Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth potential in the Slovak rural landscape

By the application of geographic information system (GIS) based on existing databases on soil characteristics, it is possible to quantify and assess categories of soil suitability important for crop cultivation. In this article we demonstrate such methods for winter wheat. The objective was to differentiate the Slovak rural landscape with respect to the possibility of effective winter wheat cultivation. The differentiation was based on soil climatic and production economic parameters. For soil categorization, correlation relationships between the site properties (soil and climatic conditions) and crop biological and agro-technical requirements were considered. The prediction was subsequently interpolated into four suitability categories: soils not suitable for wheat cultivation, less suitable soils, suitable soils, and very suitable soils. The database was developed and each area was added to it as well as the particular category of suitability for wheat cultivation. By using the GIS distribution in Slovakia, the maps of soil suitability categories for wheat cultivation were generated. In Slovakia, 29% of farmland was found to be very suitable for wheat cultivation, 25% suitable, 9% less suitable and 37% non-suitable by our calculations. These categories are characterized in detail and specified from the point of view of geographic, soil, climatic, production, economic and energetic parameters.     

冬小麦生物量高光谱遥感监测模型研究

【目的】高光谱遥感能快速、实时、无损监测作物长势。研究不同氮磷水平下冬小麦不同生育时期地上部生物量高光谱遥感监测模型,可提高地上部生物量高光谱监测精度。【方法】在西北农林科技大学连续进行了 5 年田间定位试验,设置 5 个施氮水平 (N, 0, 75, 150, 225 和 300 kg/hm2) 和 4 个磷施用水平 (P₂O₅, 0, 60, 120 和 180 kg/hm2),选用不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种,测定了从拔节期至成熟期生物量与冠层光谱反射率,通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,建立并筛选基于不同植被指数的冬小麦不同生育时期生物量分段遥感监测模型。【结果】冬小麦生物量与光谱反射率在 670 nm 和 930 nm 附近具有较高相关性,在可见光和近红外波段处均有敏感波段;在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期,生物量与归一化绿波段差值植被指数 (GNDVI)、比值植被指数 (RVI)、修正土壤调节植被指数 (MSAVI)、红边三角植被指数 (RTVI) 和修正三角植被指数Ⅱ (MTVIⅡ) 均达极显著相关性 (P < 0.01),相关系数 (r) 范围为 0.923～0.979;在不同生育时期,分别基于 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 能建立较好的生物量分段监测模型,决定系数 (R2) 分别为 0.987、0.982、0.981、0.985、0.976;估计标准误差 SE 分别为 0.157、0.153、0.163、0.133、0.132;预测值与实测值间相对误差 (RE) 分别为 8.47%、7.12%、7.56%、8.21%、8.65%;均方根误差 (RMSE), 分别为 0.141 kg/m2、0.113 kg/m2、0.137 kg/m2、0.176 kg/m2、0.187 kg/m2。【结论】在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期可以用 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 监测冬小麦生物量,具有较好的年度间重演性和品种间适用性。同时,分段监测模型较统一监测模型具有较好的监测效果及验证效果,能有效改善高光谱遥感监测模型精度。     

Molecular characterization of salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the genetical variability of three salt-resistant genotypes, SARC-1, SARC-5 and S-24, exposed to saline environment. High-yielding and salt-sensitive variety MH-97 was used as standard for comparison. The behavior of these genotypes under saline environment was analyzed by using the hydroponics screening methods at the seedling stage. One hundred and fifty primers were tested of which 52 primers revealed differences between SARC-1 and SARC-5, 54 revealed differences between SARC-1 and S-24 and 61 revealed differences between SARC-5 and S-24. Polymorphism differences between MH-97 and SARC-1, MH-97 and SARC-5 and MH-97 and S-24 were 53%, 64% and 42%, respectively. Four primer pairs amplified special fragments, which were located in all the three salt-resistant genotypes but none on the salt-sensitive genotype MH-97. Primer GLD-15 (5?-CCGTGGCATT-3?) generated a prominent fragment of length 1460 bp; primer GLF-18 (5?-ACCCGGAACC-3?) produced a fragment of length nearly 980 bp in the salt-resistant genotype; the primer pair GLE-5 (5?-TTCAAGCCCG-3?) located one polymorphic amplified band of 1290 bp and the primer GLH-9 (5?-ATCCAGGTCA-3?) performed as a weak polymorphic band of 640 bp, respectively.     

