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1.
不同沟灌方式对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文通过交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)、固定隔沟灌溉(FFI)、常规沟灌(CFI)的大田小区棉花实验,研究不同沟灌方式对棉花各器官氮素吸收和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明: AFI与CFI相比,棉花生物量、全氮含量、氮素吸收率(NAR)、氮肥吸收比例(Ndff)、氮肥利用率(NUE)随生育期变化,各器官全氮含量,NAR、Ndff 差异均不显著; 棉花各器官的NUE,苗期差异均不明显,蕾期以后茎的NUE平均降低 9.6%,叶平均降低18.1%,根和蕾铃差异不显著; FFI与CFI相比,苗期棉花生物量、全氮含量、NAR和Ndff各器官差异均不显著,蕾期以后生物量平均降低 22.5%~35.5%,全氮含量下降 23.9%~43.8%,NAR下降 35.0%~63.5%,Ndff下降 15.0%~39.7%,NUE下降 34.4%~46.7%。可见FFI方式显著降低棉花氮素吸收和利用效率,AFI 则变化不明显,因此沟灌棉花宜采用AFI方式,有利于大田棉花的水氮管理。  相似文献   

2.
    
Soil quality deterioration and consequent reduced productivity characterize the Vertisols in the highlands of Ethiopia. The problem is exacerbated by lack of appropriate land preparation alternatives for the major crops in the area. A field experiment was carried out for 6 years (1998–2003) at Caffee Doonsa in the central highlands of Ethiopia to evaluate alternative land preparation methods on the performance of wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), lentil (Lens culinaries Medik L) and tef (Eragrostis tef L) grown in rotation. Four methods of land preparation (broad bed and furrow, green manure, ridge and furrow and reduced tillage) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications on permanent plots of 22 m by 6 m. Broad bed and furrow significantly increased the grain yield of lentils by 59% (from 1029 to 1632 kg ha−1) as compared to the control. On the other hand, reduced tillage resulted in the highest grain yield of wheat (1862 kg ha−1) and tef (1378 kg ha−1) as compared to 1698 kg ha−1 of wheat and 1274 kg ha−1 of tef for the control although the increase was not statistically significant. A gross margin analysis showed that BBF is the most profitable option for lentil with 65% increase in total gross margin. On the other hand, RT resulted in 11 and 8% increase in gross margin of wheat and tef, respectively as compared to the control. Based on the agronomic and economic performances best combinations of crop and land preparation method were: lentil sown on broad bed and furrow, and wheat and tef sown after reduced tillage.  相似文献   

3.
  总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Abstract. Generally, traditional soil surveys do not adequately account for the spatial variability of soil properties. Maps that are derived using these cursory soil data are likely to contain errors and thus make interpretation and soil management difficult. On the other hand quantitative methods of soil inventory at the field scale involve the design and adoption of sampling regimes and laboratory analysis that are time consuming and costly. In the latter case new technologies are required to efficiently sample and observe the soil in the field. This is particularly the case where soil salinization is prevalent, and detailed quantitative information for determining its cause is required. In this paper, a Mobile Electromagnetic Sensing System (MESS) is described and its application in an irrigated-cotton field, located in the lower Namoi valley in New South Wales, Australia. Results from the EM38 instrument were found to be correlated with the effective cation exchange capacity ( r 2= 0.81). This was related to variability in soil mineralogy across the field. In addition, differences in soil chemical and textural variables, measured along a transect and adjacent to water storage, were used to identify seepage areas near a water reservoir where soil salinization was evident.  相似文献   

