有机无机磷肥配施对蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋溶模拟实验研究化肥、有机肥以及有机无机P肥配施对蔬菜地土壤P素淋失的影响,结果表明,有机肥可明显提高土壤的有机P含量,促进土壤P素的淋失;在施P量相同的情况下,有机P肥所占的比例越大,淋出液总P、溶解总P、溶解有机P的浓度和累积淋失量就越高.在评价蔬菜地土壤P对水环境影响时,应把有机P作为评价指标.     

有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力

农业有机物料具有资源化再利用的特点,与化肥配施既可以保证作物产量,也可以提升地力。为了建立最适宜的南方低产黄泥田培肥模式,该文在浙江金衢盆地开展3年田间试验研究化肥与不同有机物料(菇渣、紫云英、牛粪和秸秆)配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:1)有机物料与化肥配施可以显著提高水稻产量,化肥+菇渣、化肥+紫云英、化肥+牛粪和化肥+秸秆处理下,水稻三年的平均产量分别比单施化肥提高了9.7%、9.5%、12.3%和9.5%;2)有机物料与化肥配合施用,土壤有机质、土壤养分(全氮、有效磷、速效钾和CEC)及土壤容重较单施化肥处理有一定程度的改善,其中,化肥+牛粪效果最明显,有机质质量分数提高了12.5%,土壤有效磷质量分数提高了37.7%,CEC提高了16.1%;3)与单施化肥相比,化肥+菇渣、化肥+牛粪处理下5 mm机械稳定性大团聚体分别提高了10.4%和6.7%,各配施处理均显著降低了团聚体破坏率。总得来讲,连续三年有机物料与化肥配施较单施化肥处理提高了水稻产量、改善了土壤肥力状况、增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,其中又以牛粪与化肥配合施用效果最佳。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响

【目的】研究等氮量投入条件下,长期使用不同有机物料替代无机肥的适宜比例对玉米氮养分累积、运移和氮肥利用效率和产量的影响,可以为吉林黑土区春玉米高效施肥,维持并提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】以国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为研究平台,玉米品种郑单958为供试作物,设5个不同处理,即:不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、粪肥+NPK(MNPK)、秸秆还田+NPK(SNPK)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品,分析玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量以及运移比例,计算氮肥利用效率。【结果】在玉米各生育时期,MNPK处理氮素累积量均高于NPK和SNPK处理;拔节期至大喇叭口期氮素累积量为19.67~86.44 kg/hm2,其中MNPK氮素累积量达到86.44 kg/hm2,为氮素累积量增加最多、吸收速率最快的时期;在成熟期,MNPK、NPK、SNPK、N和CK处理植株氮素总累积量分别达到286.2、276.2、249.4、151.7和63.6 kg/hm2,SNPK处理氮素累积量略低于NPK处理,MNPK显著高于NPK和SNPK(P0.05)。MNPK、SNPK、NPK和N处理中,叶和茎鞘总氮素转移量分别为99.0、79.7、87.2和41.8 kg/hm2,总的转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率分别为51.0%、47.7%、47.2%和43.4%,以MNPK处理的总氮素转移量和转移氮素对籽粒贡献率最高,与其他处理差异显著。在各处理中,MNPK、NPK和SNPK三个处理的氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均大于60kg/kg,以MNPK最高,达到65.4 kg/kg。与化肥NPK处理比较,SNPK氮素偏生产力和收获指数差异不显著。MNPK处理土壤无机氮的含量在玉米整个生育期一直高于化肥NPK处理,并在玉米大喇叭口期达到最高,达到60.83 mg/kg,并与其他处理差异显著。【结论】长期有机无机配合施用,不仅能有效调节氮素积累和转运,还能提高氮肥利用效率。在适宜氮用量为165 kg/hm2时,以农家肥氮替代70%,或秸秆氮替代30%化肥氮素,既减少化肥氮投入,又增加了土壤供氮能力,因此,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是吉林省黑土区春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES COMPARING NUTRISPHERE-NITROGEN UREA WITH UREA IN NORTH DAKOTA,ARKANSAS, AND MISSISSIPPI

Nitrification and ammonia volatility are two important impediments to nitrogen (N) use efficiency and crop uptake around the world. Nutrisphere® is a relatively new product whose manufacturer claims both nitrification and urea volatilization inhibiting properties. Urea coated with Nutrisphere is and the resulting fertilizer is called Nutrisphere®-N urea, or Nutrisphere-N (NSN). Eight field studies on spring (Triticum aestivum L.) or durum [T. turgidum L. subsp duram (Desf.) Husn.] wheat in North Dakota, three field studies in Mississippi/Arkansas on rice (Oryza sativa L.), four laboratory experiments in North Dakota and one in Arkansas were conducted to determine the nitrification and urea volatilization inhibiting ability of NSN compared with urea alone. Results of field and laboratory experiments revealed that the product has no nitrification or urea volatilization inhibiting properties at the recommended rates and spring wheat and rice did not benefit from the application of NSN to urea.     

