Speciation of Aluminum in Solution of an Acidic Sandy Soil Amended with Organic Composts

The effects of organic amendments (10 and 50 g/kg soil of yard waste, yard + municipal waste, GreenEdge, and synthetic humic acid) on soil chemical properties related to aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity and nutrient availability were evaluated. Compost amendment increased Mehlich 3–extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the soil by 3.5–260 times. No significant effect of composts on total Al in solution was observed. Organic amendments increased solution pH and decreased the activities of phytotoxic Al species to less than the critical levels, as a result of the formation of aluminate and humic acid–Al complexes. Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids were not effective in forming complexes with Al. Application of composts increased the concentrations of most nutrients in soil solution, suggesting a potential for ameliorating subsoil, but care must be taken to avoid nitrogen (N) and P leaching. Amending composts to acidic soils appears a useful strategy for diminishing Al phytotoxicity potential and improving soil fertility.     

外源铅胁迫对不同土壤上水稻生长及铅形态的影响

采用温室水稻盆栽试验研究2种土壤上水稻铅的生物有效性及土壤铅形态的变化。结果表明:铅对2种土壤水稻干物重和籽粒重量的影响表现为,随铅处理浓度升高,水稻干物重和籽粒重量明显下降。黄红壤上种植的水稻干物重和籽粒重量高于青紫泥。不同铅处理下水稻各器官铅含量表现为根>茎>叶>壳>籽粒。2种土壤上NH4OAc提取的有效态铅含量与外源铅的量呈显著正相关。随外源土壤铅含量增加土壤pH显著下降。随土壤铅含量增加土壤铅的生物有效性增强,水稻对铅的吸收明显增加,水稻可食部的铅含量升高。采用连续提取法分析了土壤铅的形态,结果表明,青紫泥铁锰氧化态和有机态的铅含量高于黄红壤,水溶态、交换态和碳酸盐态含量低于黄红壤。铅在黄红壤上的移动性较青紫泥高。     

Distribution of Aluminum Fractionation in the Acidic Rhizosphere Soils of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb)

The modified Tessier’s sequential extraction procedure and rhizobox cultivation were employed to investigate the distribution of aluminum (Al) fractions in the acidic rhizosphere soil of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana lamb) seedlings. The results showed that the Al in soils was fractionated into five operationally defined fractions. Three sets of soil samples used in the rhizoboxes were collected from the three forest sites in the southeast of China: Sichuan, Zhejian, and Jiangsu. At the end of 100-day cultivation, the rhizosphere Al fractions for the original or bulk soils were in the order of residual > iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) oxides > organic > carbonate > exchangeable. However, in rhizosphere soil, the Al fraction follows the order of residual > organic > Fe-Mn oxides > carbonate > exchangeable. On average, the rhizosphere experienced significant increase in organically bound Al and slight decrease in exchangeable Al contents, but had decreases in contents for the other three Al fractions compared to the nonrhizosphere. The correlation analysis indicated that the Al contents accumulated in roots were significantly and positively correlated with exchangeable Al contents in the rhizosphere, and also characterized by the major portion of organically bound Al, which exhibited a bioavailable transformation of Al fractions. Results indicated that decreases in both redox potential and soil pH, as well as increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were observed in the rhizosphere. Exchangeable Al and organic Al fractions were dependent mainly on soil pH (hydrogen ion concentration) and DOC, accordingly. Decreasing rhizosphere pH from 5.93 to 3.42 accelerated the secretion of organic carbon. These data are helpful for understanding the mobility and bioavailability of Al fractions in the acidic rhizosphere soils of Masson pine.     

有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应的影响

[目的]合成有机碳土壤改良剂,为河西内陆灌区制种玉米产业可持续发展提供技术支撑。[方法]选择甘肃省张掖市甘州区的风沙土,采用田间试验方法,进行有机碳土壤改良剂对风沙土改土效应研究。[结果]有机碳土壤改良剂施用量与风沙土孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、速效养分、微生物数量、酶活性和玉米产量呈正相关关系;与体积质量、pH值呈负相关关系。施用有机碳土壤改良剂与传统化肥比较,风沙土体积质量、pH值、Hg,Cd,Cr和Pb分别降低8.46%,4.87%,17.95%,27.78%,15.75%和18.03%;总孔隙度、团聚体、持水量、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾分别增加8.15%,23.98%,8.15%,3.16%,0.10%,2.13%和1.18%;真菌、细菌、放线菌、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和玉米施肥利润分别增加59.18%,41.75%,23.28%,57.09%,13.54%,10.71%和2 180.40元/hm2。[结论]施用有机碳土壤改良剂,能有效地改善风沙土理化性质和生物学性质,提高玉米产量。     

