Phosphorus Uptake by Young Citrus Trees in Low-P Soil Depends on Rootstock Varieties and Nutrient Management

Because low-phosphorus (P) availability limits citrus growth, rootstocks with a relatively high capacity for P uptake are desirable. An experiment was conducted with trees on Cleopatra mandarin (CM) and Rangpur lime (RL). Treatments consisted of P rates (20, 40, and 80 mg kg^?1 of soil) applied in soil layers of 0–0.30 m and/or 0.31–0.60 m, besides an unfertilized control. The P fertilization increased root and shoot growth, and P nutrition was improved as indicated by greater leaf P concentration, P uptake, and P root uptake efficiency (PUE). The P applied in both soil layers improved shoot growth, P uptake, and PUE. Trees on RL took up 23–126% more P and had root systems with greater growth and PUE compared to those on CM. Thus, P uptake by citrus trees in low-P soils can be improved by augmenting the depth of fertilizer application and the use of more adapted rootstocks.     

Biochemical Markers and Nutrient Constraints Diagnosis in Citrus: A Perspective

Mineral deficiencies are well-established causal factor(s) for sub-optimum production in citrus. Identifying nutrient constraints based on morphological symptoms or in combination with leaf/soil analysis is often misleading, especially with reference to remediating the nutritional problems of a standing crop. The task becomes further confounded by other co-factors under the conditions favoring the occurrence of multi-nutrient deficiency. Important biochemical markers for various nutrient deficiencies include: ribulose-1,5 biphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), nitrate reductase, and glutamate dehydrogenase for nitrogen (N) deficiency; citrate synthetase, aconitase, phosphoenol pyruvate kinase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transminase for phosphorus (P) deficiency; diesterase, acid invertase, arginine decarboxylase, and N-carbamyl putrescine aminohydrolase for potassium (K) deficiency; pyruvate kinase and succinate dehydrogenase for calcium (Ca) deficiency; invertase for magnesium (Mg) deficiency; adolase and aconitase for iron (Fe) deficiency; catalase for manganese (Mn) deficiency (higher peroxidase activity under Mn deficiency is differentiated from Fe deficiency); carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase for zinc (Zn) deficiency; and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and nitrate reductase for boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) deficiency, respectively. These markers have also shown some promise in establishing the physiological basis of tolerance of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) against Mn and aluminum (Al) toxicities involving the Mn-oxidative pathway and complexation of calmodulin protein with Al³⁺ ions, respectively.     

Response of Young Citrus Trees on Selected Rootstocks to Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization

The majority of the citriculture in Brazil is located in the state of São Paulo, with a total production area of 700,000 ha. Trees are grafted mostly on ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL; Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, use of other rootstocks has increased with the search for disease-tolerant varieties to improve grove productivity and longevity. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on young tree response to fertilization, and optimal nutrient requirements of different scion/rootstock combinations for maximum fruit yield. A network of field experiments was conducted to study the differential response of young sweet orange trees on selected rootstocks to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. The application of soil and leaf analyses to develop optimal fertilizer recommendations was evaluated. Experiments were conducted in three locations using fractional factorial design of one-half (4 × 4 × 4) type with four rates of N, P, or K calculated to be applied for five years after tree planting. Fruit yield response was evaluated during the last two years and correlated with soil and leaf analyses data. The trees on RL rootstock demonstrated increased efficiency of nutrient use and fruit production compared with those on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (CL; C. reshni hort. ex Tanaka) or ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [SW; Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. × paradisi Macfad.] rootstocks. The trees on SW rootstock appeared to require greater N and K rates than those on RL rootstock. Phosphorus requirement was greater for ‘Natal’ or ‘Valencia’ trees on CL than on RL rootstock. These results will become the basis for revising current fertilizer recommendation guidelines for young trees in Brazil.     

庆阳市日光温室小果型西瓜品种筛选

为筛选出适宜在庆阳市种植的小果型西瓜品种,丰富庆阳市日光温室栽培小果型西瓜品种资源。引进了13个国内外小果型西瓜品种进行了试种,并对各引进品种的植株形态、果实形态、果肉风味和产量进行了评价。结果表明,13个参试品种生长特征及果实品质差异显著,其中鼎优美颜中心糖含量最高,达143.3 g/kg;红小玉的边糖含量最高,为123.3 g/kg,且中心糖与边糖差最小。综合分析,鼎优美颜与红小玉果型精致小巧、果皮薄、果肉脆甜多汁、纤维含量少,可作为日光温室栽培种在庆阳市种植。     

Prevalence of Phosphorus,Potassium, and Calcium Limitations in White Spruce across Canada

In Canada, the coniferous forest was generally found to be nitrogen (N) deficient, but base cation deficiencies may be becoming more prevalent. Newly-developed nutritional standards based on leaf nutrient concentrations and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) were applied on published data of white spruce nutrition from sites across Canada. Results suggest that nutritional disorders in white spruce are not restricted to N deficiencies. Based on nutrient concentrations, deficiencies are common, particularly in phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), but toxicities are rare. The CND analysis revealed some cases of excess N, P, and magnesium (Mg).     

