Influence of Volcanic Ash Deposition on the Classification,Fertility, and Suitability of Some Soils of West Sarawak,Malaysia

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the influence of the volcanic ash deposition on the physicochemical characteristics of some soils of West Sarawak and to evaluate their suitability for some common crops. A total of seven common soil series of different geology and locations from West Sarawak were collected and analyzed for their physicochemical and dissolution analysis. For comparison, similar analytical procedures were conducted on selected volcanic ash soils of Indonesia and the Philippines. The Sarawak soils were classified as Inceptisol, Ultisol, and Oxisol. The soils were acidic and had relatively low CEC and exchangeable bases. The other laboratory analysis, however, were not conclusive in the results. The soils were evaluated for crops such as rubber, oil palm, rice, pepper, banana and tapioca. Most of these soils were rated as moderate (S₂) to marginally suitable (S₃), indicating insignificant contribution of volcanic ash into the fertility status of soils of west Sarawak regions.     

不同开垦年限黑土有机质变化的研究

本试验研究了不同开垦年限黑土有机碳的数量、组成、结合形态的变化 ,试验研究结果表明 :垦后黑土 0～2 0cm土层土壤有机碳数量不断下降 ,年有机碳矿化速率为 1 72 % ,达到平衡后有机碳数量为 7 2 7g/kg ,土壤有机碳的H/F比升高 ,氧化稳定性增强 ,土壤有机—无机复合度升高 ,土壤有机碳松紧比下降。 2 0～ 40cm土层土壤有机碳在垦后 2 2年内升高 ,以后又下降 ,土壤H/F比无显著变化规律 ,土壤有机质氧化稳定性提高 ,土壤有机—无机复合度下降 ,土壤松紧比下降     

不同土地利用方式对山东滨海盐碱土理化性质的影响

山东滨海盐碱土壤盐分高、养分低、结构差等问题严重影响了该地区的农业发展,因此有效开发和利用该地区土地对其农业增产增收至关重要。以东营市垦利县四种土地利用方式（荒地、草地、耕地、林地）为研究对象,探讨不同土地利用方式对滨海盐碱土基本理化性质、团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤的电导率（EC）和水溶性K+、Na+含量均表现为荒地>耕地>草地>林地,且荒地的EC和Na+含量显著高于其他样地;（2）土壤的全氮（N）和总有机碳含量（SOC）表现为林地>草地>耕地>荒地,各土壤0.25~2 mm粒级的水稳性团聚体的SOC最高;（3）林地的机械稳定性平均质量直径（MWD）和> 0.25 mm的机械稳定性团聚体含量（R0.25）显著低于其他样地;（4）荒地的水稳性平均质量直径（WMWD）和> 0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量（WR0.25）显著低于其他样地;（5）团聚体破坏率（PAD）依次表现为荒地>耕地>草地>林地。扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示草地、耕地和林地中>2 mm水稳性团聚体的表面和内部有较明显的颗粒、孔隙及黏结物质。Pearson相关分析表明,机械组成与MWD、R0.25存在显著相关性;PAD与水溶性Na+含量、0.25~2 mm组分水稳性团聚体SOC存在极显著相关性。不同土地利用方式对土壤的物理、化学和力学性质有不同的影响。草地和林地土地利用方式对滨海盐碱土壤理化性质的改良效果均显著,林地具有更高的碳储量及团聚体水稳性,但机械稳定性较低。研究结果可为滨海盐碱地区土地利用的合理规划与可持续发展提供参考。     

Relationship between duration of practice and soil chemical characteristics of upland fields under organic farming in Japan

Relationships between the duration (in years) of practice and soil (0–30‐cm layer) chemical properties of 189 upland fields under organic farming in Japan were investigated. Electrical conductivity and available phosphorus (P), nitrate nitrogen (NO ₃‐N), Cl⁻ and sulphate sulphur (SO ₄‐S) decreased and became constant with increasing duration of practice. This was probably because of the absence of mineral fertilizers and the reduced use of animal‐based fertilizers as the duration of organic farming increased.     