Interrelationship of Organic Acids and Aluminum Concentrations in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soil Solution of Rice in Acidic Soil

To study the interrelationship of organic acids and aluminum concentrations in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil solution of rice (var. Satabdi and IR 64) in acidic soil, plants were grown in plastic pots containing 500 g soil. Three organic acids (viz., tartaric, oxalic, and citric acids) were identified and quantified in rice rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. Organic acids were found more in the rhizosphere soil and at early stages of crop growth, decreased sharply after 30 days of germination, and found in negligible quantity after 45 days of germination. Regression analysis revealed a significant and negative relationship between solution aluminum and organic acid. Satabdi showed greater organic acid concentration in rhizosphere soil, leading to significantly lower root and shoot aluminum concentrations and consequently significantly greater dry-matter production as well as root volume, compared to IR 64. The findings established that organic acids can effectively reduce aluminum concentration in soil solution.     

有机无机改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响

[目的]为解决滨海地区土壤盐分高和生态环境恶劣的问题,研究发酵园林废弃物与膨润土不同比例配合施用对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。[方法]通过滨海地区田间试验,采用单独施用68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物(T_1)、单独施用15 kg/m~3膨润土(T_2)和二者混合施用(T_3)的方法,分析不同处理组土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮的变化及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。[结果]有机无机改良剂混施(T_3)在提高土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮方面具有更显著的效果。脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶分别为对照的10.1,9.0和4.5倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比对照提高了24.8%和78.1%。此外,混施也可以显著改善土壤理化性质,使土壤盐分降低了62.7%,养分各项指标增幅为57.2%～101.4%。同有机改良剂处理相比,无机改良剂对土壤酶活和土壤微生物量的影响较小。速效钾与速效氮是影响土壤酶活性与微生物量的主要因子,而含盐量、容重则与土壤酶和微生物量呈负相关,具有抑制作用。[结论]发酵园林废弃物的加入对土壤酶活性和微生物量的增加起到了决定性的作用。最佳施用处理组为原土混合掺拌68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物和15 kg/m~3膨润土。     

有机碳氮添加对酸性森林土壤氨氧化过程的影响

以亚热带酸性森林土壤为研究对象,开展了微宇宙室内培养实验,设置了有机碳和有机氮添加处理,分析了土壤硝化活性和氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)、氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)的功能基因丰度,研究了外源有机碳和有机氮对酸性森林土壤氨氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明:外源有机氮添加显著刺激了酸性森林土壤硝化活性,乙炔抑制实验表明自养氨氧化对酸性森林土壤硝化过程的贡献率90%。有机碳添加对土壤硝化活性未有显著影响,同时添加有机碳和无机铵态氮也未显著提高土壤硝化活性,而外源有机氮添加提高了土壤矿化速率并导致土壤NH3浓度升高,可能是土壤硝化活性、AOA和AOB数量显著增加的主要原因。     

Bowman-Cole石灰性土壤有机磷分组法的改进

本文研究了Bowman-Cole土壤有机磷分组法应用于石灰性土壤存在的若干问题,并提出了改进法。改进法的四组土壤有机磷(P0)的分组为:在氯仿预处理土样后用0.5molL-1NaHCO3浸提活性P0;然后,先用0.05molL-1NaOH、后用1molL-1H2SO4处理残余土样浸提中度活性P0,0.05molL-1NaOH提取的无机磷和1molL-1H2SO4提取的有机磷属于中度活性P0;在氯仿和0.5molL-1NaHCO3处理后,用0.05molL-1NaOH浸提稳定性P0,把浸提液的酸度调至pH3.00时,上清液中的有机磷为中度稳定性P0,而沉淀中的有机磷为高稳性P0。结果表明,改进法能更好地区分具有不同矿化率的有机磷化合物,例如,核酸、甘油磷酸、植酸钙、肌醇三磷酸铁、植酸铁等。改进法增加了超声波处理,使震荡时间也明显缩短。因此,石灰性土壤有机磷分组的改进法比Bowman-Cole法更理想。     

