。     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。     

Combined Application of Potassium and Zinc Improves Water Relations,Stay Green,Irrigation Water Use Efficiency,and Grain Quality of Maize under Drought Stress

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) plays an important role in the global food security, but its production is threatened by climate change, especially drought stress. Potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) are considered useful to mitigate the negative consequences of drought stress in plants. Therefore, the objective of this two-year study was to identify the best combination of K and Zn application to improve the water relations, photosynthetic pigments, yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and grain quality of maize sown under mild and severe drought stress conditions. The consisted of three drought stress levels viz. 1) well-watered as control (WW), 2) mild drought (MD) with 25?mm of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD), 3) severe drought (SD) with 50?mm of PSMD and six K-Zn treatments: i.e. 125, 100 and 150?kg ha^?1 K with 0 and 12?kg ha^?1 Zn. The results indicated that K-Zn application improved the water relations and chlorophyll contents, biological yield and grain quality, irrespective of water stress treatment. The combined application of K-Zn under mild drought stress produced statistically same biological yield and grain quality as under well-irrigated without K-Zn fertilization and also produced compratively higher IWUE, biological yield and grain quality under sverer drought stress. Hence, the application of K at 150?kg ha^?1 in combination with Zn at 12?kg ha^?1 might be useful to improve the maize production and grain quality under drought stress. As IWUE was low in WW conditions, therefore, irrigation scheduling must be re-evaluated for optimum water use efficiency.     

施氮量和蚕豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

在田间条件下于2006—2007年研究了不同氮水平下（N 0、75、150、225、300 kg/hm2）蚕豆/玉米间作体系与其相应单作体系土壤无机氮的时空分布规律,旨在为河西走廊灌区蚕豆/玉米间作体系的氮素管理提供理论依据。用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,CaCl2浸提,流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮的方法研究了施氮量和蚕豆/玉米种间相互作用对土壤无机氮时间和空间变化特点。结果表明:灌漠土无机氮以NO3--N为主。蚕豆和玉米无机氮含量在蚕豆收获前种植方式间均无显著性差异,蚕豆收获后至玉米收获,间作显著降低了两种作物各层无机氮含量;无机氮含量随着施氮量增加而显著增加。蚕豆收获后间作体系0—100 cm土层无机氮累积量略高于单作体系,且0—100 cm 土层无机氮累积量高于100—160 cm土层;玉米收获后,间作蚕豆和玉米土壤无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均降低了51.7%和16.6%,在100—160 cm土层平均降低了42.1%和6.1%;与不施氮相比,施氮蚕豆和玉米无机氮累积量在0—100 cm土层分别平均增加了40.1%和81.5%,在100—160 cm土层分别增加了69.6%和40.6%;与单作体系相比,间作体系0—100 和100—160 cm土层土壤无机氮分别降低43.4%和34.1%。因此,施氮肥显著增加土壤无机氮的累积,而豆科/禾本科间作减少了土壤无机氮的残留。     

Chemical fractions of copper and zinc in organic‐rich particles from aqueous extracts of a metal‐contaminated granite soil

Abstract

Chemical fractions of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the organic‐rich particles collected from filtered aqueous extracts (<20 μm) of an acid soil were determined. A sequential extraction procedure was used to partition the particulate Cu and Zn into four operationally defined chemical fractions: adsorbed (ADS), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxides bound (FeMnOX), organic matter bound (OM) and residual (RESD). Total extractable concentrations of Cu and Zn in the fine particles were higher than their total concentrations in the original bulk soil. The concentration of particulate Cu was usually much higher than that of particulate Zn. Addition of lime stabilized sewage sludge cake and/or inorganic metal salts markedly increased the concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in aqueous extracts, especially from limed soil. The proportional distributions of particulate Cu and Zn were quite similar. The two particulate metals were present predominantly in the ADS and FeMnOX fractions, with less (about 20%) in the OM and RESD fractions. Some of the ADS metal fraction was associated with dissolved organic substances. The concentrations of particulate Cu and Zn in the various extractable fractions were significantly affected by the application of lime, lime stabilized sewage sludge cake, or inorganic metal salts.     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

Impacts of soybean growth on Cu speciation and distribution in two rhizosphere soils

