Comparative Evaluation of Animal Manures and Their Ashes on Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity in some Southwestern Nigerian Soils

To promote the use of animal waste in agriculture and prevent environmental pollution, an alternative product from the waste should be appraised. This necessitated the study to characterize animal manure ashes and determine its effect on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) dynamics. Dried manures of cattle, goat, and poultry, their ashes, and nitrogen (N)–phosphorus?–potassium were applied to soil at 120 kg N ha^?1.? Soils collected fortnightly were analyzed for pH and EC. Results indicated that nutrients in manure ashes were comparable to that of dried manures. Changes in pH and EC were not predictable, application of manure ash increased pH by 12% and 13%, 23% and 14%, 20% and 3% while EC increased by 616% and 109%, 1274% and 156%, 2992% and 458%, relative to dried manures and control during incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments, respectively. It was concluded that incorporation of manure ashes increased soil pH and EC although dynamics were unpredictable.     

The liming effect of five organic manures when incubated with an acid soil

A laboratory incubation experiment of 6 months duration was carried out to investigate the liming effects of five organic manures (poultry, pig, and cattle manure, soybean residues, and sewage sludge) when added to an acid soil at a rate of 10 mg g^–1. Soils were sampled after 1, 7, 13, 19, and 25 weeks of incubation. For the animal manures and sewage sludge, soil pH was highest after 1 week incubation and it declined thereafter. However, for soybean residues, pH increased over the first 7 weeks of incubation after which it declined. The decreases in pH were accompanied by accumulation of NO ‐N in the soil. The addition of organic residues to the soil resulted in decreases in the concentrations of exchangeable Al and in both total (Al_t) and monomeric (Al_mono) Al present in the soil solution. The effect was most marked for poultry manure, least marked for cattle manure, and more evident after 7 than 25 weeks incubation. Concentrations of soluble C in the soil solution were elevated in manure‐amended soils. Manure additions resulted in a decrease in the percentage of Al_t present in solution as Al_mono, and this was attributed to complexation of Al by soluble organic matter originating from the manures. It was concluded that organic wastes can act as liming materials when added to acid soils and that the resulting increase in pH and decrease in Al_mono concentrations might provide a window of opportunity for establishment and early growth of crop plants.     

Effect of Manure Types and Period of Incubation on Phosphorus-Sorption Indices of a Weathered Tropical Soil

Application of animal manures with inorganic phosphate (PO₄) fertilizer is proposed as one of the management options to improve availability and solubility of applied phosphate in weathered soil. We studied the effects of poultry, cattle, and goat manures at different incubation periods (0 to 120 days) on phosphorus (P) sorption indices of a weathered sandy clay loam soil. The soil P adsorption isotherms conformed to the H curve. Generally, the soil P-sorption efficiency decreased as the number of days of incubation increased irrespective of manure amendments. Manure application reduced the P-sorption efficiency of the soil; the lowest P-sorption efficiency was observed after 30 days of incubation. The data conformed to adsorption models in the order Temkin > Freundlich > Langmuir. Cattle, goat, and poultry manures reduced the adsorption constants in all models. Standard phosphate requirement and P-buffering capacity were also reduced with the application of the manures.     

Agronomic Evaluation of Manure Ashes: Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions,Maize (Zea mays) Yield,and Phosphorus Uptake

ABSTRACT

In order to reduce bulkiness and concentrate its nutrients, manures were burnt to ashes, and the effect of manures and their ashes on soil phosphorus fractions and maize performance in laboratory incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments was evaluated. Treatments were control, dried poultry manure (DPM), poultry manure ash, dried cattle manure (DCM), cattle manure ash (CMA), dried goat manure, goat manure ash and NPK 15-15-15, each applied at 120 kg P ha^?1. Periodic data were taken from soil P fractions, maize yield, and P uptake. Results showed that manures and their ashes increased soil P fractions in incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments. Available P and Ca-P increased with application of DPM while CMA only increased labile P, Al-P, and Fe-P at later weeks. Dry matter yield and P uptake increased with the application of manures and ashes while available P was positively correlated with P uptake. The impact of manure ashes was comparable to manures, hence recommended for use as alternatives, thereby getting rid of the problems of manure bulkiness and offensive odors.     