Investigation of soils developed on volcanic materials in Nisyros Island, Greece

Soils that are forming on volcanic parent materials have unique physical and chemical properties and in most cases, on wet and humid climates, are classified as Andisols. The main purpose of this study is to examine if the soils that are forming on volcanic materials under a dry Mediterranean climate, in Nisyros Island (Greece), meet the requirements to be classified as Andisols. Soils from seven sites were sampled and examined for their main physico-chemical properties and selective dissolution analysis. Dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) extractable Al and Fe (Ál_d, Fe_d), acid ammonium oxalate extractable Al, Fe, and Si (Ál_o, Fe_o and Si_o), and sodium pyrophosphate extractable Al and Fe (Al_p, Fe_p) were measured. In addition, Al and Si were determined after reaction with hot 0.5 M NaOH, (Al_NaOH and Si_NaOH) and with Tiron-(C₆H₄Na₂O₈S₂), (Al_T and Si_T). P-retention was also measured. The soils are characterised by coarse texture, low organic matter content, low values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), and high pH values. Values of Si_o, Al_o and Fe_o are less than 0.022%, 0.09% and 0.35% respectively, highlighting the lack of noncrystalline components. The ratio (Fe_d–Fe_o)100/Fe_d is quite high expressing the degree of crystallisation of free iron oxides. For all samples tested, values of the Al_o + 1/2Fe_o index are extremely low (< 0.24%). High Si_NaOH and Si_T (arising 2.76% and 2.18% respectively) indicate the presence of silica in amorphous forms. P-retention values are very low (< 12.6%). The results indicated the absence of noncrystalline minerals except for amorphous silica, and do not exhibit andic or vitric soil characteristics to be classified as Andisols.     

Influence of Gypsum and Organic Amendments on Soil Properties and Crop Productivity in Degraded Black Soils of Central India

ABSTRACT

Attempts were made to ameliorate sodic black calcareous soils by using different crop residues (composted cotton stalk and biomulch 5 t ha^?1, respectively) and green manures (in-situ Crotalaria juncea, Sesbania aculeata, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata, and ex-situ Leucaena leucocephala loppings 5 t ha^?1) and gypsum 2.5 t ha^?1. The organic amendments were outperformed with respect to improvement in soil microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity, not gypsum. The application of dhaincha significantly improved the mean weight diameter by 14% over control. The application of gypsum and dhaincha recorded a significant drop in pHs (0.1 and 0.07 units) and exchangeable sodium percentage (26.7% and 20.6%) over control. After 2 years of experiments, dhaincha (14.8%) and sunhemp (15.5%) also showed the commensurable potential of improving yields of chickpea as compared to gypsum (14.8%) over control. Hence, dhaincha and sunhemp can be a better alternative choice to gypsum in sodic soils.     

不同耕作制度对土壤渗透性和玉米生长的影响研究

针对松辽平原玉米连作黑土在不同作制度下所形成的两种不同构型剖面(“平面型”剖面和“波浪型”剖面),对玉米产量有显著影响。通过模拟构型,研究了不同剖面构型的水分特征及其对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:“平面型”剖面构造改善了土壤的通透性,增加了土壤水分渗透的速率,减少了雨水径流。“波浪型”剖面耕层土壤的耗水量比“平面型”剖面的大,特别是后期,易发生水分亏缺现象。从作物生育时期降雨量分析来看,对于“平面型”剖面来说略有盈余,而“波浪型”却出现亏缺。“波浪型”剖面耕层土壤比“平面型”剖面更容易发生干旱现象,这可能是黑土区土壤易出现干旱现象的主要原因。在这种现象的作用下,使玉米生长过度依靠年度降水,将会出现年际产量的高波动性。     

Potassium Selectivity in Transported Volcanic Soils (Sorribas) under Banana Cultivation in Relation to Banana-Wilt Expression Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense

The bases for the microbiological nature of certain soils to suppress plant diseases caused by soil pathogens are well established. However, the microbial origin of the suppressiveness does not exclude edaphic factors and soil-management strategies, which need to be studied under field conditions. With respect to abiotic factors, we investigated the importance of potassium (K) selectivity on soil conduciveness and suppressiveness to banana wilt (positive or negative disease expression) caused by soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Sorribas field plots (transported volcanic soils) from the Canary Islands that are naturally affected by Fusarium wilt. To facilitate comparison among sites, soil K variables were normalized using Z scores and tested by one-way analysis of variance within each soil sample type (soil areas where banana plants show positive or negative wilting symptoms characteristic of Panama disease), with the site as the block factor. Variations of Z scores within the same plot were explained mostly by the differences between soil K indices between areas with and without disease. In fact, soil conduciveness or suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt seemed to be substantially affected by changes in exchangeable and solution K indices. Potassium selectivity coefficients (K_G) were always greater in areas without disease than in those with disease. The differences between samples can be related to allophane composition and clay mineral distribution in disease and disease-free soils. The larger selectivity of suppressive soils for K can be partly attributed to the K-fixing capacity of silicon-rich allophane. Moreover, there was a clear separation between available iron (Fe) [extracted by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)] and the mass of stable aggregate in water (WSA) in conducive and suppressive soil samples by K_G. These results suggest that WSA and Fe-DTPA in soils of volcanic nature affected by F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense seem to depend on K selectivity characteristics associated with these soils.     