Influence of Zeolite Application on Nitrogen Efficiency and Loss in Canola Production under Sandy Soils Conditions

A field experiment was carried out in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2006–2007 growing season to investigate canola seed yield as affected by nitrogen (N) and natural zeolite (Z) rates. This experiment studied N efficiency and N leaching loss in a sandy soil. Experimental treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three N levels (90, 180, and 270 kg N ha^?1) and four zeolite rates (0, 3, 6, and 9 t zeolite ha^?1). The result showed that the greatest seed yield (2452.3 kg ha^?1) was obtained from the N₂₇₀Z₉ treatment whereas the control treatment (N₀Z₀) produced the lowest seed yield (1038.3 kg ha^?1). Moreover, use of 270 kg N ha^?1 without zeolite (N₂₇₀Z₀) led to the greatest amount of N leaching loss (144.23 kg ha^?1). Zeolite application clearly reduced N leaching loss in all N rates. This justified low N-use efficiency in high N applications. More N uptake and more canola seed yield is attributed to zeolite application.     

添加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷对外源有机无机物质的动态响应

研究了添加有机、无机营养物质对外加除草剂莠去津土壤(每1g土中含莠去津10mg/)中微生物生物量碳、氮和磷的动态变化过程。研究结果表明,在整个培养过程中,仅加莠去津的土壤中微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著降低,与对照相比,分别平均降低了13.5%,10.1%,20.0%。但是,施用有机、无机营养物质的处理,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均显著增加。不同处理对微生物生物量碳、氮的含量影响程度依次为:腐熟猪粪>紫云英>水稻秸秆腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>单施N肥>单施P肥。而对微生物生物量磷含量的影响则为:腐熟猪粪>N、P肥配施>紫云英>单施N肥>单施P肥>水稻秸秆。     

外生菌根真菌对土壤无机磷迁移的影响

Ectomycorrhizal(EM) fungi could form symbiosis with plant roots and participate in nutrient absorption; however, many EM species commonly found in forest soils, where phosphorus(P) concentration and availability are usually very low, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas, have not yet been investigated for their efficiencies to mobilize soil P. In this study, fungal growth, P absorption,efflux of protons and organic acids, and soil P depletion by four isolates of EM fungi isolated either from acidic or calcareous soils were compared in pure liquid culture using soil as a sole P source. Boletus sp. 7(Bo 7), Lactarius deliciosus 3(Ld 3), and Pisolithus tinctorius 715(Pt 715) from acidic and P-deficient soils of southwestern China showed higher biomass and P concentration and accumulation than Cenococcum geophilum 4(Cg 4) from a calcareous soil of Inner Mongolia, northern China, after 4 weeks of liquid culture. Oxalate, malate, succinate, acetate, and citrate concentrations in the culture solutions varied significantly with fungal species,and oxalate accounted for 51.5%–91.4% of the total organic acids. Organic acids, particularly oxalate, in the culture solutions may lead to the solubilization of iron-bound P(Fe-P), aluminum-bound P(Al-P), and occluded P(O-P) from soil phosphates. Fungal species also varied greatly in proton efflux, which decreased the culture solution pH and may dissolve calcium-bound P(Ca-P) in soil.This could be the reason for the increment of both inorganic P in the culture solutions and Olsen P in the soil when EM fungi were present. Total inorganic P, the sum of Al-P, Fe-P, O-P, and Ca-P, in the culture solutions was positively correlated with the total concentration of organic acids in the culture solutions(r = 0.918*, n = 5), but negatively with both the total inorganic P in soil(r =-0.970**, n = 5) and the culture solution pH(r =-0.830*, n = 5). These suggested variable efficiencies of EM fungal species to mobilize inorganic P fractions from soil, which could make EM trees to utilize inorganic P in the same way like EM fungi and adapt to the soils with various P concentrations and availabilities.     