Nitrogen Mineralization of Two Manures as Influenced by Contrasting Application Methods under Laboratory Conditions

The decomposition and the associated nitrogen (N) dynamics of organic N sources are affected by their contact with soil. While several authors have examined the effect of surface application or incorporation of crop residues on their decomposition rate, less information is available about the relationship between the placement of animal manure and their N mineralization rate. This study investigated the influence of chicken manure and cattle manure placement on soil N mineralization. The manures were incorporated or surface applied at 175 mg N kg^?1, and N release was periodically determined over 56 days by measuring inorganic N [nitrate (NO₃ ^?) N and ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) N] in a 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) extract at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v). Results indicated that the control soil released a maximum of 64 mg N kg^?1 soil at day 21, a sixfold increase over the initial concentration, which indicates its substantial mineralization potential. Manure treatments showed an initial increase in net NO₃ ^?-N content at the start of the experiments (until day 7) before an extended period of immobilization, which ended at day 21 of the incubation. A small but positive net N mineralization of all manures was observed from 28 days of incubation. At each sampling time, the mean mineral N released from the control was significantly less (P < 0.01) than surface-applied chicken manure, incorporated chicken manure, and surface-applied cattle manure. Treatments exceptions were at days 21 and 28 where N immobilization was at its peak. In contrast, incorporation of cattle manure showed a different N-release pattern, whereby the mineral N amount was only significantly greater than the control soil at days 42 and 56 with 84 and 108 mg N kg^?1 soil respectively. Incorporation of chicken manure and cattle manure did not favor nitrification as much as surface application and cattle manure caused a much greater immobilization when incorporated than when surface applied.     

Effects of Goat Manure and Lime Addition on Phosphate Sorption by Two Soils from the Transkei Region,South Africa

More than 40% of soils in the Transkei region, South Africa, have high phosphorous (P) fixation capacities that necessitate application of high P fertilizer rates. This incubation study compared the effectiveness of goat manure (GM) and lime to minimize P sorption in two such soils. Manure application reduced P sorption in both soils, which was partly attributed to the liming effect of GM that resulted in marked reductions of exchangeable aluminum (Al). The liming effect of GM rates followed the order 20 t GM ha^?1 > 10 t GM ha^?1 > 5 t GM ha^?1. Therefore, GM can be cost‐effectively used to lime acid soils in the region and reduce their Al toxicity potential and P fertilizer requirements. Liming reduced P sorption on the Chevy Chase soil soon after application, but P sorption was reduced after 2 months on the Flagstaff soil, suggesting that the timing of liming for improved P availability could be critical for some soils.     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

Ammonia volatilization from poultry manure-amended soil

Summary Poultry manure (PM) is commonly applied to cropland as a fertilizer, usually at rates determined by the nitrogen content of the manure. Limited information is available, however, on the volatilization of ammonia from poultry manure-amended soils, despite the effect these losses may have on the fertilizer value of the manure. This study was initiated to determine the influence of incorporation and residue cover on NH₃ losses from PM-amended soils. In the first experiment, a dynamic flow technique was used to measure NH₃ losses from 18 manures applied to a bare soil surface at a rate of 12 Mg ha^-1. In the second experiment, 3 of the 18 manures were incorporated either immediately, 24 h or 72 h after application. The third experiment compared the same three manures applied to a bare soil surface or to corn or soybean residues. Surface application of the manures resulted in the loss of from 4 to 31% of the total N applied in the manures. Incorporation of the PM with soil significantly reduced NH₃ loss with the greatest decrease following immediate incorporation. Crop residues either had no effect or slightly reduced NH₃ volatilization losses relative to PM application to a bare soil surface. Ammonia volatilization was not well correlated with individual manure properties, but a multiple regression approach using manure pH and total N content offered some promise as a means to segregate manures of the basis of volatilization potential.     

