熏蒸条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长及养分利用的影响

基于田间大棚试验,采用等量养分原则,分析生物有机肥、蚯蚓粪、鸡粪等不同有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长、产量、品质以及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机肥部分替代化肥均不同程度提高了西瓜叶绿素含量、光合性能、产量及品质,其中以蚯蚓粪与化肥配施效果最佳,其光合性能显著高于单施化肥,产量提高了33.63%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及维生素C含量分别增加了14.07%,14.47%和17.52%。有机肥部分替代化肥施肥处理的肥料利用率高于单施化肥,土壤养分元素依存率低于单施化肥,以蚯蚓粪配施化肥作用效果最为显著,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为26.02%,5.67%和29.89%,土壤氮、磷、钾素依存率分别为20.96%,20.32%和31.55%。熏蒸处理的西瓜枯萎病发病率整体低于未熏蒸处理,其中熏蒸条件下蚯蚓粪部分替代化肥施肥处理西瓜发病率最低,仅为4.76%。     

鸡粪配施尿素对扁豆根际微环境特征及产量、品质的影响

[目的]探讨鸡粪配施尿素对扁豆根际微环境特征及产量、品质的作用效果,为提高农田土壤质量管理以及扁豆种植的优化施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过连续4a的大田试验,研究了CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(纯施尿素)、CM(纯施鸡粪)和CM+CF(鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)处理对扁豆根际中根系分泌物含量、微生物数量、微生物多样性及产量、品质的影响。[结果]同纯施尿素处理相比,鸡粪和尿素各半处理根系分泌物中氨基酸总量、有机酸总量和总糖含量分别提高61.91%,43.03%和31.18%;细菌数、放线菌数和微生物量碳、氮含量明显增加。同时,CM+CF处理的微生物多样性指数最高,并与微生物总量的变化趋势一致,而CF与CK处理的微生物多样性指数与微生物总量的变化趋势不一致。此外,CM+CF处理扁豆产量分别较CK,CF和CM处理提高65.20%,28.15%和8.24%,并使扁豆荚果的Vc、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量分别较CF处理提高45.55%,36.35%和43.23%。与CM+CF处理相比,纯施鸡粪处理对根际和扁豆产量、品质的影响效果较小。[结论]鸡粪与尿素配施措施能促使扁豆根系分泌物的增多以及根际微生物数量和微生物多样性指数的提高,有助于增强土壤的供肥性能,并促进扁豆生长的高产优质。     

沼液与化肥配合基施对大棚番茄产量和品质的影响

采用不同比例沼液与化肥配合做基肥施用来研究沼液施用对番茄产量和品质的影响,以期为沼液的资源化合理利用提供理论参考。基于N平衡原理,本研究采用完全随机区组设计,共设计了7个基肥处理,分别为CK(空白)、CF(常规施肥)、HF(化肥)、ZF(沼液)、ZF80%+HF20%(80%沼液+20%化肥)、ZF50%+HF50%(50%沼液+50%化肥)、ZF20%+HF80%(20%沼液+80%化肥)。研究结果表明,与化肥处理相比,在番茄定植后的40和80 d沼液配施所占的比例越大,其对土壤有效养分和有机质含量抑制作用越强,但在番茄定植后160 d沼液对土壤有效养分和有机质含量却有明显的促进作用。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄叶片叶绿素含量,其中以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,且在番茄定植后的40、80、160 d分别比CF和HF处理提高了19.60%、11.91%、2.92%和184.25%、23.08%、35.03%。沼液与化肥配施还提高了土壤阳离子交换量和重金属含量,且含量的高低与沼液施用量呈正相关关系。沼液与化肥配施提高了番茄果实中Vc和可溶性糖含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,虽然ZF处理中检测到重金属,但均未超过国家标准,可以忽略不计。番茄产量以ZF80%+HF20%处理最高,分别是CK、CF、HF、ZF、ZF50%+HF50%和ZF20%+HF80%处理的2.58、1.05、1.02、1.05、1.01和1.01倍。综合分析认为,ZF80%+HF20%能明显提高土壤养分含量,改善土壤生态环境,促进番茄产量提高和品质改善。     

Comparative Effectiveness of Organic-Based Fertilizer To Mineral Fertilizer on Tomato Growth and Fruit Yield