Compositional nutrient diagnosis in sugar beet with sodium supplementation

A plant stress is related both to deficiency of a particular nutrient and to inadequate relationships between nutrients. The objective of the study was to assess the sugar beet nutritional status in response to sodium chloride (NaCl) application. Plant sampling was conducted at two early stages of beet growth (7-leaf – BBCH 17, and well-developed rosette – BBCH 43). The white sugar yield (WSY) was used as an evaluation criterion. The data used in this study originate from a set of 20 field experiments, conducted in years with a significant shortage of precipitation. Each trial was consisted of control (NPK) and a plot with 50 kg Na ha^?1 (NPK+Na). The nutrient concentration approach and the Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis, based on centered log ratios (CND-clr), were used to evaluate sugar beet nutritional status. The effect of sodium (Na) was evaluated within two subsets of fields: NR – without, and R – with a significant increase in WSYs. The CND-clr indices for Na increased, but for K, Ca and Mg decreased along with Na application, irrespective of the growth stage and subset of fields. However, Na application improved relation between nutrients in fields responding to sodium application, especially at BBCH 43.     

广东省柑桔园土壤养分肥力研究

掌握土壤养分肥力状况,是制定施肥策略的基础。本研究采集了广东省柑桔主产区果园土壤样本70个,分析了土壤有机质和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、B、Zn含量,评价土壤养分肥力现状并探讨其时空变化概况。结果显示:目前柑桔园土壤主要障碍因素是低镁缺硼及钾、钙、镁养分不平衡;与20世纪80年代末相比,土壤有效磷、锌、钾和氮含量有较大提高,有效钙含量降低,其余养分变化不大。土壤钙、镁含量在低水平上渐趋于相对平衡,而钾、镁不平衡状态仍然存在,甚至有所加剧;柑桔园土壤pH及多个中微量元素之间存在显著或极显著正相关关系。建议在柑桔果园增施镁、硼肥及石灰或其它碱性肥料,减施磷肥。     

Nitrogen Application Rate and the Concentration of Other Macronutrients in the Fruit and Leaves of Gold Kiwifruit

ABSTRACT

Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis ‘HORT16A’, marketed as ZESPRI?' ‘HORT16A’) is an important export crop for New Zealand. Nutrient management, including the application of nitrogen (N), for ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit has mimicked strategies for the green (A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’) cultivar, however, physiological differences between Actinidia species necessitate the development of specific nutrient regimes for ‘HORT16A’ vines. In this trial, all nutrients, except N, were applied at levels comparable to commercial practice. The Control treatment received approximately 145 kg N ha/y, and was based on estimates of total N removed each year in the harvested fruit. The Zero-N treatment vines received all nutrients except N, and the High-N treatment received double the Control, approximately 295 kg N ha/y, for two consecutive seasons. The High-N treatment represents the upper limit of N application practices in commercial ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit production. Zero-N fruit had higher calcium (Ca) and lower N concentration than High-N fruit in both seasons. Fruit potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were equivalent between these treatments in both seasons. Fruit phosphorus (P) concentration throughout the season was increased in the High-N treatment in both years. Fruit sizes were not different between treatments at final harvest in Year 1, being 130.5 ± 4.13 g, 125 ± 1.49 g, and 125 ± 3.29 g for the High, Control, and Zero-N vines, respectively. Larger fruit were harvested from the High-N vines (125 ± 4.69 g) in Year 2, than from either Control (113 ± 2.03 g) or Zero-N (118 ± 1.03 g) vines. Percent fruit dry matter (DM) content was higher in the Zero-N fruit (17.2 ± 0.06, 17.2 ± 0.06, and 16.8 ± 0.14 for Zero, Control, and High-N vines) at final harvest in Year 1. But values of fruit DM for all treatments were similar in Year 2 in spite of fruit size differences between treatments. Fruit DM for all treatments was slightly higher in Year 2 than in Year 1. Differences in fruit mineral concentration and fruit maturity at harvest may have contributed to increased incidence of low temperature breakdown (LTB) in the High-N fruit in Year 1. In Year 2, when fruit DM was higher in all treatments, yellow coloration was more developed. Total fruit N concentration was lower in Year 2 for all treatments than in Year 1, and LTB was minimal and not different between treatments.