江西九江地区森林土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素

为阐明地处亚热带北缘的九江地区森林土壤有机碳水平及其主要影响因素,在庐山南、北坡分别选择6个和5个不同海拔点的典型植被群落,并在九江市丘陵分别选择7种典型林分,分层采集土样,测定了有机碳含量。结果表明:北坡森林表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳含量处于18.47~33.92 g kg-1之间,南坡为19.59~34.43 g kg-1。在0~20 cm土层,油茶林有机碳含量(17.69±0.85 g kg-1)最低,针阔混交林最高(27.64±0.57 g kg-1);在20~40 cm土层,毛竹林有机碳含量(14.08±1.21 g kg-1)最低,针阔混交林最高(20.19±0.40 g kg-1)。海拔、海拔与坡向的交互作用和植被类型显著影响着森林土壤有机碳,坡向没有关系。     

不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化特性研究

通过比较不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤理化性质,分析了不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤质量的变化,并分析了各苜蓿地土壤理化性质在耕层垂直分布上的变化。结果表明,苜蓿种植时间的长短对土壤理化性质影响程度不同,总体表现是苜蓿种植时间越长,对土壤理化性质影响越大。不同种植年限苜蓿地有机质和全量养分在耕层垂直分布均无差异,而速效养分和容重等特性随苜蓿种植时间的增长,层次之间的差距愈明显     

土地利用方式及土壤理化性质对有效态锌累积的影响

利用土壤定位采样分析了富阳市不同土地利用方式和土壤特征对全量和有效态Zn在土壤中累积的影响.分析结果表明,工业用地与农业用地中的全量和有效态Zn差异极显著,工业用地方式土壤全量和有效态Zn含量较高;在农用地方式中,菜地、旱地、水田和林地的全量Zn累积程度相近,但与果园和茶园差异显著;不同农业用地中的有效态Zn无显著差异.并对农业与工业用地方式下全量Zn、土壤特征与有效态Zn含量之间的相关关系进行了分析.结果表明,在农业用地中,全氮、有机质和pH对Zn全量影响显著,而全量、有效磷和速效钾对Zn有效态影响显著;在工业用地中,土壤理化性质对全量和有效态Zn含量无明显影响,有效态Zn含量只与全量Zn含量显著相关.基于Zn有效态的指示Kriging评价结果显示,富阳市有5.56%的土地和5.99%的耕地处在较高的Zn污染风险水平(>0.100).     

Effect of Three Different Qualities of Biochar on Selected Soil Properties

An incubation study was conducted to determine how biochar interacts with a nitrogen fertilizer and how it reacts in the soil as well as to measure the effect of different biochars on soil chemical properties. Two Iowa soils, Nicollet surface soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) and Storden subsoil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Eutrudept), were mixed with three different qualities of biochar and a nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The biochar was created from corn stover that was pyrolized with three different amounts of atmospheric air: 0% (biochar 1), 10% (biochar 2), and 25% (biochar 3). Soil tests for pH, total nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), extractable potassium (K), ammonium N, nitrate N, organic matter, and total carbon (C) were performed. The different biochars significantly affected the total N, total organic C, and pH in both soils at all rates of urea applied. The conditions during pyrolysis influenced how the biochar/fertilizer reacted with the soil.     

Response of Sugarcane to Calcium Silicate on Yield,Gas Exchange Characteristics,Leaf Nutrient Concentrations,and Soil Properties in Two Different Soils

Silicon (Si), applied as calcium silicate (Ca-silicate), was evaluated for effects on yield; yield-contributing parameters in sugarcane, such as chlorophyll content, gas exchange characteristics, moisture content, and leaf nutrient concentrations; and soil fertility in the greenhouse in two different soil types. Seven levels of Si (0 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, and 150 g pot^–1) were tested by applying them with traditional fertilizers. Gas exchange characteristics such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were significantly greater with the plants fertilized with silicate over unamended control for both soils. Silicate fertilization increased chlorophyll and moisture contents in the top visible dewlap (TVD) leaf tissues, but results were not significantly better in both soils when compared with unamended control. In our 12-month study, we found that the Si content reached up to 2.64% and 1.86% per dry mass in TVD leaf tissues when amended with Ca-silicate fertilizer in soils 1 and 2, respectively. Results showed that as compared to unamended control, Si-amended treatments significantly increased maximum dry matter and cane yield by 77% and 66% in soil 1 and 41% and 15% in soil 2, respectively. With increasing silicate application, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese contents significantly decreased in leaf tissues and soil contents in both soils. Soil pH, Si contents, available sulfur, exchangeable Ca and magnesium, and cation exchange capacity were increased significantly more or less, whereas aluminum contents of soil decreased dramatically in both soils when amended with Ca-silicate. Our results indicate that different soil fertility status and rates of Si application are important factors influencing the yield, growth parameters, chlorophyll, and nutrient contents of sugarcane leaf as well as soil properties.     