Screening drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using different multivariate methods

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated crops in rainfed areas of Iran, where drought is the main limiting factor on yield. The object of this study was the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat. Forty bread wheat genotypes were tested in separate experiments under drought stress and normal conditions in two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). Nine drought-tolerance/susceptibility indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), linear regression coefficient (β) and drought response index (DRI) were determined. Simultanously applied factor analysis used two factors instead of nine indices in this study. Mahdavi was recognized as the most drought-tolerant genotype in both years based on factor analysis. In this study an equation was developed for estimating the Stress Tolerance Score (STS). The results of the equation were identical to those of factor analysis in both years. The equation was much easier to use than factor analysis and is suggested as a screening tool for the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes. In this study, Mahdavi was the most drought-tolerant genotype also corresponding to this equation.     

Germination and growth inhibitors from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) husks

On the basis of our findings that the germination of intact wheat seeds (with husks) belonging to dormancy varieties was restrained as compared with that of the dehusked seeds (grains), the germination inhibitors in the husks were explored. The water-soluble extracts from the husks were separated by the aid of inhibition assay experiments, resulting in the characterization of 2-phenylethyl alcohol 1, 4-vinylphenol 2 and its 2-methoxy derivative 3, and dihydroactinidiolide 4, all of which showed clear inhibition of germination at 500 ppm in aqueous solution. The related compounds 1-phenylethyl alcohol 5 and tetrahydroactinidiolide 6 were as active as 1 and 4, while no noticeable difference in activity was detected among both enantiomers and the DL-form of compounds 4-6. Clear synergistic relations were observed between 4 and 1 and also 4 and 3. Since the present inhibitors have been isolated from various kinds of seed plants, they may be responsible for the general germination inhibition in the seed plants.     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System for Monitoring Nutrient Status of Mango Trees in Submountainous Area of Punjab,India

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to identify nutrient status of mango fruit trees in Punjab, India. Standard norms established from the nutrient survey of mango fruit trees were 1.144, 0.126, 0.327, 2.587, 0.263, 0.141% for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), and 15, 3.5, 145, 155, and 30 mg kg^?1, respectively, for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) in dry matter. On the basis of DRIS indices, 16, 15, 12, 17, and 16% of total samples collected during nutrients survey of mango trees were low in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. For micronutrients, 19, 18, 12, 20, and 6% samples were inadequate in Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively. DRIS‐derived sufficiency ranges from nutrient indexing survey were 0.92–1.37, 0.08–0.16, 0.21–0.44, 1.71–3.47, 0.15–0.37, and 0.09–0.19% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and 11–19, 1–6, 63–227, 87–223, and 16–44 mg kg^?1 for Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively.     

Copper induced iron deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction effects of phosphorus and copper on wheat. The soils used were calcareous loamy sand (ls) and non calcareous sandy loam (sl). Four levels of Cu (0, 5, 10 and 20?mg Cu kg^?1 soil) and six levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg P kg^?1 soil) were applied in all possible combinations with three replications. Soil pH decreased with Cu application while Olsen P increased with P application in both soils. Growth and yield of wheat improved significantly with graded levels of applied P. However, when any level of P was combined with 20?mg Cu kg^?1 soil, severe iron chlorosis of leaves, a drastic reduction in growth and chlorophyll content was observed in calcareous ls only. The results indicated that it was Cu and not P that induced Fe deficiency in wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil and the Cu requirement of the crop seemed to be much lower in the calcareous ls. Root dry matter, grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of applied Cu in ls but in sl maximum increase of 62.5, 74.3 and 63.7 per cent in root, grain and straw yield was observed with a combined application of 400?mg P and 5?mg Cu kg^?1 soil over control. Accumulation of Cu in roots decreased the Fe absorption by roots which indicated that Fe chlorosis of wheat leaves is expected when Cu: Fe concentration ratio in root is > 0.30.     

Determining critical limit of boron in soil for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Critical values of boron (B) for wheat nutrition in soil and plant were determined through a pot experiment with twenty-one surface soils of Alluvial flood plain and Red-latertic belt comprising three major soil orders (Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) with four levels of boron. Application of boron significantly increased the dry matter yield as well as uptake of B by plants. Critical concentration of hot calcium chloride (CaCl₂) extractable B in soil for wheat was found to be 0.53?mg?kg^?1. The critical plant B concentration varied with growth stages and values were 7.4?mg?kg^?1 at panicle initiation and 4.18?mg?kg^?1 at maturity, respectively. The findings of this investigation also recommend the application of 2?kg?B^?1?ha^?1 for ensuring B sufficiency to wheat in Indo-gangetic alluvial and Red-Lateritic soils.     

