Plant Response to Copper Toxicity as Affected by Plant Species and Soil Type

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper (Cu) in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in pots for 45 d. When mature, plants were treated for 15 additional days with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg Cu kg^?1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O. After harvest, Cu in soils and plant tissues was determined. In soils, applied Cu raised total and EDTA-extractible Cu. Results also revealed that the amounts of Cu extracted from sandy clay loam soil (80%) were higher than those extracted from clay loam soil (70%). In plants, increasing soil Cu concentration increased plant concentration of the metal. Plant species vary in their capacity for Cu accumulation: Lettuce has a relatively higher potential for Cu uptake and translocation than does spinach. Cu accumulation also differs among plant organs. In lettuce, metal accumulation is higher in roots than in shoots, where 60% to 80% of the total Cu of the plant is located in the roots. However, in spinach, there is no significant difference in Cu content between roots and shoots. The transfer of the metal from soil to plant is higher for plants grown on sandy clay loam soil. For a given rate of applied Cu, metal content in plant tissues is higher on sandy clay loam soil due to its higher transfer coefficient (C_T) from soil to plant. Nevertheless, all crops studied showed a positive linear relationship between extractible soil Cu and plant Cu.     

原子吸收次灵敏线法直接测定土壤中Fe、Mn

用原子吸收次灵敏线法塞曼效应扣除背景测定土壤中Fe、Mn,实验结果表明:此方法有较好的准确度,精密度,操作简单,适合一般土壤中Fe、Mn的测定。     

被锰、铁和铝固定的磷的性质的比较研究

An experiment was conducted to examine the role of Mn in P fixation through comparing with Al and Fe.Hydroxides and oxides of Al,Fe and Mn were prepared in lab under opened and closed conditions to react with phosphate,The newly formed Mn hydroxide showed the strongest P-fixing ability,even several times higher than Fe hydroxide ,but became the lowest rapidly due to ageing when exposed to air,Mn oxide showed the lowest P-fixing ability,Therefore,a sound consideration on P fixation should be based on both quantities and P-fixing abilities of the compounds of Fe,Al and Mn,The importance of Mn on P availability should receive more attention especially under oxidation-reduction dynamic conditions.     

硅锰结合施用对红壤水稻铁毒害的矫正

Based on the fact that Fe toxicity which is usually characterized by leaf oranging and low yield can be obviously subdued by application of Si or Mn due to counteraction.between Fe and Si or Mn.A pot experiment was conducted with four treatments of CK,Si,Mn and Si Mn to further study the effect of combined application of Si and Mn on rice growth on red earths.Water-soluble SI,Fe and Mn were measured.and electron probe was used to study Si,Mn,Fe and Ca in root cross sections.Combined application of Si and Mn could increas water-soluble Si and Mn but reduce water-soluble Fe,thus being favorable for correctiong Fe toxicity.Electron probe study showed obvous differences of Si,Fe,Mn,and Ca in rice roots between CK and the other three treatments.The combined applicatioin of Si and Mn could reduce leaf oranging and improve rice growth.The Si Mn treatment had a higher plant height,lower number of oranging leaves and a 25.0% higher rice yield than CK and showed a better effect on rice growth than the treatment of sole Si or Mn.     

三江平原白浆土中Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn生物有效性的研究

在三江平原上,测定 42 个小区中玉米、大豆、小麦籽实 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量和土壤中各形态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和Zn含量.通过相关分析和通径分析,探讨了土壤中各形态Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 的生物有效性,旨在为该地区合理施用微量元素提供科学依据.试验结果表明,玉米、大豆和小麦籽实含 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 量与土壤中有效态和交换态 Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn含量呈显著或极显著正相关.有机态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量与玉米、大豆和小麦籽实Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn含量也有很好的相关关系.交换态对有效态 Fe、Mn、Cu 和 Zn 影响最大,其次是有机质结合态.铁锰氧化物结合态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 及碳酸盐结合态 Mn、Zn 对有效态 Mn、Zn 具有一定正效应.而残留态 Fe、Cu 对有效态 Fe、Cu 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Mn 对有效态 Mn 产生负效应.     