4.
沟灌二维入渗影响因素实验研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
为进一步探明沟灌灌水沟的水分入渗规律,该文研究了沟灌中的灌水沟中水深、沟底宽、沟底导水率及土壤初始含水率等因素对沟灌二维入渗的影响,研究结果表明:减小灌水沟中水深和沟底导水率及增大土壤初始含水率都有利于灌水沟的水平侧向入渗,同时可相应减小垂向入渗;而灌水沟底宽不影响沟的侧向入渗,只影响垂向入渗,底宽减小时,垂向入渗减小。沟底导水率影响最大,计划灌水定额为45 mm,沟底导水率为0时垂向入渗深度较沟底裸露透水时减小41%,明显改善了沟灌入渗体的形状。研究结果可为改进沟灌灌水技术提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
波涌沟灌节水机理与效果的试验分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
根据大量的田间入渗及灌水试验资料,分析了波涌沟灌的节水机理并评价了其灌水效果。波涌沟灌的节水性主要是由于在波涌灌溉条件下土壤间歇积水入渗而引起的减渗性,及由此引起的沟道推进流量增大、间歇水流所引起的沟道糙率减小而最终导致推进速度加快。试验分析表明,波涌沟灌较连续沟灌总供水推进速度提高了9%~22%,灌水均匀度提高了18%~23%,灌水定额减小了8.3%~18.2%。  相似文献   

6.
塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.  相似文献   

7.
沟灌夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发规律的试验研究   总被引:28,自引:11,他引:17       下载免费PDF全文
棵间土壤蒸发是农田土壤耗水的重要组成部分。该文采用两种规格的微型棵间蒸发皿(Micro-Lysimeter)分别测定沟灌夏玉米田沟、垄土面蒸发量,并对沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾变化规律进行了试验研究,分析了相对棵间土壤蒸发强度与土壤含水率的关系以及棵间土壤蒸发强度与作物叶面积指数的关系。结果表明,沟灌条件下夏玉米棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育总耗水量的33.06%~34.35%,棵间土壤相对蒸发强度与表层土壤含水率和作物叶面积指数之间均呈现良好的指数函数关系,灌溉或降雨后2~3 d内土壤蒸发强度较大,受大气蒸发力影响明显。因此,在不影响作物蒸腾的条件下减少表层土壤的湿润面积和湿润次数是减少棵间土壤蒸发、提高作物水分利用效率的主要技术途径与措施。  相似文献   

8.
严格用气象部门的观测方法,观测麦套春棉共生期间土壤温度的动态变化。结果表明:麦棉共生期由于小麦遮荫,使套种棉行的土壤温度低于纯作春棉,造成麦套春棉苗弱晚发。适当增大麦棉间距,选用株高较矮的小麦品种,可减少小麦对棉苗的遮荫,提高麦套春棉行间的土壤温度。  相似文献   

9.
灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮〉氨态氮〉氨基酸态氮〉氨基糖态氮。在0~80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%~60%之间,只有渗灌处理0~10 cm,10~20 cm及沟灌处理0~10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%~36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。  相似文献   

10.
灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮。在0~80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%~60%之间,只有渗灌处理0~10 cm,10~20 cm及沟灌处理0~10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%~36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。  相似文献   

11.
Water loss as deep percolation is considerable in furrow irrigation in light soils due to the high infiltration rate. Application of soil conditioners such as bentonite reduces the infiltration rate and improves irrigation application efficiency (Ea) in these soils. The effects of bentonite application rates (BAR) of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g L?1 on infiltration of a loamy sand soil were determined in a soil column in the laboratory. The exponent of the Kostiakov infiltration equation was not influenced by BAR. Maximum reduction in infiltration equation coefficient and final infiltration rate (i f) occurred with 2 g bentonite L?1 and this reduction was lower on increasing BAR from 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 g L?1 compared with control. The effect of 2 g L?1 BAR on infiltration and its effect on the design of furrow irrigation in a field with a loamy sand soil indicated that in the first irrigation after field ploughing and seed planting, longer furrow length, lower deep percolation and higher Ea are obtained.  相似文献   

12.
小定额波涌沟灌技术要素的多目标模糊优化模型   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
针对丘陵山区集雨灌溉灌水定额小等特点,利用模糊数学方法,在田间试验的基础上建立了波涌沟灌的多目标模糊优化模型,并求得各灌水技术要素的优化组合:供水时间15 min、停水时间15 min和入沟流量1 L/s。采用该组合技术要素实际灌水试验证明:试验所得各灌水质量指标与模糊优化结果吻合较好,灌溉质量综合效果较好。研究结果为波涌沟灌技术要素的制定提供了多目标模糊优化组合方法,为广大丘陵山区小定额波涌沟灌技术要素的选择提供了多目标模糊优化模型及优化组合方案。  相似文献   

13.
    