Leaves from Zero-N vines had reduced N in both years compared with Control and High-N vines. In contrast, leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced in High N-vines, compared with values recorded in Zero-N vines in both seasons. Leaf K concentrations were comparable between treatments in both seasons. Leaf sulfur (S) concentration was reduced under the High-N treatment, and leaf P levels were increased under the High-N treatment in both years.

These data demonstrate that N application influences the uptake and accumulation of other mineral elements in ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit. In order to encourage desirable nutrient concentrations in both the fruit and leaves of ‘HORT16A’ kiwifruit, a reduction in N applied is suggested, and this would have little or no detrimental effect on vine performance over two seasons. Reduced N application will also reduce nitrate leaching which is estimated at 39 kg N ha/y under the Control treatment.     

Bioavailability of Nutrients in Seeds from Tropical and Subtropical Soybean Varieties

The selection of varieties or species of plants with higher nutrient uptake efficiency and nutrient concentration for biofortification of food crops is a key tool to reduce malnutrition. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) is one of the most important food crops, because it is consumed directly or indirectly, in the form of seeds, processed (milk and/or derivatives), or used as a protein component of animal feed worldwide. In order to select plants with higher nutrients concentration in seeds, 24 soybean varieties for tropical and subtropical conditions and different general features were assessed. There was great variability in photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content, seed yield (SY), and concentration and uptake of nutrients by seeds between the varieties. Not genetically modified (NGM) crops showed higher nitrogen (N), cooper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentration and higher N, potassium (K), Cu, iron (Fe), Mn, and zinc (Zn) uptake, while for genetically modified (GM) crops only calcium (Ca) concentrations were higher. Varieties BRS 284 and BMX Magna RR showed the highest nutrients concentrations in the group with the highest nutrient efficiency. The genetic variability observed among the varieties regarding uptake and translocation of nutrients into seeds allows selecting more promising materials to be used in the biofortification of nutrients in soybean seeds.     

Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

Mineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, V_X, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha^–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.     

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF CVA,DRIS, AND CND NORMS FOR THREE HYBRIDS OF POPULUS MAXIMOWICZII PLANTED IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC

Plantations of hybrid poplars adapted to relatively poor soils and cold conditions are being established in abandoned fields and forest sites in southern Quebec. Hybrids of Populus maximowiczii are well adapted to these sites but little is known about their nutritional requirements. The objectives of this study were to develop nutritional norms (CVA, DRIS, CND) for three of these hybrids: 915508, Populus euramericana or canadensis X Populus maximowiczii; 3729, Populus nigra X Populus maximowiczii; and 915303, Populus maximowiczii X Populus balsamifera, and to apply the norms on some sites recently planted in southern Quebec. Six plantations (two per clone) were used for the determination of nutritional norms. In each plantation, individual trees were fertilized with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) according to a factorial design with three levels of application for each nutrient (3⁵ = 243 treatments). Tree diameter and height, unit foliar mass and foliar chemistry (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) of each tree were determined two years after fertilization. CVA, DRIS and CND norms were determined using a boundary-line approach with each plantation. Nutritional norms could be established for most combinations of clones and nutrients. CVA, DRIS and CND indices produced with published optimum nutrient concentrations for hybrid poplars closely related to P. maximowiczii were generally in agreement with the ones developed in our study. Differences in nutritional norms among P. maximowiczii hybrids/clones were small but hybrid/clone specific norms could provide more precise estimates of tree nutrition. The application of the norms on some representative sites of southern Quebec revealed more frequent nutrient imbalances than true nutrient deficiencies with generally excessive Ca and Mg, and limiting N, P, and K.     

Nutrient balance and fruit guality of marsh grapefruit growing in Southeastern Spain

Abstract

This paper describes the results of tracking the leaf levels of eight essential elements in Marsh grapefruit, growing in Southeastern Spain. The seasonal variation in leaf composition are discused from the view of the plant requirements promoted by the different physiological processes. Several fruit quality parameters were determined monthly during the ripening period.     