The effect of three different organic based fertilizers (OBF) was compared to conventional chemical fertilizer on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The OBF is composted plant material fortified with poultry manure. The compost used was made from Maize (MP), guinea grass (GP) and cowpea (CP) stovers in combination with poultry manure in ratio 3:1 by weight. Two rates of each compost type (4t/ha, and 2t/ha + 30kgN/ha), the recommended rate of mineral fertilizer (i.e. 60kg N/ha) and nonfertilizer control plants constituted the treatments. Chemical analysis of the matured composts showed that CP compost produced the highest N while MP compost gave the best P, K, Ca and Mg. Compost type significantly influenced growth and yield characteristics with MP compost either at 4t/ha or 2t/ha + 30kgNha consistently producing the best results with significantly higher marketable fruit yield than the nonfertilized plants. The OBF was highly effective on crop performance and was favorably comparable with the chemical fertilizer. Irrespective of the compost type, OBF significantly increased dry matter and fresh fruit yield by 29.6% and 36.3% respectively and was well compared with applying 60kgN/ha in form of chemical fertilizer. Hence, the idea of OBF is a worthwhile venture in boosting agricultural production in Nigeria.     

微生物菌肥菌剂对番茄生长发育和产量品质的影响

为了探究微生物菌肥和微生物菌剂对番茄生长发育和产量品质的影响,以“桃星”番茄为试验对象,设置普通商品有机肥+灭菌后的微生物菌剂(CK)、普通商品有机肥+微生物菌剂(T1)、微生物菌肥+灭菌后的微生物菌剂(T2)、微生物菌肥+微生物菌剂(T3)4个处理。在膨果初期测定番茄植株株高、茎粗和叶片SPAD值,膨果期计算番茄每层膨果挂果数、产量和品质(可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、糖酸比和Vc含量)。结果表明,微生物菌肥能显著地促进番茄植株生长发育,施用微生物菌肥的处理(T2和T3)的植株茎粗均达到13 mm以上,株高比对照(CK)稍有增加;微生物菌肥+微生物菌剂(T3)增产效果最好,总产量较对照(CK)提高13.6%;第3-5膨果期果实的可溶性固形物较对照分别提高了3.21%,3.87%和4.55%,糖酸比分别较对照提高了7.63%,10.1%和12.9%,Vc含量分别较对照提高了6.27%、7.67%和8.10%。综上,施用微生物菌肥和菌剂能促进番茄植株生长,增加番茄产量,提高果实品质,对产量和品质的促进作用在番茄挂果期的中后期表现出来。     

产CO2气肥残余物对番茄产量和品质的影响

为通过田间试验,研究和比较了商品有机肥和产CO_2气肥残余物对番茄生长和品质的影响。试验结果表明,施用商品有机肥和产CO_2气肥残余物均可促进番茄产量的增加,分别较CK处理增加了24.02%和28.59%,但二者之间没有达到显著性差异;通过对各处理中番茄品质指标的结果分析,可以得知,产CO_2气肥残余物显著降底了番茄坏果率,比有机肥和CK处理分别降低了18.18%和33.33%。产CO_2气肥残余物促进了番茄可溶性糖和维生素C含量的提升。由此可知,产CO_2气肥残余物较商品有机肥,可以增加番茄产量、显著降低番茄果实坏果率并改善番茄果实的品质。     

不同施肥处理对番茄产量品质及土壤有效态重金属含量的影响

以露地番茄（Solanum lycopersicom L.）为试材,进行了施用有机肥、无机肥及有机无机肥配施对番茄产量、品质和土壤有效态重金属含量的影响研究。结果表明,在施氮量相同条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施番茄产量增幅较大,以6∶4养分配施比例产量最高,总产量比对照提高了15.6%。施用无机肥番茄果实可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量较高,维生素C含量以施用有机肥处理的最高;番茄果实的营养品质和口感以施用有机肥处理的最佳。番茄果实中可溶性糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律与肥料施用无相关性,可能是受番茄产量高低的影响。施用有机肥番茄果实硝酸盐含量明显低于施用无机肥和有机无机肥配施处理,亚硝酸盐含量则以施用无机肥和低有机肥配施量处理的含量较低。施肥有明显降低番茄果实Hg含量的作用,但却提高了Pb和As含量,对Cu、Zn和Cd含量的影响较小;施用有机肥可显著降低番茄果实Cr含量。施肥提高了土壤有效态Zn和Cd含量,降低了土壤有效态Pb含量,对土壤有效态Cr和As含量的影响较小;施用有机肥使土壤有效态Cu含量显著降低,而使土壤有效态Hg的含量提高;施用无机肥可提高土壤有效态Cu的含量。不同施肥处理番茄果实重金属含量变化与土壤有效态重金属含量变化不一致的主要原因,可能是由于施肥改变了番茄的生物产量,从而产生对植株吸收重金属元素的生物稀释作用造成。各试验处理番茄果实硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐及重金属含量均远低于国家蔬菜或食品中污染物限量标准,说明合理施用有机肥、无机肥和有机无机肥配施不会造成番茄果实硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及重金属污染。     