Planting patterns have distinctive effects on the soil micro‐ecological environment and soil quality. To explore the effects of film mulch ridge‐furrow (FMRF) cropping on soil microbial properties and potato yield, a study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 in a continuously cropped field under nonfilm‐mulched flat plot (CK), half‐mulched flat plot (T1), fully mulched ridge cropping (T2), fully mulched furrow cropping (T3), half‐mulched ridge cropping (T4) and half‐mulched furrow cropping (T5) planting patterns. Our results indicate that T3 increased the average bacteria/fungi (B/F) ratio by 253% compared to CK. On average, half‐mulched ridge cropping increased the bacteria population and aerobic Azotobacter by 9 and 19%, respectively, compared with CK. On average, T3 had the greatest inhibitory effect on fungi populations. Half‐mulched furrow cropping had the most anaerobic Azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria. The study showed that FMRF increased soil bacteria, especially Azotobacter but reduced fungi and actinomycetes. Treatment T2 gave the greatest potato yield, followed by T4, whereas the greatest biomass yield was recorded in T4. Full‐mulch furrow cropping methods produced the greatest nutrient use efficiency. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of soil microbe and plant responses to plastic mulch and planting patterns under semi‐arid conditions.  相似文献   

14.
灌后通气处理对温室黄瓜生长和品质的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Rhizosphere aeration, irrigation with aerated water, and post-irrigation aeration would positively impact crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 post-irrigation aeration levels on plant growth, yield, irrigation-use efficiency (IUE), and fruit market and nutritional quality of greenhouse cucumber under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and furrow irrigation (FI). The post-irrigation aeration levels were 0.00, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 times half the estimated porosity of the plot rhizosphere. The experimental design was a two-faetor split-plot in randomized complete blocks with irrigation (FI and SDI) as the main treatments and 4 aeration levels as the sub-treatments. Ridge and furrow main plots (2.4 m ~ 2.4 m) with 4 ridges were replicated 5 times. Each of the 4 ridges (1.44 m2 in area) in the main plots was used as a sub-treatment plot. The results showed that post-irrigation aeration enhanced greenhouse cucumber plant growth, yield, IUE, and fruit market and nutritional quality. These parameters generally increased with increasing aeration levels under both FI and SDI. The aeration effect was generally higher under SDI than FI, and the IUE under SDI was almost twice that under FI. Further investigation would be required to elucidate the plant physiological mechanisms and soil processes responsible for the observed effects.  相似文献   

15.
区域尺度内畦沟灌溉灌水技术要素组合的优化研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以陕西省杨凌区进行的大田灌水试验为基础,采用SRFR软件对大田灌水试验的灌水质量进行模拟,将实测结果与模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明SRFR软件模拟畦灌和沟灌灌水质量可靠。以SRFR软件为基础,通过改变不同灌水技术要素组合,提出了研究区域内不同条件下畦灌和沟灌灌水技术要素的优化组合。该研究结果可提高现有畦灌和沟灌技术的灌水质量,达到常规地面灌溉的节水目的,同时也可为其它地区制定地面灌溉灌水方案提供方法借鉴。  相似文献   

16.
沟灌入渗湿润体运移距离预测模型   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为进一步探明沟灌入渗湿润体的影响因素和其运移规律,该文通过黏壤土和砂土的室内沟灌入渗试验,重点研究了土壤容重、沟中水深和土壤初始含水率对沟灌入渗湿润体的影响。通过分析,发现湿润锋垂直和水平方向运移距离与时间的1/2次方呈线性函数关系,建立了包含土壤容重、沟中水深、土壤初始含水率等因素的湿润峰运移距离预测模型,并对模型进行验证,结果表明模型精度较高,用其模拟沟灌入渗湿润峰运移距离是可行的。研究结果可为改进沟灌灌水技术提供参考。  相似文献   