Soil and plant nutrient management and fruit production of papaya (Carica papaya) in Keaau,Hawaii

Abstract

Variations in papaya yields and fruit quality between papaya growers in Keaau, Hawai’i are mainly caused by differences in nutrient management. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify soil chemical properties and plant mineral compositions and their correlations in commercial papaya orchards; (2) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient concentrations between papaya orchards with low, medium and high fruit yields; (3) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient composition between orchards with low, medium and high fruit quality; (4) determine the difference in soil chemical properties, plant nutrient composition, and papaya yield and quality between new and long-term papaya land. Between 2016 and 2018, soil and plant tissue samples were collected from 100 commercial papaya orchards. Soil pH, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were below and phosphorus (P) was above the recommended range for papaya. Petiole P, K, Ca, and sulfur (S) concentrations were below the recommended range. Fields with low fruit yields and low fruit quality were deficient in P, K, Ca, and zinc (Zn). Long-term papaya land had significantly (p?<?0.05) lower soil pH, total carbon (C), K, Ca, Mg, and sodium (Na), and higher concentrations of soil P than new papaya land. Nitrogen (N), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) was significantly higher and Ca was significantly lower in petioles from papaya crops grown on long-term papaya land compared to new papaya land.     

银杏磷素营养诊断技术的研究

应用果园调查与磷肥试验相结合的方法，对银杏磷素营养诊断技术进行了研究。结果表明：银杏土壤磷素营养诊断可以土壤速效磷作为诊断形态，7月份诊断指标（mg/kg^-1)为：高＞14.0，中9.8-14.0，低＜9.8。银杏植株磷素营养诊断最佳诊断时期为7月,最佳诊断部位为长枝条的倒8位叶，以银杏叶片全磷作为诊断形态，其诊断指标（％）为：高＞0．329，中0．265－0．329，低＜0．265。     

荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求特性

【目的】荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）通常在夏季采果后进行修剪,抽生秋梢作为翌年结果母枝。生产中常有见花后或见果后才施肥现象,不重视对结果母枝的培育,对荔枝的成花和座果可能产生不良影响。本文研究荔枝采果修剪后新梢抽生、花穗萌发及果实膨大成熟年生长周期间树体吸收累积养分特性,为荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育的养分管理提供科学依据。【方法】妃子笑是我国最广泛种植的荔枝品种,通常在采后抽生2~3次秋梢,以末次梢为结果母枝。本文在妃子笑末次梢老熟期、初花期及果实成熟期分别收获三株妃子笑抽生的三次秋梢、秋梢+花穗、秋梢+果实,测定植株各种养分含量,研究妃子笑年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求量及养分转移特点。【结果】妃子笑末次梢生物量及各种养分（Ca例外）累积量均约为前两次梢之和。为获得（55.27.8）kg/tree的产量,每株妃子笑需抽生秋梢（39.782.60）kg,秋梢累积养分量为N（259.528.4）g、P（28.32.6）g、K（186.519.6）g、Ca（41.69.2）g、Mg（36.14.7）g、S（12.436.1）g、Zn（316.853.4）mg、B（201.129.0）mg和Mo（1.40.3）mg。妃子笑花穗累积的N、P、K、Mg、S、Mo养分全部来自于末次梢,67.5%的Zn和20.2%的B也来自末次梢。但是,末次梢吸收Ca能力弱,而且向花穗及果实转移Ca能力低。妃子笑秋梢与花穗N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分累积比例在1:0.11~0.12:0.72~0.75:0.16~0.44:0.13~0.14之间,在果实比例为1:0.13:1.06:0.16:0.12。【结论】荔枝在末次梢老熟至开花初期,树体除继续累积Ca、Zn、B外,基本不吸收其他养分。果实累积的N、K、Ca、Zn、S养分基本全部来自果实膨大期树体的吸收,而P、Mg、B、Mo则部分来自于第一和第二梢的养分转移。故健壮秋梢是荔枝成花的关键,也是获得高产的物质基础,应避免见花施肥或见果施肥。秋梢及花穗发育期以施用氮肥为主,果实发育期以施用钾肥为主。     