Physiological responses of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to water stress

The recent drought in South Africa has reduced the production of both dryland and irrigated wheat. This study evaluated physiological traits of irrigated wheat genotypes in response to water stress (WS) imposed at different growth stages. A 8?×?2?×?3 [(genotypes)?×?(water treatmets; stresses and non-stressed)?×?(growth stages; tillering, flowering and grain filling)] factorial experiment based on a randomised complete block design with three replicates was conducetd. In general, the rate of photosynthesis was unaffected by WS except for genotypes LM43 at tillering and LM98 at grain filling. Stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (Tr) followed the same treand except for genotype LM35 which reduced its SC and Tr significantly at grain filling. Instantaneous waster use efficiency (IWUE) of genotype LM35 and LM57 was unaffected (p?>?0.05) by WS at tillering but at flowering stage it was affected. However, at grain filling IWUE was affected (p?<?0.05) in genotypes LM35, ML57, LM79 and LM 98. The relative water content was unaffected at tillering except for LM35 and LM47 genotypes whereas at flowering LM57, ML79, LM83 and LM98 were affected. These results indicate some degree of drought tolerance of these genotypes at different growth stages.     

Establishing Standards for the Integrated Recommendation and Diagnosis System (DRIS) for Irrigated Bean Crops

This article addresses the establishment of integrated diagnostics and recommendation system (DRIS) standards for irrigated bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris) and compares leaf concentrations and productivity in low- and high-productivity populations. The work was carried out in Santa Fé de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, in the agricultural years 1999/2000 and 2000/2001. For the nutritional diagnosis, leaf samples were collected, and leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were established in 100 commercial bean crops. A database was set up listing the leaf nutrient content and the respective productivities, subdivided into two subpopulations, high and low productivity, using a bean yield value of 3000 kg ha^?1 to separate these subpopulations. Sufficiency values found in the high-productivity population matched only for the micronutrients B and Zn. The nutritional balance among the populations studied was coherent and was lower in the high-productivity population. The DRIS standards proposed for irrigated bean farming were efficient in evaluating the nutritional status of the crop areas studied. Calcium, Cu, and S were found to be the least available nutrients, indicating high response potential for the fertilizing using these nutrients.     

Screening for pre- and post-anthesis drought responses in selected bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes

ABSTRACT

Wheat genotypes with pre- and post-anthesis drought tolerance offer enhanced yield gains under water-limited environments. This study determined pre- and post-anthesis drought responses of selected bread wheat genotypes in order to identify and select candidate genotypes for breeding. Fifteen genetically differentiated wheat genotypes were evaluated under non-stressed (NS), pre-anthesis drought stress (PrADS) and post-anthesis drought stress (PoADS) in glasshouse (GH) and field (FLD) environments. Data were collected on agronomic and physiological traits including number of days to heading (DTH), days to maturity (DTM), plant height (PH), number of spikelet per spike (NSPS), number of kernels per spike (NKPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), grain yield (GY) and canopy temperature (CT). Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotypes, environments and their interactions for studied traits. Weak and positive correlations were recorded between GY with PH (r?=?0.47 and 0.32), NSPS (r?=?0.37 and 0.52) and TKW (r?=?0.30 and r?=?0.20) under PrADS and PoADS conditions, respectively. Genotypes SMY-006, SMY-008, SMY-016, SMY-042 and SMY-044 were identified with pre- and post-anthesis drought tolerance and high yield potential and suitable yield-component traits. These are useful genetic stocks for breeding or cultivation in water-limited environments to improve yield gains.     

Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop

Studies were conducted to screen eight sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for their allelopathic potential against weeds and wheat crop, which customarily follows sunflower in Iraq. All sunflower genotypes significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of companion weeds and the magnitude of inhibition was genotype dependent. Among the eight genotypes tested, Sin-Altheeb and Coupon were the most weed-suppressing cultivars, and Euroflor and Shumoos were the least. A subsequent field experiment indicated that sunflower residues incorporated into the field soil significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of weeds growing in the wheat field. Sunflower genotypes Sin-Altheeb and Coupon appeared to inhibit total weed number and biomass more and significantly increased wheat yield compared with the least-suppressive genotypes (Euroflor and Shumoos). Chromatographic analyses by HPLC revealed the presence of 13 secondary metabolites in residues of the tested sunflower genotypes. All the isolated compounds appeared to be phenolic, with the exception of terpinol, which is a terpenoid derivative. The total concentration of Phytotoxins (phenolic compounds) was found to be higher in the most-suppressive potential genotypes compared with the least-suppressive genotypes.     