Plant and Soil Responses to the Combined Application of Organic Amendments and Inorganic Fertilizers in Degraded Sodic Soils of Indo-Gangetic Plains

ABSTRACT

Soil degradation due to salinization and sodication is the paramount threat in Indo-Gangetic plains. The studies on reclamation and management of such soils can provide a pragmatic solution for improving fertility and productivity of these soils. Lack of organic matter and poor availability of nutrients are the major factors for low productivity of sodic soils. Rice-wheat is a major cropping system in Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain region even in reclaimed sodic soils and farmers used inorganic fertilizers only to get higher yields. In this study, we used different organic sources of amendments in conjunction with different nitrogen (N) doses supplied through inorganic fertilizers to investigate the combined effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil fertility and the productivity of rice- wheat system in sodic soils. Salt tolerant varieties of rice and wheat were grown in sodic soil (pH: 9.30, EC: 1.12 dSm^?1 and exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP: 52) during 2014–15 to 2016–17 in a field experiment with 13 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic amendments (T₁- (control) 100% of recommended dose of N (RDN), T₂-municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) @10 t ha^?1 + 50%RDN, T₃- MSWC @10 t ha^?1 + 75% RDN,T₄- MSWC @10 t ha^?1 + 100%RDN, T₅-Vermicompost (VC) @10 t ha^?1 + 50% RDN, T₆- VC @10 t ha^?1 + 75% RDN, T₇-VC@10 t ha^?1 + 100% RDN, T₈- Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10 t ha^?1 + 50% RDN,T₉- FYM@10 t ha^?1 + 75%RDN, T₁₀- FYM@10 t ha^?1 + 100% RDN, T₁₁-Pressmud (PM) @10 t ha^?1 + 50% RDN, T₁₂-PM@10 t ha^?1 + 75%RDN, and T₁₃- PM @ 10 t ha^?1 + 100% RDN). Use of organic amendments supplemented with reduced dose of N through inorganic fertilizer has significantly improved soil bio-physical and chemical properties. Application of VC@10 t ha^?1 + 100% RDN (T₇) decreased soil bulk density, pH, EC, ESP and Na content to 2.0, 4.2, 26.5, 42.8, and 56.6% respectively and increased soil organic carbon by 34.6% over control (T₁). Soil fertility in terms of available N, P, K, Ca, and Mg increased by 20.5, 33.0, 36.4, and 44%, respectively, over control (T₁). Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus also improved significantly due to combined use of organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers over the only use of inorganic fertilizers. Decreasing in soil sodicity and increasing soil fertility showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in crop growth, growth indices, and grain yields of rice and wheat. The study revealed that combined use of VC or MSW compost @10 t ha^?1 in conjunction with 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizers in sodic soils proved sustainable technology for restoration of degraded sodic soils and improving crop productivity.     

长期不同施肥黑土碳氮库的组分特征

土壤有机质因组成和稳定机制等差异,具有很大的分解异质性,研究其分组特征,对于了解土壤有机质的质量具有十分重要的意义。本文利用物理分组法,对于土壤有机质组分性质影响少的优点,比较了长期不同施肥黑土不同组分碳氮库的数量变化。结果发现,23年后化肥(NPK)处理和化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量波动不大。化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)处理土壤有机碳、全氮含量显著增加(P0.01)。进一步碳氮分组发现,有机无机配施(NPKS和NPKM)显著降低了有机质与矿质结合组分(150μm MF)的含量;NPKM处理显著增加了黑土粗有机质组分(150μm MOM)的比例。将大于150μm组分中有机质与矿质结合部分去除作为易分解库,剩余组分作为耐分解库,比较3种处理发现,与NPK处理相比,NPKS和NPKM处理易分解有机碳比例增加0.9和5.9个百分点;耐分解有机碳比例分别为下降14.2和18.8个百分点。易分解有机氮比例增加1.8和9.9个百分点;耐分解有机氮下降2.7和5.3个百分点。上述研究表明,NPKS和NPKM可以改善黑土土壤有机氮和土壤有机碳的数量和品质,且NPKM的效果显著优于NPKS处理。     

种植小麦的土壤中微生物生物量的动态变化

A controlled release N fertilizer was developed by the carrier method using natural polysaccharides (PS) and urea. The results showed that mixing of PS and urea led to significant control of urea release. When a cross-linker (boric acid or glutaraldehyde) was added, a better control effect was observed. During a 30 min leaching time the nitrogen release rate from the controlled release fertilizer was nearly constant, which was significantly different from normal urea. One of the controlled release mechanisms was related to space resistance from a large molecular structure. Infrared (IR) analysis indicated that interaction of PS with urea was through a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond. These bonds created an a-helix or high molecular network fertilizer carrier system, which was another reason for a controlled nutrient release. Pot experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency could increase significantly with a carrier fertilizer.     