17.
以石羊河流域民勤地区为例,采用典型土壤实测土壤水分运动参数,应用Hydrus软件模拟不同沟型、不同垄宽条件下沟灌土壤水分运动,并研究了湿润锋推进过程,建立了沟灌土壤水分二维入渗模型,分析了灌水均匀度。结果表明:沟形相同条件下,竖向湿润锋的推进距离与沟底宽及水深呈正相关关系;水平湿润锋的推进距离由沟中水位决定;沟灌累计入渗量由灌水沟湿周的大小决定,入渗初期符合幂函数形式,入渗后期符合线性形式;同种土壤在沟深与水深相同时,V型沟横向灌水均匀度高于梯形沟,且水位越高均匀度越高。  相似文献   

18.
夏玉米交替灌溉施肥的水氮耦合效应研究(简报)   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
以夏玉米为研究对象进行大田试验,采用二因素四水平完全方案,随机排列,3次重复,根据玉米产量建立回归模型并对其进行解析,确定隔沟交替灌溉施肥条件下的最佳水肥配比.研究结果表明:在供试条件下水、氮对产量有明显的促进作用,而且氮素作用大于灌水作用;两因素交互作用对玉米产量的影响为正效应.供试条件下的最高产量以及相应水、氮最佳配比为:最高产量4076 kg/hm2,生育期灌水量为972m3/hm2,施氮量为230 kg/hm2.与常规灌溉相比,节水施肥模式中的水肥耦合效应对于减少水资源浪费,提高肥料利用率具有重要的理论与实践意义.  相似文献   

19.
分根区交替灌溉已被证实是一种有效节水灌溉技术同时保持作物产量,但有关分根区交替灌溉提高作物氮素利用效率、降低对水土环境的影响机理还不是很清楚。为了探明地下滴灌条件下充分灌溉及分根区交替灌溉(APRI)对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响,通过田间小区试验,对各处理马铃薯全生育期灌水量、植株体氮素残留、土壤氮素残留及水氮利用效率进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:收获后,APRI处理(E、I、K)与充分灌水处理产量(F、J、L)差异不大,但APRI处理灌溉水利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理(p=0.05);充分灌水处理不同土层(0~ 30 cm和30~60 cm)土壤中残留硝态氮、矿物质氮较APRI处理高;APRI处理(I、K)作物氮利用效率及农田氮利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理(J、L)(p=0.05)。因此,APRI处理不仅能够显著提高作物的水分利用效率,而且还能显著提高土壤矿质氮的活性,有利于作物对土壤氮素的吸收利用。  相似文献   

20.
沟灌是中耕作物常采用的灌水技术,但灌水质量不高仍是目前存在的主要问题。为进一步提高沟灌灌水质量,该研究以在陕西省关中平原进行的45组沟灌试验为基础,结合数值模拟方法,量化比较了3种沟灌管理参数优化策略(策略1:仅对灌水时间优化;策略2:仅对入沟流量优化;策略3:同时对入沟流量与灌水时间优化)对灌水质量的提升效果,提出了适用于尾部闭合条件下的沟灌最优灌水时间简化估算方法。结果表明,策略3较策略1和策略2可更为明显地提高沟灌灌水质量;若仅从提高灌水质量的角度考虑,推荐采用策略3,若同时考虑优化策略的实用性,则推荐采用策略1。不同土壤入渗能力和灌水技术要素组合条件下最优灌水时间与水流推进至0.75倍沟长所需时间可采用线性函数表征,与所有验证组合模拟结果比较的平均绝对百分比误差为16.71%。采用该研究方法所得策略1和策略3条件下的最优灌水时间估算值与WinSRFR软件模拟结果基本一致,所有沟灌试验点平均绝对百分比误差分别为10.88%和12.00%。运用策略1和策略3条件下所得最优灌水时间估算值进行灌水质量模拟,综合灌水质量指标≥85.0%占有效沟灌试验点的比例分别为77.3%和90.2%,...  相似文献   

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