Mineral Uptake of Mycorrhizal Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress

The hypothesis was that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are able to alleviate salt stress on plant growth by enhancing and adjusting mineral uptake. The objectives were to determine (1) the effects of soil salinity on mineral uptake by different wheat genotypes and (2) the effectiveness of different mycorrhizal treatments on the mineral uptake of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under salinity. Wheat seeds of Chamran and Line 9 genotypes were inoculated with different species of AM fungi including Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices, and G. etunicatum and their mixture at planting using 100 g inoculum. Pots were treated with the salinity levels of 4, 8, and 12 dS/m before stemming. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal treatments, especially the mixture treatment, increased wheat mineral uptake for both genotypes. Although Line 9 genotype resulted in greater nutrient uptake under salinity stress, Chamran was more effective on adjusting sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) uptake under salt stress.     

Growth-related changes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown under salinity stress

The sensitivity of crop genotypes determines the level of growth reduction by salinity. Effect of salinity levels (7.5 and 15 dihydrate m^?1) using completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications per treatment were compared on germination, chlorophyll content, water potential, ionic sodium and potassium (Na⁺, K⁺) balance, and other growth-related parameters of six wheat genotypes for varietal differences under long-term salinity stress. Chlorophyll contents at flowering stage and yield aspects at maturity of all the wheat genotypes decreased with increasing salinity. The maximum Na⁺ concentration was observed at 7.5 and 15 dS m^?1 in Bhakhar and Saher-2000, respectively, while minimum Na⁺ concentration was observed for 9476. However, the maximum K⁺ concentration and water potential was noticed in 9476 at 7.5 dS m^?1. Careful selection of salt-tolerant genotypes for field crops is an important perspective especially in the developing countries facing salinity problem. Our results revealed that the wheat genotype 9476 performed best regarding growth and physiological parameters compared to other wheat genotypes.     

Effects of genotype and weed control on the nutrient composition of winter spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare)

The renaissance of spelt is associated with the development of alternative farming and a trend to maintain biodiversity. The present study carried out a comparison between two methods of weeding (mechanical and chemical) as well as a cereal cultivar influence on chemical composition of spelt and wheat. The research material was taken from field experiments carried out during three years. In order to assess the chemical composition, the following cereal cultivars were used: lines of winter spelt – STH 8 and STH 11 and a winter common wheat cv. Tonacja. In all cases, the overall protein content in spelt was significantly higher than in common wheat. Spelt grain is also richer in fats than common wheat. A visible tendency to higher concentration of raw fibre was observed when mechanical weeding was applied. Also, mechanical weeding as well as the variety significantly influenced β-glucan content. The study of the impact of a weeding method and a variety does not clearly show the direction of the amino acid content changes. The research indicates that there are ample opportunities to shape the level of nutrients, which decide about spelt grain application in the food industry through agronomic factors (methods of weeding and cultivar).     

Assessment of variation in drought tolerance using some key physiological criteria in potential wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of different geographic origins

The present experiment comprised seven wheat cultivars, two drought levels (0 and 17% PEG-8000) and four replicates. The seeds of six wheat cultivars (Al-lugaimi, Bonus, Kronos, Yecora-rojo, Irena and Sama) were supplied by the King Saud University, Riyaz, Saudi Arabia, whereas S-24 was obtained from the Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The seeds were allowed to germinate and grow for 20 days in medium having full-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution or Hoagland's solution with 17% PEG-8000. For the appraisal of drought tolerance, various physiological traits such as gas-exchange attributes (A, E, C_i, g_s , and A/E), leaf water relations (ψ_w, ψ_s and ψ_p) and the activities of key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were determined. On the basis of biomass and gas-exchange attributes (A, E, and g_s ), cultivars Al-lugaimi and Sama were found to be drought tolerant, cultivars Yecora-rojo and Irena moderately drought tolerant, and cultivars S-24, Bonus and Kronos drought sensitive. However, plant osmotic adjustment and the activities of potential antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT) were not found to be associated with drought tolerance of the different wheat cultivars.     

Biochemical factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) involved in the tetany syndrome

Nitrogen in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) forage was fractionated into water‐soluble protein N (WSPN) and non‐protein N (NPN). Both WSPN and NPN can be rapidly converted to ammonia in the rumen which may increase pH of rumen fluid and decrease solubility of Mg compounds and lead to increased incidence of grass tetany. In plant samples taken after spring growth initiation, WSPN represented approximately 50% of total N and NPN represented approximately 25% of total N. Total N concentration and relative percentages of WSPN and NPN decreased with advancing plant maturity in 1974, but during 1975 the relative WSPN and NPN percentages remained relatively constant at 43 to 55% and 18 to 30% of total N, respectively. Total N, WSPN, and NPN concentrations decreased as plants matured.