Valorization of Mediterranean Livestock Manures: Composting of Rabbit and Goat Manure and Quality Assessment of the Compost Obtained

The purpose of this work was to study the viability of the composting of goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) manure (GM) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) manure (RM) and to evaluate the quality of the compost obtained. For this, a mixture of these manures was prepared at a goat/rabbit ratio of 44:56 (fresh-weight basis) and 50:50 (dry-weight basis). The mixture was composted by the Rutgers static pile composting system, with forced aeration and controlled temperature. Throughout the composting process, the temperature was monitored and physicochemical, chemical, and biological parameters were evaluated. The temperature evolution showed the suitable development of the composting process, with thermophilic values (>40 °C) maintained for more than 90 days. The finished compost had stabilized and humified organic matter. However, the pH (9.4) and the salinity (EC of 13.4 dS/m) could limit its potential agricultural use.     

Mineralization of Three Organic Manures Used as Nitrogen Source in a Soil Incubated under Laboratory Conditions

Abstract

The rate and timing of manure application when used as nitrogen (N) fertilizer depend on N‐releasing capacity (mineralization) of manures. A soil incubation study was undertaken to establish relative potential rates of mineralization of three organic manures to estimate the value of manure as N fertilizer. Surface soil samples of 0–15 cm were collected and amended with cattle manure (CM), sheep manure (SM), and poultry manure (PM) at a rate equivalent to 200 mg N kg^?1 soil. Soil without any amendment was used as a check (control). Nitrogen‐release potential of organic manures was determined by measuring changes in total mineral N [ammonium‐N+nitrate‐N (NH₄ ⁺–N+NO₃ ^?–N)], NH₄ ⁺–N, and accumulation of NO₃ ^?–N periodically over 120 days. Results indicated that the control soil (without any amendment) released a maximum of 33 mg N kg^?1soil at day 90, a fourfold increase (significant) over initial concentration, indicating that soil had substantial potential for mineralization. Soil with CM, SM, and PM released a maximum of 50, 40, and 52 mg N kg^?1 soil, respectively. Addition of organic manures (i.e., CM, SM, and PM) increased net N released by 42, 25, and 43% over the control (average). No significant differences were observed among manures. Net mineralization of organic N was observed for all manures, and the net rates varied between 0.01 and 0.74 mg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. Net N released, as percent of organic N added, was 9, 10, and 8% for CM, SM, and PM. Four phases of mineralization were observed; initial rapid release phase in 10–20 days followed by slow phase in 30–40 days, a maximum mineralization in 55–90 days, and finally a declined phase in 120 days. Accumulation of NO₃ ^?–N was 13.2, 10.6, and 14.6 mg kg^?1 soil relative to 7.4 mg NO₃ ^?–N kg^?1 in the control soil, indicating that manures accumulated NO₃ ^?–N almost double than the control. The proportion of total mineral N to NO₃ ^?–N revealed that a total of 44–61% of mineral N is converted into NO₃ ^?–N, indicating that nitrifiers were unable to completely oxidize the available NH₄ ⁺. The net rates of mineralization were highest during the initial 10–20 days, showing that application of manures 1–2 months before sowing generally practiced in the field may cause a substantial loss of mineralized N. The rates of mineralization and nitrification in the present study indicated that release of inorganic N from the organic pool of manures was very low; therefore, manures have a low N fertilizer effect in our conditions.     

The Effects of Fresh and Composted Chicken Manures on Some Soil Characteristics

The effects of fresh and composted chicken manures on some soil characteristics were investigated. Fresh and composted chicken manures were mixed with the soil at the rates of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, and then were incubated for 90 days. At the end of this incubation period, some soil physical properties closely related to soil aggregation (such as hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates, aeration porosity, and available water) and some soil chemical characteristics (such as organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity, EC) were determined. As doses of both manures in the soil mixtures increase, the amounts of water stable aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration porosity increased, whereas the available water content decreased. Increasing doses of both manures increased the amount of the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. Application of both manures to the soil increased the EC values, but it was limited in the composted chicken manure.     