微生物肥料对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响

在山西省孝义市铝矿废弃地复垦区玉米种植地块,采用不同的生物活化剂及生物菌剂处理,研究铝矿废弃地复垦过程中微生物肥料对复垦区玉米种植地块土壤有机碳的影响,测定了土壤有机碳含量、土壤δ13C值、玉米籽粒和秸秆中δ13C值.结果显示,不同微生物肥料处理下土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,而土壤δ13C值随着土层深度的增加而增加;施加微生物肥料能显著提高土壤有机碳含量;使用微生物肥料后,玉米籽粒δ13C值显著高于秸秆,说明玉米籽粒比秸秆更容易富集13C,但玉米籽粒和秸秆的δ13C值之间没有显著相关性.以上结果表明,在铝矿废弃地的复垦过程中,使用微生物肥料有利于土壤有机碳的积累.     

不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏的影响

为探明不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素组成及分馏的影响,本研究以红壤、黑土和褐土作为供试土壤,以水稻品种嘉58作为供试材料进行盆栽试验,测定土壤理化性质,水稻各器官干重、硅含量、硅同位素组成等指标。结果表明,不同类型土壤对水稻硅同位素分馏效应均影响明显,红壤、黑土、褐土栽培的水稻硅同位素分馏系数(α_Pre-Dsi)分别为0.998 8、0.997 8、0.997 5,其中褐土栽培的水稻体内硅同位素分馏程度最大,黑土次之,红壤最小;相关性分析表明,水稻δ³⁰Si值(整株和叶片)与土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅、游离氧化铁和游离氧化铝含量之间均存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),其中土壤游离氧化铁、游离氧化铝含量随着土壤风化程度的增加均呈升高趋势。由此推断,水稻硅同位素组成可能主要受土壤pH值、有机质、有效硅含量及土壤风化程度的影响。本研究结果为利用硅稳定同位素示踪技术探索自然界的硅循环模式提供了理论依据。     

茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响

选取雅安市名山区茶园集中分布区的紫色土、黄壤和水稻土为研究对象,向土壤中加入不同浓度的茶多酚,培养3个月后,测定土壤pH值、总酚、水溶性酚、活性铁、络合铁、活性铝、络合铝的含量,分析其变化情况,探讨茶多酚浓度对土壤pH、酚酸及铁铝形态转化的影响,为茶园土壤管理提供科学依据。结果表明:添加茶多酚后,3种土壤均发生酸化现象,其中的紫色土和水稻土添加低浓度茶多酚便可显著酸化,而黄壤只有在添加高浓度茶多酚的条件下才显著酸化。添加高浓度的茶多酚可显著提高3种土壤总酚和水溶性酚含量;添加低浓度茶多酚时,紫色土总酚含量也显著升高,黄壤总酚含量却显著下降,水稻土总酚含量变化不显著。添加茶多酚对黄壤和水稻土活性铁含量无显著影响,但添加高浓度茶多酚可显著降低紫色土活性铁含量;添加茶多酚可显著提高黄壤络合铁含量,但对紫色土和水稻土络合铁含量无显著影响。添加茶多酚可显著降低水稻土的活性铝含量,但对紫色土和黄壤活性铝含量无显著影响,对3种土壤络合铝均无显著影响。土壤酚酸形态和含量可影响土壤酸化及铁铝形态转化。     

沙质土壤改良剂对科尔沁地区风沙土物理性质及玉米产量的影响

一次性在沙地施加沙质土壤改良剂,研究了其在不同年份对科尔沁沙地风沙土土壤团聚体含量、土壤贮水量以及玉米产量影响的长效机制。结果表明,各处理均能显著提高0—40cm土层间粒径大于0.25mm的团聚体含量,能促进粒径0.1~0.25mm小团聚体逐渐向粒径为0.25~0.5mm和粒径大于2mm的大团粒结构转变,其中以第4a的0—10cm土层处理表现最为明显,粒径0.1~0.25mm小团聚体较CK减少了34.55%,粒径0.25~0.5和大于2mm的大团粒结构分别较CK增加了1.63和12.31倍;在贮水量方面,施入土壤改良剂第3a,第4a,第2a以及第1a分别较CK提高了42.21%~48.48%,32.48%~38.11%,28.35%~34.3%和19.15%~29.47%;在产量方面,各处理间差异均显著,各处理较CK增产幅度在15.1%~59.62%。施加沙质土壤改良剂在前3a可逐年改善土壤团粒结构、贮水能力和提高产量,说明其具有显著的改土和增产效果。     