Total water‐soluble carbohydrates (TWSC) were determined and N/TWSC ratios were calculated in wheat forage. TWSC concentrations increased from the initial sampling date to a peak concentration and then declined during the latter part of the sampling period. N/TWSC ratios were widest at the initial sampling date and decreased markedly in subsequent samplings.

Organic acid concentrations were determined in 1975 wheat forage samples by gas‐liquid chromatography. Citric and trans‐aconitic acids have been implicated in the etiology of grass tetany as chelating agents for Mg and Ca. Chelation in the rumen fluid may reduce Mg and Ca absorption or chelation in the blood serum may reduce biological activity. Malic and aconitic acids accumulated in wheat. Malic acid concentration increased with advancing plant maturity to a maximum of 1.70% (dry weight basis). Aconitic acid concentrations were highest at the mid‐point in the sampling period, a maximum of 1.24% being determined.     

Polymer coated DAP helps in enhancing growth,yield and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is one of the major reasons of poor wheat production worldwide. Among the various approaches used to enhance PUE, polymer coated fertilizers are relatively a new concept. Keeping this in view, a field study was conducted to evaluate polymer coated di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) to enhance growth, yield and PUE of wheat. Commercial DAP and polymer coated DAP (50%, 75% and 100% of recommended dose) were tested in wheat. Results revealed that application of 50% polymer coated DAP produced the same results or higher than 100% commercial DAP. However, the maximum increase in growth (plant height, root length, number of tillers m^?2, inter-nodal distance), yield (number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biological yield) and phosphorus acquisition by wheat was observed with 100% polymer coated DAP. Moreover, 100% polymer coated DAP increased phosphorus recovery and agronomic efficiency compared to other treatments.     

Use of IR thermography in screening wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for salt tolerance

Thermography is proposed to be an alternative non-destructive and rapid technique for the study and diagnosing of salt tolerance in plants. In a pot experiment, 30 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated in terms of their leaf temperature and shoot growth and their ion distribution responses to NaCl salinity at two concentration levels: the control with electrical conductivity (EC) of 1 dS m^?1 and salinity treatment with EC of 16 dS m^?1 (150 mM). A completely randomized block design with factorial treatments was employed with three replications. The results indicated that thermography may accurately reflect the physiological status of salt-stressed wheat plants. The salt stress-based increase in leaf temperature of wheat cultivars grown at 150 mM NaCl reached 1.34°C compared to the control. According to the results obtained, it appears that thermography has the capability of discerning differences of salinity tolerance between the cultivars. Three salt-tolerant wheat cultivars, namely Roshan, Kharchia and Sholeh, had higher mean shoot dry matter (0.039 g plant^?1) and higher mean ratio of leaf K⁺/Na⁺ (14.06) and showed lower increase in the mean leaf temperature (0.37°C) by thermography compared to the control. This was while nine salt-sensitive cultivars, namely Kavir, Ghods, Atrak, Parsi, Bahar, Pishtaz, Falat, Gaspard and Tajan, had lower mean plant dry matter production (0.027 g plant^?1), lower mean ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ (9.49) and higher mean increases in leaf temperature (1.24°C).     

气候变暖对春小麦籽粒痕量元素利用率的影响

为了回答温度升高是否会改变痕量元素在士壤中的溶解性,以及作物对痕量元素的生物利用率,在人工气候室模拟未来气候变化温度升高背景下,对种植在不同温度处理的3种春小麦,测定了籽粒中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn含量.结果发现温度升高引起了土壤中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn溶解性的显著变化,也显著地影响小麦籽粒中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn的生物利用率.最高升温3℃处理使西旱1号、2号和3号小麦籽粒中Cd浓度相比对照分别下降43.4％、11.1％和13.4％,Cu浓度相比对照处理分别下降了30.4％、25.1％和10.8％.但Fe和Zn的情况却不同,1℃和2℃升温处理使西旱1号籽粒中Zn浓度比对照处理分别增加了28.9％和35.8％.根据未来气候变化两北地区温度升高1.9℃,估计到2050年,小麦籽粒中的质量分数范围分别在Cd(0.59-0.65)、Cu(5.91-7.64)、Zn(63.73-69.41)和Fe(185.23-202.70) mg/kg.