Interaction of Silicon and Phosphorus Mitigate Manganese Toxicity in Rice in a Highly Weathered Soil

Many researchers have reported beneficial effects of silicon (Si) on plant growth when available phosphorus (P) is low, but the reasons for this are poorly understood. Factorial application of three levels of Si and four levels of P to rice plants grown in Red Ferrosol interacted to increase rice growth and Si and P uptake (P < 0.01). Application of Si with P increased P uptake by <120%. Although Si application affected P uptake, yield increases were more likely associated with reduced manganese (Mn) toxicity, particularly as the P/Mn and P/iron ratios increased with increasing Si application. Further research is necessary to determine if the beneficial effects of Si application on P nutrition occur where adequate P is supplied or is limited to situations where alternate nutritional or disease limitations affect growth.     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

河西绿洲茄子铁、锰、锌肥配施量化管理指标研究

采用3因素2次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了铁、锰、锌肥配施对茄子生长的影响,得到茄子产量对3因素的回归数学模型。结果表明:3因素影响茄子产量的顺序为施锰量施铁量施锌量。各因素间存在交互作用,铁与锰、铁与锌、锰和锌在低于0.525和1.268、0.525和0.416、1.268和0.416施肥水平时对产量存在正相关关系,在分别高于以上水平时又会呈负相关关系。经过计算机模拟,得到茄子最高产量达34.62 t/hm2时,相对应的铁、锰、锌肥用量分别为47.85、35.85、6.15 kg/hm2。对试验结果进行的验证表明,构建的模型准确可靠。     

Wheat Straw Biochar Increases Potassium Concentration,Root Density,and Yield of Faba Bean in a Sandy Loam Soil

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of different irrigation levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of water requirement) and wheat straw biochar levels (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 3.75%, and 5% w/w) on faba bean yield, water productivity, root length density, and different ions concentration in soil solution, using a factorial arrangement in complete randomized design with three replications. Results showed that application of high level of biochar (5% w/w) destroyed the plants before they reached maturity. The maximum yield was obtained in 1.25% w/w biochar under full irrigation, while the maximum water productivity was obtained in 2.5% w/w biochar and 50% of water requirement. Further, the root length density in soil top layer (0–8 cm) was significantly more than those in 8–16 cm, due to holding more water content in top layer and no drainage from the pots. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions’ concentrations in soil solution were significantly increased by increasing biochar levels; however, the rate of increase in potassium was higher than other ions due to high potassium concentration in biochar in comparison with the soil. In conclusion, application of biochar in the level of 1.25% w/w is suggested as a suitable agent to decrease water consumption and improving the crop performance.     

我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况评价及影响因素

明确我国主要麦区土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量分布和影响因素，对了解麦田土壤微量元素供应能力、指导小麦丰产与优质生产至关重要。于2016—2021年连续6年，在我国17个小麦主产省/市采集1 314份耕层土壤样品，参考中国土壤有效微量元素分级标准，评价了我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌丰缺状况，并采用随机森林方法定量分析了主要土壤化学性质对铁锰铜锌有效性的贡献。结果表明，我国主要麦区土壤有效铁含量介于1.8~612 mg?kg-1，平均为49.1 mg?kg-1，8.9%的样本未达到缺铁临界值4.5 mg?kg-1，且主要集中在北方、西北麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃等地，西南和长江中下游麦区有效铁较高。土壤有效锰介于0.1~176 mg?kg-1，平均为22.1 mg?kg-1，低于缺锰临界值5 mg?kg-1的样本占6.9%，缺锰土壤分布在西北、北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等地，西南、长江中下游麦区土壤有效锰含量较高。土壤有效铜介于0.1~10.8 mg?kg-1，平均为1.9 mg?kg-1，仅1.8%样本未达到缺铜临界值0.5 mg?kg-1。土壤有效锌介于0.1~26.0 mg?kg-1，平均为1.4 mg?kg-1，14.3%的样本低于缺锌临界值0.5 mg?kg-1，主要分布在西北和北方麦区的山西、陕西、甘肃、内蒙古等省份，云南、贵州等西南麦区的有效锌较高。土壤基本化学性质中，pH对有效铁、有效锰含量影响最大，有效铁是铜有效性的重要因素，影响有效锌的主要因素是有效磷和有效铜。我国麦田土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量存在较大的区域变异，铁、锰、锌不足主要发生在北方石灰性土壤，南方麦田供应充足，几乎所有麦田土壤有效铜可满足作物铜需求。     