Evaluation of Coconut Wastes as an Amendment to Acidic Soils in Low-Input Agricultural System

The effectiveness of plantation wastes along with locally available organic materials in ameliorating acidic soil was studied by conducting an experiment with coconut husk, poultry manure, vermicompost, and compared with limestone. Application of organic amendments significantly increased the soil pH, and it was greatest in poultry manure–amended soils followed by vermicompost and coconut husk + poultry manure treatments. The relative liming efficiency was greatest for poultry manure through out the observation period of 180 days. The coconut husk alone showed the least liming effect and its liming efficiency had increased when applied in combination with poultry manure and or vermicompost. This increase in soil pH was mirrored by significant reductions in exchange acidity, exchangeable aluminum (Al³⁺), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable iron (Fe²⁺), and manganese (Mn²⁺) and increases in cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases, especially calcium (Ca), and Olsen-extractable phosphorus (P) by addition of organic amendments and lime. This study indicated the potential of using coconut husk along with poultry manure for managing acidic soils in low-input agricultural systems, especially in tropical islands.     

Influence of poultry manure–derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a calcareous soil

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of poultry manure (PM) and its derived biochars on chemical properties of a calcareous soil. PM and biochars prepared at 200°C (B200), 300°C (B300) and 400°C (B400) were applied to a calcareous soil at 2% level (w/w) and incubated for 150 days. Selected soil chemical properties and phosphorous, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper availability and recovery were determined at 1, 15, 45 and 150 days of incubation. Soil nutrients availability, organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by addition of all organic substances. Biochars prepared at higher temperatures were more effective in increasing soil OC with higher durability compared to other treatments. The addition of PM and B200 decreased soil pH, whereas B400 increased it. Although the highest soil EC was observed in B300- and B400-treated samples in the early stages of incubation, the rate of increase in soil EC was higher for PM- and B200-treated soils compared to other treatments. It was concluded that biochar prepared at 300°C had the highest positive effect on nutrients availability and lasts longer in calcareous soil compared to the other produced biochars and PM.     

Influence of different mulch treatments on growth rate and activity of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg)

Growth characteristics of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae and the impac of its activity on soil properties were studied in soil culture. The highest growth rate, fecundity and total weight increase were recorded in cassava mulch, compared with cocoyam mulch, grass and plantain pseudo trunk mulch treatments. With animal manure treatments, growth rate was highest in poultry manure compared with cow and goat manures although total weight increases were highest in poultry and goat manures and lowest in cow manure. The worm activity expressed as percentage reduction of soil bulk density was greatest in cassava mulch followed by grass mulch, cocoyam mulch and plantain pseudo trunk mulch in that order. Various animal manures did not differ in this aspect. Total soil N and soil organic matter increased significantly in cassava and grass mulch treatmens while in plantain pseudo trunk mulch these factors decreased. Soil pH increased in cocoyam and plantain mulch treatments and decreased in cassava and grass mulch treatments.     

Effect of Mixing Pine Needles Litters on Soil Biological Properties and Phosphorus Availability in Soil Amended with Fertilizers and Manures

Effect of different manures and pine needles application on soil biological properties and phosphorus availability was evaluated in sandy loam soils. Fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); Sesbania aculeata green manure (GM); farm yard manure (FYM); and vermicompost (VC) were applied alone or in combination with pine needles. Microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly due to manures and NPK. Pine needles reduced the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity in FYM and VC but increased in NPK and GM. Acid phosphatase activities were found to be significantly increased by pine needles application in NPK, FYM, VC, and GM as compared to without pine needles counterparts. No significant differences were found in soil solution phosphorus in manure treated soil due to pine needle application, but phosphorus uptake was reduced significantly in these treatments. Pine needles application clearly influenced the soil biological properties without any perceptible effect on nutrient release from the manures.     