骨粉生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良作用

以猪、鸡、牛和羊骨为原材料厌氧热解制备成生物质炭（骨炭）作为改良剂,探究骨炭最佳制备条件及其对酸性土壤改良效果,并从土壤固相和液相二个角度探究骨炭对酸性土壤铝（Al）形态的影响。结果表明：高温厌氧热解制备的骨炭富含CaO、CaCO3和Ca5(PO4)3(OH),同时含有NaO、MgO等碱性物质及-OH等多种官能团。但骨炭碱含量受热解温度影响较大,鸡骨和牛骨在800℃、猪骨和羊骨在900℃时其炭碱含量接近峰值并保持稳定,约为生石灰的90%,是最佳制备温度。此温度下制备的四种骨炭均可有效地提高pH<6.0的酸性红黏土、红砂土和砖红壤pH。骨炭中的碱性物质主要以H+缓冲剂的形式存在,从而导致其提高土壤pH的幅度与初始土壤pH成反比。pH=4.40的红黏土中添加5 g?kg-1猪、鸡、羊和牛骨炭后土壤溶液Al浓度分别较对照降低33%、34%、47%和41%,固相有机结合态Al含量无显著变化（P>0.05）。骨炭增加了酸性土壤阳离子交换量,并通过促进活性Al向土壤固相吸附态羟基Al和更稳定态Al转化从而降低土壤溶液Al及交换态Al含量。骨炭富含植物生长所需营养元素,具备无机和有机改良剂的双重特性,是可替代传统石灰作为酸性农田土壤改良剂的优质材料。     

Sorption and Fractionation of Copper in Soil at a Sewage Irrigation Farm in Australia

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is an important heavy metal to be considered in soil contamination, because high concentrations of copper in soil produce toxic effects and may accumulate in plant tissues. In Australia's oldest sewage irrigation farm, located in Werribee, Victoria, soil in the land filtration area is contaminated by Cu. However, Cu content in herbage tissues is in the normal range and has been trending downward since 1979. Therefore, studies on the sorption capacity and sequential extraction of Cu in soil at the Werribee Farm is of significance, not only for better understanding the mechanism of transport, chemical processes, and plant uptake of Cu, but also in providing information for the practical management of sewage farm soils. Methods of combining sorption isotherms with sequential extraction procedures were adopted, and the results showed that the soil in the land filtration area at Werribee Farm has a high sorption capacity for Cu, and distribution coefficients, K_f of Cu, were 629 L kg^?1 in surface soils (0–20 cm) and 335 L kg^?1 in subsurface soils (20–40 cm). The sequential extraction fractions demonstrate that exchangeable and carbonate fractions are very low, only comprising 3.49 to 5.49% of total copper. The other fractions are also discussed. This characteristic of Cu in soil is related to the low concentration of Cu in plant tissues.     

长期轮作施肥对棕壤磷素形态及转化的影响

对沈阳地区棕壤定位试验地各施肥处理土壤按Hed ley等建议的分级方法进行测定。结果表明,棕壤磷中残留态含量最高,无机磷主要以NaOH-P i和HC l-P i形态存在,有机磷主要以NaOH-Po形态存在,NaHCO3-Po在各组分中所占比例最小。施用有机肥能明显增加潜在活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)的数量。1.0mol L-1HC l浸提的Ca-P i存在着缓慢的动态转化过程,是棕壤中的潜在磷源。     

不同有机废弃物堆肥对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方式,探讨了施用50 g/kg的啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)、牛粪堆肥(DMC)和菇渣堆肥(SMC)对苹果土壤有机碳(SOC)、活性有机碳(AC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化碳(PMC)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)以及5种土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:与CK相比,施用啤酒污泥、牛粪和菇渣3种堆肥化处理有机物后,土壤SOC、AC、WSOC、PMC含量明显增加,SOC含量分别是CK的2.51,2.46,2.65倍,AC含量分别是CK的5.70,5.45,5.00倍;WSOC含量分别比CK高361.21％,382.90％,312.73％;PMC含量分别比CK高349.57％,341.59％,318.11％,并且其有效率在短期呈增加趋势,土壤CPMI显著提高,分别是CK的6.86,6.49,5.66倍;BSC、DMC、SMC处理的土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均显著提高.啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)因含有活性颗粒,所以对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响最为明显,其次是牛粪堆肥(DMC),菇渣堆肥(SMC)因有机碳趋于稳定,表现最差.     