红壤中铝、锰和铁在酸雨作用下的释放特征

酸雨作用下红壤中Al、Mn和Fe的释放大多具有阶段性特征,旦土壤不同,其阶段性特征存在明显的差异。多数情况下同一土壤中Al和Fe的阶段性释放特征较为相似。3种元素累积释放量(Q)随淋溶量(H)的变化符合二次模型:Q=A B1H B2H2。经过9150～10650mm的酸雨淋溶以后,与对照(pH5.6)相比,pH4.5的酸雨使Al累积释放量增加8.16%～87.49%,Mn增加-4.29%～24.75%,Fe增加5.78%～86.03%;pH3.5的酸雨使Al累积释放量增加68.59%～158.60%,Mn增加26.11%～205.53%,Fe增加8.48%～138.88%。3种元素对酸雨的敏感性依次是:Al>Fe>Mn。其累积释放量在不同土壤之间表现出基本一致的特点:Al和Mn的释放量较为接近,且远远大于Fe的释放量。     

温室蔬菜栽培对土壤DTPA浸提态铁锰铜锌含量的影响

对沈阳市大民屯镇蔬菜生产基地温室番茄栽培条件下0~30 cm土层土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素含量的调查表明,温室土壤DTPA浸提态Mn、Cu、Zn含量高于相邻的露地菜田,0~20 cm土层DTPA-Fe含量低于露地土壤。与露地菜田相比,高量施肥条件下温室土壤DTPA-Zn富集是微量元素变化的一个主要特征,11年和5年温室土壤0~20 cm土层DTPA-Zn平均含量分别是露地菜田的4.0和4.8倍。温室栽培条件下高量施用有机肥、土壤pH降低及土壤Eh变化是引起土壤DTPA浸提态微量元素变化的主要因素。     

Agronomic Efficiency of Feldspar,Quartz Silica,and Zeolite as Silicon (Si) Fertilizers in Sandy Soil

ABSTRACT

Partial replacement of synthetic chemical fertilizers by naturally occurring alternatives is environmentally recommended. Feldspars (F), quartz silica (S), and zeolites (Z) are silicon (Si)-rich minerals that may be utilized as Si fertilizers. This study aims to assess the agronomic efficiency (AE) of the mentioned minerals as Si fertilizers and to estimate Si-use efficiency (Si-UE) in sandy soil. A field experiment was carried out (summer seasons of 2016 and 2017) in which F, S, and Z were mixed with surface soil in an application rate 500 mg kg^?1 soil with and without potassium humate (K-H, 2 mg kg^?1 soil). Treatments were distributed in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates including control before cultivation of soybean (Glycine max L.). Yield (kg ha^?1) of soybean, available Si (mg kg^?1) in soil and uptake (mg kg^?1) of N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Si by soybean seeds and straw were estimated. The most significant increase was by 67.87% followed by 38.69% was recorded for the S and S K-H treatments, compared to the control. Same treatments showed nonsignificant decrease in the available Si (mg kg^?1) that may refer to partial replenishment of plant available Si (PAS) in soil and avoid significant deficiency. Silica treatments resulted in the most significant increase in the uptake (mg kg^?1 soil) of Si, N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by seeds and almost by straw. Silica was more efficient agronomically than feldspar and zeolite. Absorption of more biocompatible Si-organo species may depend on Si source.     

Transformations and Availability of Iron to Wheat as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manganese Fertilization in a Typic Haplustept Soil

An investigation was conducted using Typic Haplustept, sandy loam soil, to investigate the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and manganese (Mn) fertilization on native iron (Fe) pools in soil and their availability to wheat (cv. PBW-343) crop. Phosphorus fertilization moved Fe from residual mineral fraction of Fe to manganese oxides (MnOX), organic matter (OM), amorphous (AMPOX), and crystalline (CRYOX) Fe and Al oxide fractions. However, Mn application decreased specifically adsorbed (SAD)–Fe and CRYOX–Fe but increased OM–Fe and mineral fraction of Fe. Available Fe in soil decreased as Olsen P and P:Mn ratio increased in the soil. Higher Olsen P (>60 mg P kg^?1soil) reduced mean Fe uptake by shoot. P content and P:Mn ratio in soil as well as in root and shoot were inversely related to Fe concentration in both the plant parts. The role of soil Fe associated with oxides and organic matter was found most notable in Fe nutrition of wheat.     

Aluminum,Ca, and Mn Concentrations in Macadamia Seedlings as Affected by Soil Acidity and Liming

Abstract

Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) is increasingly becoming an important tree crop in many parts of the world. However, knowledge about the plant's nutritional behavior, especially under adverse soil conditions, has been deficient. To address this deficiency, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Al, Mn and Ca (soil acidity and liming) on macadamia seedlings. Three soils having different mineralogy and fertility were used; soil pH was adjusted based on lime requirement curves so that several pH levels ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 were obtained for each soil. Chemical composition of the soil solution and of recently fully mature leaves was monitored periodically to assess the growth response.