在含盐新成土上施加有机肥和化学改良剂对土壤性质和作物产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years in a farmer‘s field at Haji Mora Village, Dera Ismail Khan (D.I. Khan) in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan to compare various management practices, such as the effect of various organic manures and gypsum in a rice-wheat cropping system on a saline-sodic Entisol (Zindani soil series). The treatments consisted of 1) a control (rice-wheat), 2) gypsum, 3) farmyard manure (FYM), 4) berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) as green manure (GM), and 5) dhancha (Sesbania sp.) as GM. All treatments increased yields of both rice and wheat significantly (P (0.01) over the control, with the green manure treatments proving more economical than the others; while they decreased pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil. Saturation percentage and available water of the soil were raised for all treatments due to an increase in organic matter content of the soil.     

有机肥在侵蚀退化土壤生产力恢复中的作用研究

风蚀土壤施用不同有机肥和化肥的作物反应以及土壤生产力恢复效果的试验在温室条件下进行,旨在探讨经济高效恢复风蚀退化土壤的生产力的有机肥种类。结果表明,猪粪、鸡粪、腐熟牛粪对表土完全损失的土壤生产力恢复效果最好;新鲜牛粪的作物产量较低,宜腐熟后施用;苜蓿、兵豆、燕麦青体和麦秸有效磷低,短期内恢复土壤生产力的效果差;磷肥容易被高钙底土固定,效果低于有机肥。鸡粪中磷的有效性高,猪粪供磷多,腐热牛粪供磷稳,而麦秸含有效磷最少。有机肥除了提供丰富的磷素,还有保护其磷素免被土壤固定,促进作物吸收利用的作用。有机肥中的Olsen-P和树脂磷与生物产量相关性极显著,Olsen-P作为有机肥培育土壤的有效磷指标比树脂磷更适用。     

农业废弃物及其制备的生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良作用

The liming potential of some crop residues and their biochars on an acid Ultisol was investigated using incubation experiments. Rice hulls showed greater liming potential than rice hull biochar, while soybean and pea straws had less liming potential than their biochars. Due to their higher alkalinity, biochars from legume materials increased soil pH much compared to biochars from non-legume materials. The alkalinity of biochars was a key factor aflecting their liming potential, and the greater alkalinity of biochars led to greater reductions in soil acidity. The incorporation of biochars decreased soil exchangeable acidity and increased soil exchangeable base cations and base saturation, thus improving soil fertility.     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

Changes in the chemical properties of acid soil and aggregate stability in the whole profile under long-term management history

ABSTRACT

The effects of long-term (1959–2005) liming in combination with cattle manure application on the chemical properties and aggregate stability of acid soil were investigated in the whole soil profile to a 100 cm depth. Investigations were performed in a long-term liming and fertilizing field trial at Vezaiciai Branch of Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry situated in West Lithuania. The soil of the study site is Bathygleyic Distric Glossic Retisol (WRB 2014) with a texture of moraine loam. Acid soil had been periodically limed and manured at different intensity for 47 years. The experiment involved the following treatments: (1) unlimed and unfertilized (control); (2) unlimed and 60 t ha^?1 manure; (3) limed and unfertilized; and (4) limed and 60 t ha^?1 manure. During the 47-year period, liming was performed using pulverized limestone at a rate 1.0 (by hydrolytic soil acidity) every 7 years. During the whole study period, the soil received 38.7–36.5 t ha^?1 CaCO₃; 840 t ha^?1 cattle manure, 2740 kg ha^?1 mineral nitrogen; 3030 kg ha^?1 phosphorus and 3810?kg?ha^?1 potassium. The data showed that long-term (47 years) periodic liming of different intensities in combination with cattle manure application significantly changed the chemical properties of the whole soil profile. The soil acidification was neutralized in the topsoil and subsoil to the 60?cm depth when the soil had been systematically limed with 1.0 rate every 7 years in combination with 60?t?ha^?1 manure application every 3–4 years. Periodic long-term liming in combination with manuring had a positive effect on the improvement of chemical properties of acid soil profile in the ElB₁ and ElB₂ horizons. The data of the soil structure in the topsoil and subsoil showed that such liming practice together with manuring had a positive effect on soil aggregate stability.