有机组分对N素在砂壤土中淋溶运移的影响

采用室内土柱模拟的试验方法,研究了风化煤和腐化秸秆两种不同的有机组分对N素在砂壤土中淋溶运移的影响。结果表明:肥料N可以淋溶到100 cm以下,淋失率在5.58%～8.73%之间,其中NH4+-N占46%～65%,NO3--N占35%～54%,0-30,30-60,60-100 cm土层的N累积淋出量比值为4∶1∶20。施N肥使N累积淋出量增加了165.75%,风化煤、腐化秸秆的添加可以使0-30 cm土层N累积淋出量比NPK处理分别增加187.07%和45.09%,而总N累积淋出量分别降低17.78%和24.17%。可见风化煤和腐化秸秆的添加对肥料N在土壤耕层中的保持及抑制向下层淋溶方面具有积极作用。     

耕作年限对棉田土壤颗粒及矿物结合态有机碳的影响

研究耕作年限对棉田土壤颗粒及矿物结合态有机碳的影响.以相应荒地为对照,选取南北疆兰州湾、31团和普惠农场3个典型绿洲不同耕作年限土壤为研究对象,应用物理分组方法研究颗粒及矿物结合态有机碳的变化规律.结果表明:耕作有利于棉田土壤总有机碳的积累,耕作(0～5年)总有机碳增加迅速,年均增加在0.65 g/kg以上;颗粒有机物、有机碳和颗粒有机碳的分配比例在耕作0～10年间增加,较荒地分别增加50.12％,263.64％,79.79％,10年后下降.矿物结合态有机碳含量则随耕作年限的延长递增,矿物结合态有机物含量变化趋势与颗粒有机物相反.土壤有机碳在耕作1～10年增加,有利于土壤质量的提高,是荒漠区土壤碳汇,是合理的耕作年限.     

改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响

为探究改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成及有机碳含量的影响,采用田间微区的方法按表层0—20 cm土壤重量占比1%,3%,5%的比例添加泥炭、腐殖酸和蛭石,研究3种改良剂对复垦土壤团聚体组成、总有机碳、各粒级团聚体有机碳含量、土壤红外光谱特征的影响。结果表明:施用3种改良剂后各处理土壤机械稳定性团聚体均以>5 mm的最多,施用泥炭和腐殖酸后>5 mm团聚体含量随着改良剂施用比例的升高而增大,且MWD(平均质量直径)值均高于CK。其中,5%腐殖酸对调控>5 mm团聚体含量效果最佳,在6个月时>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体占比达到60.03%。而施用蛭石后>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体的占比与CK相比有所下降。施用3种改良剂后土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.053 mm团聚体含量最高,但其含量均随改良剂施用比例的升高而降低。泥炭和腐殖酸能够提高复垦土壤总有机碳的含量,增强抗侵蚀能力和团聚体的稳定性,而施用蛭石后有机碳含量减少。泥碳、腐殖酸和蛭石各处理下各粒级机械稳定性团聚体有机碳含量均以>5 mm最高,0.053~0.25 mm次之,<0.053 mm最少,有机碳含量贡献率也以>5 mm团聚体的最大,泥炭和腐殖酸处理下>5 mm团聚体有机碳含量贡献率均高于50%,<0.053 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率仅有0.63%~2.82%。从土壤的红外光谱特征峰可以看出,施用腐殖酸能够增加土壤中的多糖类物质,而多糖类物质有大量的—OH,能与黏粒矿物晶面上的氧原子形成氢键而把土粒团聚起来。     

Changes in Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn Fractionation and Liberation Due to Mussel Shell Amendment on a Mine Soil

Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell‐amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L⁻¹), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell‐amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.