Mineral Deficiency in Passiflora alata Curtis: Vitexin Bioproduction

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate macronutrients and boron deficiencies on vitexin bioproduction by sweet passion fruit leaves. Sand irrigated with nutrient solution was used as substrate in a complete randomized design, with eight treatments: 1) complete, 2) nitrogen-deficient(-N), 3) phosphorus-deficient(-P), 4) potassium-deficient(-K), 5) calcium-deficient(-Ca), 6) magnesium-deficient(-Mg), 7) sulfur-deficient(-S), and 8) boron-deficient(-B). After thirty days, the fourth fully expanded leaves were harvested. Under deficiency treatments, leaf dry matter concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and B were 52, 53, 62, 76, 69, 31, and 80% lower than in complete treatment, respectively. Nitrogen, P, and K deficiency increased vitexin leaf concentration by 46, 16, and 18%, although Ca and B deficiencies decreased vitexin concentration by 22 and 33%, respectively, when compared to complete treatment. Magnesium and S deficiencies had no significant effect on vitexin concentration. In complete treatment, the concentration of nutrients and vitexin, in leaf dry matter were: 43.4 g kg^{? 1} of N, 2.47 g kg^{? 1} of P, 27.4 g kg^{? 1} of K, 15.6 g kg^{? 1} of Ca, 3.8 g kg^{? 1} of Mg, 5.28 g kg^{? 1} of S, 64 mg kg^{? 1} of B, and 5.57 mg kg^{? 1} of vitexin.     

Absorption and Mobility of Boron in Young Citrus Plants

Boron (B) deficiency is widespread in Brazilian citrus orchards and has been considered an important soil constraint to citrus yield. The aim of this work was to study B uptake and its mobility in young citrus trees, under different B statuses, in two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees budded on Rangpur lime or Swingle citrumelo. The plants were grown in pots containing nutrient solutions under either adequate or deficient B supply. Plants with different B levels were transplanted into solution with adequate level of B, enriched in ¹⁰B in different stages of development (vegetative growth and fruiting). About 20 to 35% of B content in the new parts of orange tree came from plant reserves. Boron mobility within the plant was influenced by its nutritional status; that is, the longer the period was that the plants were grown under deficient supply, the smaller was the mobility. Boron concentration in the sweet orange trees on Swingle was higher than that on Rangpur, suggesting higher demand of swingle Citrumelo for B.     

营养液浓度和用量对醋糟基质栽培番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

以番茄‘合作906’为试材,采用醋糟基质桶栽的方法,研究了不同营养液浓度和用量对番茄植株生长和果实产量及品质的影响,并对栽培基质化学性状的变化进行了测试。实验设0、1/4、1/2、3/4倍4个Hoagland营养液浓度和600、900、1 200 mL/次3个用量,共12个处理。结果表明:在番茄营养生长期和开花期,醋糟栽培基质的pH值降低,变化范围在6.79～6.29之间;基质的EC值增大,变化范围在1.50～2.77 mS/cm之间。醋糟混配基质中只浇清水不能满足植株生长需求,1/4倍Hoagland营养液900 mL/次用量对番茄植株生长最有利,且开花期对营养液需求增大,但1/2倍浓度、900 mL/次施用量番茄果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量都最高,又以1/2倍浓度1 200 mL/次处理产量最高。结果说明,醋糟混配基质栽培番茄的最佳水肥管理方式为:营养生长期浇灌1/4倍的Hoagland营养液可促进番茄植株的生长,并在开花期略提高营养液的用量,结果期可用1/2倍的Hoagland、900～1 200 mL/次施用量以提高果实的品质和产量。     

Effect of Pre-Harvest Calcium Sprays on Calcium Concentrations in the Skin and Flesh of Apples

During 2004 and 2006, experiments were conducted that measured the absorption of calcium (Ca) by the fruit and assessed the effects of Ca sprays on the skin and flesh of apples. Frequent (1 spray/month for 2 or 4 months) Ca treatments increased the concentration of Ca in the skin, but not in the flesh of fruit, and several sprays were needed to promote a prolonged increase in the concentration of Ca in the skin. Calcium sprays did not influence the concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K). Foliar analyses confirmed the absorption of topical Ca by the apple tree following the Ca sprays as the concentration of Ca in leaves increased.     

根区饲养蚯蚓对椪柑树体营养和根系生长的影响

以4年生桠柑为试验材料,研究根区饲养蚯蚓对椪柑树体营养和根系生长的影响。试验设4个处理,分别是穴施牛粪、穴施牛粪并接种蚯蚓、根系输液和对照。研究结果表明：穴施牛粪并接种蚯蚓很好地诱导了椪柑根系的生长,其诱导的根量比穴施牛粪和对照的分别高出100．62％和126．27％;穴施牛粪并接种蚯蚓处理的椪柑根系吸收和累积的氮、磷、钾元素分别比对照的高出21．13％、35．44％和76．31％;穴施牛粪并接种蚯蚓明显提高植株叶片的氮、磷、钾营养水平和叶绿素含量,在改善植株矿质营养状况方面优于穴施牛粪处理和根系输液处理。根系输液处理能在短时间内明显增加植株叶片营养含量。