Results suggested that Al was detrimental to physiological processes of macadamia seedlings when leaf Al was greater than 275 mg kg and soil‐solution Al exceeded 1.2 mg L^‐1. Furthermore, Al seemed to have reduced Mn uptake by the plant, although macadamia could accumulate as much as 1200 mg Mn kg^‐1 in leaves without apparent toxic symptoms. The internal Ca requirement of the plant was not clearly defined; however, maximum growth could be expected when soil solutions contained 160 mg Ca L^‐1 , which corresponded to 0.9 cmol(+)kg^‐1 of exchangeable Ca (or 10% of CEC) in a highly weathered Oxisol.     

Soil Phosphorus Fractions in a Sandy Typic Hapludaft as Affected by Phosphorus Fertilization and Grapevine Cultivation Period

The purpose of this study was to quantify the phosphorus (P) fractions in phosphate-fertilized sandy soils under grapevines. Soil was sampled from a grassland site and two vineyards (13 and 31 years old) in the State Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from the layers 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and 20–40 cm deep. The samples were prepared and P fractions were assessed by chemical fractionation. Phosphate fertilization of the vineyard soils increased P contents to a depth of 40 cm, especially in the more recalcitrant fractions but detectable in the more labile fractions as well, which are plant available and may increase the risk of environmental contamination. Phosphate fertilizers and the period of grapevine cultivation had little effect on the levels of organic P forms, whereas cover crops in vineyards could be an appropriate strategy to increase or maintain the levels of soil organic matter and the levels of organic P over the years.     

浓度与pH互作下表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂（EGCG）对黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移的影响

对淋溶环境下黄壤的Al、Fe、Mn浓度进行分析,探讨浓度与pH互作下表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)对黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移的影响。采用二因素四水平完全随机试验,用48个不同浓度和pH组合的EGCG溶液对黄壤进行间歇淋溶,测定淋出液中Al、Fe、Mn浓度,分析黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量和迁移过程。结果表明,黄壤Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量在浓度与pH互作下均有显著差异;高浓度(5.00mmol/L)高pH(5.5)EGCG溶液有利于Al和Fe的迁移,迁移总量分别为180.24mg/L和41.15mg/L;而EGCG溶液在高浓度(5.00mmol/L)低pH(3.5)时有利于Mn的迁移,其迁移总量为4.50mg/L;Al、Fe、Mn迁移总量在浓度与pH互作下主要表现为AlFeMn。随着淋溶的进行,淋出液中Al和Mn浓度在中后期(大致在第8次取样后)均逐渐降低;但随着中、高浓度(1.00,5.00mmol/L)高pH(5.5)、高浓度(5.00mmol/L)中pH(4.5)的EGCG溶液淋溶的进行,淋出液Fe浓度先增加后降低;当EGCG浓度与低pH(3.5)互作时,淋出液Fe浓度随淋溶的进行整体呈现明显的升高趋势。EGCG溶液的淋溶对土壤Al/Mn毒的治理有一定效果,且淋溶前期的效果更明显,但EGCG溶液不具备同时经济高效治理土壤Al/Mn毒的优势。     

秸秆和植被覆盖对江苏滨海盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

研究秸秆覆盖和植被(田菁)覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg~(-1)的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明:秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量(27.58%)显著高于田菁覆盖(26.70%)和裸地(26.61%),后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程(EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系)可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae~(bx)(P0.01)。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。     

施用钢渣对土壤和水稻植株中硅、铁、锰的影响

盆栽试验结果表明:施用钢渣降低了土壤水溶态硅、DTPA-Fe、DTPA-Mn的含量,其效果随钢渣用量的增加而更为显著。但在钢渣用量一定时,却以中等粒度(60目)处理降低程度最大。施用钢渣还可以提高水稻植株体内硅的含量,降低水稻植株体内铁和锰的含量,其效果随钢渣用量增加或粒度变细而更为明显。     

鸡粪等有机肥料的养分释放及对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响

采用室内培养法研究鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料的矿化率和速效氮、磷、钾养分释放特性,并探讨施用有机肥料对土壤有效铜、锌、铁、锰含量的影响。结果表明,鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等畜禽有机肥料当季(120d)有机碳矿化率分别为87．5％、71．9％和55．4％,碱解氮释放量分别为39．9％、20．6％和35．3％,速效磷释放量分别为24．6％、61．3％和34．8％,速效钾释放量分别为78．8％、36．8％和41．5％。供试条件下土壤有效铜、锰含量增加,但有效锌含量降低,施用鸡粪可使土壤有效铁含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪则使土壤有效铁含量降低。