The effects of soybean growth on Cu speciation and distribution in two artificially Cu-contaminated soils (phaiozem, a Mollisol, and burozem, an Alfisol) were investigated using a rhizobox culture system followed by the sequential chemical extraction technique. The rhizosphere soils in the rhizobox were separated with nylon cloth into 11 sections: a central zone (4 mm in width) and ten side rhizosphere subzones (1 mm in width). The Cu fractions in Cu-contaminated phaiozem could be ranked as EXCH (exchangeable Cu)<ACID (HAc extractable Cu)< FeMnOX (bound to Fe–Mn oxides)<OM (bound to organic matter)<RES (residual Cu), and in Cu-contaminated burozem as EXCH< FeMnOX< OM< ACID< RES. Soybean growth resulted in an obvious increase of EXCH-Cu in the rhizosphere soil in the first 4 weeks of incubation, with the biggest increase in the central zone. Compared with the unplanted control soil, the content of ACID-Cu in soybean rhizosphere increased in the first 2–3 weeks of incubation and then decreased towards the end of the experiment (6 weeks). The increasing tendency was also observed in the FeMnOX-Cu fraction during the first 3 weeks and the OM-Cu fraction during the first 4 weeks, and their increments were obviously larger than those of the EXCH-Cu and ACID-Cu fractions. This suggested that more RES-Cu activated by the action of soybean roots was partitioned into the less phytoavailable forms, FeMnOX-Cu and OM-Cu. This may be of a benefit to the normal growth of soybean in Cu-contaminated soils. By the end of cultivation, the content of FeMnOX-Cu decreased, but only a small part of Cu was absorbed by soybean, being most of the Cu loss partitioned into the RES-Cu fraction.     

Bioavailability,fractionation of pb and Zn in the rhizosphere of sunflower in chelators-amended contaminated soil

Assisted phytoremediation procedures have been widely employed as soil removal instrument of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on pb and Zn availability and its fractions in soils. The present study evaluates the effects of EDTA, citric acid (CA) and poultry manure extract (PME) on bioavailability and fractionation of pb, Zn in both the rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bulk soil. EDTA and CA were added to soils at the rates of 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg^?1 soil and PME at 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg^?1 soil as factorial in a completely randomized pattern with three replicates in greenhouse condition. Results showed that chelator application had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on pb, Zn extraction by different extractants and its fractions in soils. The order of concentrations of pb, Zn present in different fractions in soil treated by chelators was: oxides-bounded fraction > residual fraction > OM-bounded fraction > carbonate-bounded fraction > exchangeable fraction. Biochemical soil characteristics in the sunflower rhizosphere change resulting from its roots contributing to pb, Zn decline in mobile soil fractions, and change in soil pb, Zn fractions that are generally regarded as more stable.     

土壤干旱胁迫对玉米叶片水分状况、膜透性及酶抗氧化系统的影响

A simulation experiment on the responses of maize （Zea mays L.） from the third leaf stage to maturity for different soil water levels （well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed） was conducted by controlling irrigation and using a mobile rain shelter in a neutral loam, meadow soil to determine the effects on leaf water status, membrane permeability and enzymatic antioxidant system for different growth stages. The results indicated that drought stress relied on drought intensity and duration, with more severe drought stress creating more serious effects on maize. Compared with wellwatered conditions, during the silking and blister stages moderate stress did not significantly change the relative water content （RWC） and did change significantly the relative conductivity （RC） （P 〈 0.05） of the leaves; however, severe stress did significantly decrease （P 〈 0.01） the leaf RWC and increase （P 〈 0.01） membrane permeability （leaf relative conductivity）. Furthermore, under severe drought stress antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly （P 〈 0.01） in later stages, namely for superoxide dismutase （SOD） the tasseling and blister stages, for peroxidase （POD） the milk stage, and for catalase （CAT） during the tasseling, blister, and milk stages. Meanwhile, membrane lipid peroxidation （measured as malondialdehyde content） significantly increased （P 〈 0.01） in all stages.     