不同土壤抗蚀性能研究

该对四川省农业科学院资阳水土保持试验所布设的７种土壤试验小区，用模拟降雨装置进行了土壤抗蚀性能的初步试验研究，结果表明：（１）７种土壤的抗蚀能力大小依次为：冷沙黄泥＞棕紫泥＞红棕紫泥＞灰色潮土＞红紫泥＞黄红紫泥＞暗棕紫泥；（２）７种土壤的么径流过程累积量与降雨历时、产沙过程累积量与降雨历时，径流过程累积量与产沙过程累积量之间均有显的线性相关关系，以及６种土壤的土壤含水量与开始产流时间之间有非常     

盐化及钠质化对土壤物理性质的影响

对盐化土壤、钠质盐化土壤的概念及其参数进行了讨论 ,对盐化土壤的水分物理性质、渗透胁迫以及钠质化对土壤结构性能的影响 ,有机质对钠质化土壤结构性能的影响等方面的研究进行了综述     

Impact of Digestate Application on Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Two Different Textured Soils

Agricultural application of anaerobic digestates can play an important role in plant nutrition. The effects of digestate treatment were studied in pot experiments, using sandy and loamy textured soils with distinct characteristics. Three different treatments were studied and compared: control, digestate, and irrigation treatments. Nitrogen loading was calculated on the bases of the digestate analysis. The same amounts of digestate and irrigation water were applied in the different treatments before sowing and at the V4–V6 stages of maize. Besides the conventional soil chemical analysis, invertase, dehydrogenase, catalase, and the abundance of some cultivable microbes were measured in two consecutive years. According to our results, irrigation and digestate treatments had greater impact in the case of sandy soils than in loamy textured soils. Digestate provides more effective phosphorus and potassium sources than nitrogen. Based on the results of discriminant analysis, the digestate application had a greater influence on soil chemical properties, followed by microbiological parameters.     

不同种植年限苜蓿对土壤理化性质、微生物群落和苜蓿品质的影响

随着种植年限的延长,苜蓿地土壤质量及牧草品质逐步退化。通过对不同种植年限苜蓿土壤理化性质、牧草品质的测定,分析比较了土壤质量及牧草质量的变化。结果表明:在苜蓿生长季内,土壤含水量随月份的递增其变化规律各异,随取土深度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势;随种植年限的延长,碱解氮和速效钾含量逐渐下降,速效磷含量呈先增加后降低的变化规律;各种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系以细菌为主,真菌数量最少,微生物总数以4年生苜蓿地最高,3年生最低;苜蓿品质随种植年限延长而逐渐下降,即栽培年限对苜蓿地的土壤质量及牧草品质均有不同程度的影响。     

湘中红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型对土壤特性的影响

以湖南省衡阳县武水流域为例,对湘中红壤丘陵区5种土地利用类型的土壤物理性质和抗蚀性能进行了研究,结果表明,土地利用类型对土壤物理性质有显著影响,花岗岩红壤的结构随植被演退和人为耕作的干扰而退化。与林地相比,旱地和坡耕地等耕作土壤砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量相对减少,表土呈现砂化;与林地和疏林地相比,耕作土壤的大粒径水稳性团聚体减少,水稳性团聚体平均重量直径减小,结构稳定性下降;不同土地利用类型按土壤毛管孔隙度和持水性能大小排序为林地>疏林地>荒地>旱地>坡耕地。研究结果说明良好的植被条件与合理的土地利用能通过降低土壤容重、增加有机质以及细颗粒含量来改善土壤的团聚能力,并增加土壤蓄水量,从而提高土壤的抗蚀能力。     

生物质炭短期添加对不同类型土壤水力性质的影响

为探究生物质炭添加对农田土壤水力性质的影响，以我国10个地区农田耕层土壤为供试土样，通过室内模拟试验，研究4种生物质炭添加比例下(C0、C5、C10和C15，生物质炭体积占比分别为0%、5%、10%和15%)土壤饱和导水率(Ks)、水分特征曲线及van Genuchten模型拟合参数和水分常数的变化特征。结果表明：生物质炭添加对土壤渗透性能的影响与土壤质地密切相关；添加生物质炭后，砂粒含量较高的风砂土和黄绵土的Ks显著降低，C15的降幅分别为89.2%和85.0%；而黏粒含量较高土壤的Ks普遍升高，C15处理下赤红壤的增幅高达158.9%。生物质炭添加改变了土壤的持水能力，且变幅随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增大。生物质炭添加提升了各类土壤的饱和含水量(0.7%～17.6%)和低吸力段的持水能力；生物质炭添加对中、高吸力水平下各类土壤持水能力的影响存在差异，大致表现为砂质土持水能力提升、残余含水量增大、α值降低；而壤质、黏质土持水能力下降，残余含水量、田间持水量及凋萎系数均降低。研究结果可为考虑生物质炭施用的平衡模拟提供水力学基础参数，并为各地区农田生物质炭的合理施用提供科学依据。