有机氮与无机氮不同配比对设施菜地次生盐渍化土壤改良效果

通过设施菜地小区试验,研究有机氮与无机氮不同比例配合施用对土壤次生盐渍化的改良效果以及对番茄产量、品质的影响。结果表明:有机氮与无机氮配合施用可以明显降低土壤中全盐含量与电导率,显著降低了土壤中硝态氮的过量积累,尤其有机氮与无机氮比例为2∶1时,效果最好;同时有机氮与无机氮配合施用,达到改善土壤有机质平衡及调控的作用,有机质从16. 8 g/kg增加到21. 7 g/kg;有机氮、无机氮2∶1配施可以明显降低番茄中硝酸盐的含量,显著提高番茄中可溶性总糖和还原型Vc的含量,达到提高番茄产量和提升果实品质的效果。从改良设施土壤次生盐渍化和优质施肥管理两方面综合考虑,建议设施大棚采用有机氮与无机氮配合施用,土壤全盐含量3. 54 g/kg条件下以有机氮与无机氮2∶1配施有机肥与化肥效果最佳。     

不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响

为了消减冷浸型中低产田长期浸渍、泥温低、土壤有效养分低等障碍因子,通过田间小区试验和动态取样与室内测定,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对冷浸田土壤肥力及水稻生长的影响。结果表明:与复合肥处理比较,复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐含量分别提高11%和17%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤磷酸铝盐含量提高44%,且磷酸铝盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸钙盐占无机磷总量的比例提高,闭蓄态磷占无机磷总量的比例降低,促使土壤中难溶性磷向易溶性磷转化,提高土壤有效磷含量;复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤松结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例提高1.9个百分点,紧结态腐殖质占重组腐殖质的比例降低4.6个百分点,土壤活性有机质含量提高14%,土壤阳离子交换量提高11%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的土壤真菌和放线菌数量分别提高33%和28%,复合肥配施60%(N)生鸡粪处理的土壤细菌数和微生物活性分别提高160%和19%,水稻磷、钾吸收量分别提高5%和111%;复合肥与40%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加8%和42%,复合肥与60%(N)生鸡粪配施处理的早、晚稻产量分别增加6%和31%。有机无机平衡施肥是适合于冷浸田水稻增产的施肥方式。     

NITROGEN UPTAKE AND RECOVERY FROM N FERTILIZER AND LEGUME CROPS IN WETLAND RICE MEASURED BY 15N AND NON-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES

Intensive rice-based cropping systems rely on nitrogenous fertilizer for optimum grain production and legume crops could be used as an alternative nitrogen (N) source for rice. We investigated the fate of N applied to dual cropping wetland rice in the form of legume residue and ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer. In 2001–2002, hairy vetch and broad bean accumulated 131 and 352 kg N ha^?1 of which 41 and 78% was derived from N₂ fixation. In 2002–2003, hairy vetch accumulated 64 kg N ha^?1 and broad bean accumulated 320 kg N ha^?1 of which 21 to 24% was derived from hairy vetch and 31 to 82% N was derived from broad bean by N difference and ¹⁵N-natural abundance method. Our results reveal that hairy vetch and broad bean can supply 50–100% of N required for intensive wetland rice and can be a viable alternative N source to enhance soil fertility.     

新型肥料施用对玉米季土壤硝态氮累积的影响

田间条件下,以封丘县潮土为研究对象,研究了在200 kg/hm~2供氮水平下施用3种新型肥料(金阳牌有机复合肥、金正大控释肥和红四方纳米控失肥)对玉米季不同土壤层次硝态氮运移的影响.结果表明,与对照不施肥处理相比.各肥料处理均能增加土壤硝态氮的累积,尤其对耕层(0-30 cm)影响最大.且其变化除了受肥料品种影响外,施肥时期、灌溉量、降雨量等外界因素也影响较大.研究还发现,3种新型肥料均有利于提高0-80 cm土壤硝态氮累积,其中以红四方纳米控失肥增加相对较多,有助于促进当季玉米利用,提高肥料利用率,可作为适宜该地区玉米季的肥料品种之一.     