Stability of desiccated rhizosphere soil aggregates of mycorrhizal Juniperus oxycedrus grown in a desertified soil amended with a composted organic residue

Adequate soil structural stability favours the establishment and viability of a stable plant cover, protecting the soil against water erosion in desertified Mediterranean environments. We studied the effect of soil drying-rewetting, inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and addition of a composted organic residue on aggregate stabilisation of the rhizosphere soil of Juniperus oxycedrus. The AM fungi and composted residue produced similar increases in plant growth, independently of the water conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest percentages of stable aggregates were recorded in the amended soil, followed by the soil inoculated with AM fungi. Excepting microbial biomass C, the soil drying increased labile C fractions (water soluble C, water soluble and total carbohydrates), whereas the rewetting decreased significantly such C fractions. Desiccation caused a significant increase in aggregate stability of the rhizosphere soil of all plants, particularly in the amended and inoculated plants. In all treatments, the aggregates formed after soil drying were unstable, since, in the rewetting, they disappear, reaching the initial levels before soil drying. Our results suggest that the aggregation mechanisms developed by rhizosphere microbial community of the amended and inoculated plants under water stress can be particularly relevant in desertified soils exposed to long desiccation periods.     

Effects of zinc complexes on the distribution of zinc in calcareous soil and zinc uptake by maize

The movement and availability of Zn from six organic Zn sources in a Typic Xerorthent (calcareous) soil were compared by incubation, column assay, and in a greenhouse study with maize (Zea mays L.). Zinc soil behavior was studied by sequential, diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, and Mehlich-3 extractions. In the incubation experiment, the differences in Zn concentration observed in the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction strongly correlated with Zn uptake by plants in the greenhouse experiment. Zinc applied to the surface of soil columns scarcely moved into deeper layers except for Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) that showed the greatest distribution of labile Zn throughout the soil and the highest proportion of leaching of the applied Zn. In the upper part of the column, changes in the chemical forms of all treatments occurred and an increase in organically complexed and amorphous Fe oxide-bound fractions was detected. However, the water soluble plus exchangeable fraction was not detected. The same results were obtained at the end of the greenhouse experiment. Significant increases were found in plant dry matter yield and Zn concentration as compared with the control treatment without Zn addition. Increasing Zn rate in the soil increased dry matter yield in all cases but Zn concentration in the plant increased only with Zn-EDTA and Zn-ethylenediaminedi-o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate (EDDHA) fertilizers. Higher Zn concentration in plants (50.9 mg kg(-)(1)) occurred when 20 mg Zn kg(-)(1) was added to the soil as Zn-EDTA. The relative effectiveness of the different Zn carriers in increasing Zn uptake was in the order: Zn-EDTA > Zn-EDDHA > Zn-heptagluconate >/= Zn-phenolate approximately Zn-polyflavonoid approximately Zn-lignosulfonate.     

Distribution and plant availability of soil copper fractions following copper sulphate and farmyard manure applications

The effects of copper (Cu) application on the Cu distribution in various pools were investigated in laboratory and pot culture experiments with two Alfisols. The total soil Cu was fractionated into water‐soluble plus exchangeable (CA‐Cu), inorganically‐bound (AAC‐Cu), organically‐bound (PYR‐Cu), oxide‐bound (OX‐Cu), and residual (RES‐Cu) forms. The relative contribution of these fractions to Cu uptake by wheat was calculated through path coefficient analysis, a statistical technique that differentiates between correlation and causation. Copper fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 5, and 10 mg (kg soil)^—1 and FYM at rates of 0 and 10 t ha^—1. Results indicated that the amounts of Cu present in CA‐Cu were very small. The CA‐Cu, AAC‐Cu, PYR‐Cu, and OX‐Cu fractions were increased and RES‐Cu was not significantly affected by the Cu application. No significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) was observed between Cu application with and without FYM on the distribution of different fractions of soil Cu except PYR‐Cu in Patancheru soil. Among the levels, application of 10 mg Cu (kg soil)^—1 showed the maximum increase in different fractions of soil Cu. The per cent increase in Cu concentration in different fractions followed the order CA‐Cu > AAC‐Cu > PYR‐Cu > OX‐Cu > RES‐Cu. The path analysis showed that the PYR‐Cu and AAC‐Cu are the most important fractions for maintaining the available Cu pool in soils.     