长期不同施肥对潮土芽胞杆菌数量的影响及其优势度的季节变化

以河南封丘潮土养分平衡长期定位试验地为研究对象,于各季节分别采集耕作层土壤样品,比较不同施肥处理潮土芽胞杆菌数量及其占细菌总数的比例,并解析其与土壤养分之间的关系.结果发现,与不施肥对照相比,长期施肥尤其是施用有机肥和磷肥的处理土壤有机碳与速效氮、有效磷、速效钾等的含量趋于升高,除不施磷肥处理(NK)外其他施肥处理土壤有机碳含量在四季的增幅范围为0.91 ～7.00 g kg-1.长期不同施肥后土壤细菌与芽胞杆菌在数量上也发生了明显分异,且在各季均呈现稳定的梯度规律,即施肥处理(除NK外)显著高于不施肥处理、施有机肥处理显著高于施化肥处理、平衡施化肥处理高于缺素施肥处理,除NK外其他施肥处理与不施肥对照相比在四季的增幅范围力0.02～0.54 lg(CFU g-1).长期施化肥的处理芽胞杆菌占细菌数量的比例(即优势度)在冬、夏季高于春、秋季,而施有机肥的处理在不同季节保持相对恒定.相关性分析显示,芽胞杆菌数量与土壤有机碳和有效磷含量均呈极显著相关(p＜0.01).长期施用有机肥更有利于提高土壤肥力、促进土壤微生物生长繁育,且芽胞杆菌的数量可敏感地反映土壤肥力.     

有机无机配施及亏缺灌溉对关中地区冬小麦生长及氮素利用效率影响

研究不同比例有机无机肥配施与亏缺灌溉耦合作用下,冬小麦氮素累积、转运利用效率以及土壤硝态氮分布等状况,探求提高关中地区冬小麦产量的适宜有机无机配施比以及相应的亏缺灌溉量,为该地区冬小麦的高产高效提供科学有效的水肥管理。结合2个水平的灌溉(充分灌溉W1和亏缺灌溉W2),采用等氮的原则,对有机肥与无机肥按照不同比例混施(F1∶100%化肥、F2∶24%有机肥和76%化肥混施、F3∶48%有机肥和52%化肥混施),研究亏缺灌溉与有机无机肥配施对冬小麦氮素转运及利用效率影响和土壤硝态氮分布情况。有机无机配施能有效促进作物生长,显著增加作物籽粒产量以及显著提高开花期后氮素累积、分配和转运。在充分灌溉W1条件下,F2和F3处理的籽粒产量较F1处理提高12.0%～28.6%;亏缺灌溉W2条件下,有机肥处理的小麦籽粒产量提高16.6%～31.8%。在相同灌溉条件下,成熟期F2和F3处理相对F1处理,冬小麦氮素累积量、向籽粒转运量和氮肥生产效率分别提高了12.8%～40.4%、11.9%～36.5%、13.0%～31.6%;相同有机无机配施比例下(F2和F3),冬小麦亏缺灌溉W2处理下各种氮素吸收利用指标高于充分灌溉W1处理10.0%～28.5%。有机无机肥配施能够显著提高不同土层土壤硝态氮含量,在相同灌溉条件下,在0～100 cm土层F3处理硝态氮含量分别较F1和F2处理增加了66.4%～76.4%和1.2%～13.9%;相同有机无机配施比例下(F2和F3),在0～100 cm土层W1处理F1、F2、F3土壤硝态氮含量分别低于W2处理15.1%、9.9%、19.9%。48%化肥和52%有机肥配施、亏缺灌溉(50%)处理是该试验条件下冬小麦高产高效的最佳水肥管理模式。     

Cereal Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Sub Saharan Africa

Cereal production in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is inadequate for supporting population nutritional demands. Nutrient mining of nitrogen (N) has taken place in all areas where cereals are produced in SSA. This review reports on the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of Sub Saharan Africa cereal grain production. For SSA, NUE's exceed 100%. In light of the low N application rates, high NUE's speak to a much bigger and potentially damaging situation for cereal production in SSA. Limited supplies of N, the continual rise in prices and elevated economic risk of N fertilization, combined with existing low yield levels of cereal production reiterates the importance of NUE in SSA and the importance of aiding this region in overcoming its dysfunctional agriculture production systems. High NUE's for SSA are a direct result of applying so little fertilizer N, at the ultimate expense of mining an already depleted soil resource.