根系分隔方式对玉米/大豆根际土壤碳含量及磷有效性的影响

【目的】豆科与禾本科间作体系中对磷有效性的影响主要集中在根系分泌物的活化作用,由根际沉淀引起的土壤碳含量与磷酸酶活性变化及其对红壤磷有效性的影响机制尚不清楚。【方法】本研究以间作玉米大豆为研究对象,设置根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔、不分隔3种方式,在0、21.83、43.67、65.50和87.34 P mg kg-1（分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4）磷肥施用水平下进行盆栽试验,研究根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、根际土壤有机碳（ROC）、酸性磷酸酶活性（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶活性（ALP）、速效磷和Hedley磷组分的影响。【结果】相比完全分隔,根系不分隔可提高玉米和大豆根际土壤MBC含量,显著降低玉米根际土壤DOC含量,低磷水平（P0、P1）时显著提高大豆DOC含量,显著提高玉米（仅在低磷时）和大豆根际土壤ACP活性,低磷时显著提高大豆根际土壤ALP活性。除玉米活性磷组分外,根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤速效磷、磷组分有显著或极显著影响。根系不分隔较完全分隔可通过降低大豆根际活性无机磷（Pi）(P0除外)和中活性Pi从而提高玉米根...     

干旱胁迫对玉米根系生长及根际养分的影响

通过盆栽模拟干旱试验，测定了干旱胁迫下玉米根系生长情况和根际土壤中速效N、P、K的含量。结果表明，干旱胁迫抑制了玉米拔节期和抽雄-开花期玉米根系的生长，减弱了玉米根系的吸收能力。干旱胁追下玉米根际NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、速效P和速效K均发生根际富集现象。其中有效N和速效K含量高于正常供水．而速效P却呈现低于正常供水的趋势。干旱胁追抑制玉米根系生长、减弱根系吸收能力是玉米减产的重要原因。     

Effect of Pyrite Application on Wheat-Maize Growth and Nutrient Uptake Under Diverse Soil Conditions

Zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) deficiency is a common nutritional problem for the production of many crops in semi-arid Mediterranean region of Turkey. This problem results in the application of increasing amounts of fertilizers. Minerals (such as pyrite) including iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) can decrease soil pH may be a critical factor in crop production under low supply of Zn and P in calcareous and clay soils. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of pyrite application on wheat-maize-wheat growth, P and Zn concentration with three successive pot experiments. Bread (Seri-82) (Triticum durum L.) durum (Kunduru) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) RX 788 hybrid was grown in Zn and P-deficient calcareous soils from Central Anatolian Sultanönü and Çukurova Karaburun. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions at five rates of pyrite (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g pyrite kg^?1 soil) in three consecutive experiments. Pyrite application increased shoot dry matter production of wheat and maize. With time effect of pyrite on plant growth and nutrient uptake was more. In accordance with growth data, pyrite application enhanced P and Zn concentration of plants, especially under Zn deficient Sultanönü soil then Karaburun soil. Plants grown in Karaburun soil had more P and Zn concentration than grown in Sultanönü soil. The results obtained indicate that pyrite can be used as a zinc fertilizer sources for gramine plants such as wheat and maize.     

Plant availability of heavy metals in a soil amended with a high dose of sewage sludge under drought conditions

The objective of this research was to study the effect of water deficit on soil heavy metal availability and metal uptake by ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plants grown in a soil amended with a high dose of rural sewage sludge. Three fertility treatments were applied: sewage sludge (SS), mineral fertilizer (M), and control (C); unamended). The levels of irrigation were: well-watered (W) and water deficit (D). Microbial respiration decreased the total organic C (TOC) in sludge-treated soils, but this did not enhance soil DTPA-extractable heavy metal concentrations. Indeed, Zn, Cu, Mn and Ni availability decreased during the experiment. C- and M-treated soils showed either no changes or increases of some trace element concentrations during the incubation. In the plant experiment, ryegrass dry matter (DM) yield, relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (_w) decreased in drought conditions. Sludge addition increased metal concentrations in plants. However, in some instances, SS-treated plants showed either similar or lower transfer coefficient (Tc) values than did plants in the C and M treatments. Water deficit decreased the concentration and the Tc of some metals in roots of M and SS plants. Results indicate that sludge-borne heavy metals were maintained in chemical forms of low availability. The lower metal uptake by SS and M plants under dry conditions cannot be attributed to a lower availability of these elements in soil.     

Zn和ABT对玉米根系生长及根际磷酸酶活性和pH的影响

在石灰性土壤上,以田间根袋栽培方法,研究了Zn和生根粉4号(ABT)对玉米在5个生育期中根系生长和根际微生态环境的影响。结果表明,玉米根系生长随生育期呈"S"型分布,根长和根体积在生育后期呈下降趋势。Zn和ABT的应用促进了根系的生长,扩大了根系和土壤接触面积,减缓了后期根系衰老速度,并改善了根际微生态环境。玉米根际土壤pH低于非根际;根际土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于非根际。抽雄期,Zn、ABT和Zn+ABT处理土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高。Zn和ABT的应用改善了玉米根际微生态环境,为有效利用土壤和肥料磷打下基础。     

Hormonal interactions in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.) and their effects on plant development

The phytohormones indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyladenosine (iPA), dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), and zeatinriboside (ZR) were determined quantitatively using monoclonal antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay in the following samples: a) culture filtrates of known bacterial species, growing naturally in close, loose or without contact with higher plants; b) culture filtrates of heterogeneous populations of microorganisms, isolated from the rhizoplane and rhizosphere of maize as well as from root-free soil; c) sterile and nonsterile maize root exudates; d) in the rhizosphere of field-grown maize plants and in soil fractions distant from the roots (bulk soil). ABA was not detected in the culture filtrates of bacteria and ZR was not found in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil of field-grown maize. All phytohormones were present in the other samples analyzed. Bacterial cultures with cell concentrations roughly equal to those in the rhizosphere of field-grown maize may produce under optimal laboratory conditions phytohormone concentrations comparable to those measured in the rhizosphere of field-grown maize. During the whole vegetation period there was a steep phytohormone gradient in the first centimeter of soil around a maize root in the field. Inoculation of maize seedlings growing in nutrient solution with rhizosphere bacteria resulted in a synergistic increase in phytohormone concentration in comparison to the sum of hormone production by sterile plant roots and by bacteria cultures. Using regression analysis, the relationship between phytohormone concentration changes in the rhizosphere and different morphological characteristics of the maize plant were shown to be highly significant.     

Assessment of zinc availability to rice in mollisols of North India

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize zinc (Zn) fractions and their relation to Zn extracted with mixed‐bed ion exchange resin capsules and (2) assess the relationships between the latter and Zn uptake by rice in 12 Mollisols from North India. The Resin Adsorption Quantity (RAQ) of Zn was measured after 1 and 14 days of anaerobic incubation. Six organic and inorganic Zn fractions were determined on anaerobic soil. Zinc uptake by rice was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Soil Zn fractions under reduced conditions followed the order residual Zn (80%)>carbonates and amorphous oxides bound Zn (12%)>weakly organically bound Zn (3%)>crystalline oxides bound Zn (2%)>strongly organically bound Zn (2%)>water soluble + exchangeable Zn (1%). RAQ‐Zn was best correlated with Zn bound to carbonates and amorphous oxides. Due to negative interactions between bicarbonate and Zn uptake, correlations between relative dry matter yield or total Zn uptake and the different Zn fractions, DTPA‐Zn measured on dry soil, or RAQ Zn were not significant. Adjusting soil test values according to soil pH improved the prediction of relative dry matter yield, but further studies are required to determine whether the resin capsule can be used as a soil test for Zn in calcareous soils.     

不同土壤水分供应与施锌对玉米水分代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分状况下及施锌对玉米植株水分状况、水分生理特征的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,玉米叶片含水量和水势降低,植株体内自由水分的含量减少,而束缚水含量略有增加,离体叶片失水速率小;叶片气孔阻力增加,导度下降,蒸腾作用和光合速率受到抑制。施锌后玉米叶片的水势和鲜重含水量没有明显变化,但玉米叶片气孔阻力降低,气孔导度增加,叶片蒸腾速率和光合作用速率加大。干旱胁迫下,施锌对玉米植株体内水分生理代谢有一定的调节作用,但是在土壤水分供应充足时,施锌更能增强玉米水分生理代谢,提高水分利用效率。