Vermicompost improves microbial functions of soil with continuous tomato cropping in a greenhouse

Purpose

At present, the improvement of soil microbial function by the application of vermicompost in long-term monoculture system is rarely reported. We took advantage of a greenhouse pot experiment that examined the effects of vermicompost on soil microbial properties, enzyme activities, and tomato yield.

Materials and methods

Three soils subjected to 0, 5, and 20 years of continuous tomato cropping in a greenhouse were collected for a pot experiment. Treatments include chemical fertilizer (CF), vermicompost (VM), and poultry manure compost (PM). No fertilization was established as a control (CK). Biolog Eco microplates were used to measure soil microbial function.

Results and discussion

The results showed that compared to the CF and PM treatments, the VM treatment increased the abundances of bacteria (Bac, average 41% and 103%, respectively) and actinomycetes (Act, average 8.59% and 16.36%, respectively), while decreased the abundance of fungi (Fun, average 39% and 29%, respectively), and had the highest ratio of bacteria to fungi. Soil microbial activity, which was represented as the average well color development (AWCD), and microbial functional diversity were higher in the VM treatment than in the CF and PM treatments. The VM treatment led to greater improvement in soil health than the PM treatment, which expressed as the higher utilization of carboxylic acids and phenolic compounds in each type of soil. Catalase (Cat) and polyphenoloxidase (Ppo) activities in the VM treatment were significantly higher than those in the CF and PM treatments. We also found that the soil Cat activity, pH, available P, acid phosphatase (Pac) activity, and Ppo activity were important contributors to variation in the microbial population. Moreover, compared to CK, fruit yield in the VM treatment increased by 74%, 43%, and 28% in soils subjected to 0, 5, and 20 years of planting, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that vermicompost can replace poultry manure compost to improve soil quality in greenhouse due to the ability of vermicompost to improve soil microbial functions.

     

不同有机肥处理对黄冠梨生长及果园土壤性状的影响

为探明不同有机肥对梨树生长和果园土壤生物性状的影响,通过田间小区试验研究了不施肥处理(CK)、传统施肥(TF)、生物有机肥(BOF)、鸡粪堆肥(CM)及有机无机复混肥(CF)对黄冠梨树地上部生长、产量和品质、土壤微生物量碳氮和矿质态氮含量动态变化的影响.结果表明,(1)各处理均增加了叶面积、百叶重及新梢长度,果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比也有不同程度提高,其中BOF处理效果最好,与CK相比BOF处理单果重和产量分别增加了17.4％和33.9％;(2)与CK和TF相比,其它有机肥处理在整个生育期均增加了土壤微生物数量及微生物量碳氮含量,且两者呈先增加后下降趋势;(3)梨园土壤中的矿质态氮以硝态氮为主,从萌芽期至二次膨大期各施肥处理矿质态氮含量逐渐下降,降幅为78.9％～88.7％,成熟期BOF处理的土壤矿质态氮含量高于其它处理.可见,施用有机肥可以促进树体生长,提高土壤微生物数量,改善土壤供氮特性.     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产,还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理,及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料,在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK),100%化肥氮 (CF),100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM),100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC),50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下,与CF处理相比,FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高,其中FM处理显著增产13.2%,PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高,两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2,较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%;PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比,FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05),PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期,FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高,与 CF 无显著差异;在成熟期,FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%,而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外,施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,与CF处理相比,PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%;FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比,50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量,还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异,但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量,有利于土壤培肥,而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

Compost Amendment to Sandy Soil Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Tomato Productivity

Sandy soils, with low productivity, could be improved by compost application to sustain crop production. This study aimed to examine the effect of three compost types (vegetable, fruit and yard waste compost, garden waste compost, and spent mushroom compost) on basic properties of a loamy sand and greenhouse tomato productivity. Disturbed and intact soil samples were taken from a decade-long compost field experiment on loamy sand with three compost types at application rate of 30 m³ ha^?1 yr^?1 (7.5 ton ha^?1 yr^?1). The soils were characterized for chemical and physical properties. Tomato was planted in a greenhouse using soil samples from the field and vegetative and yield parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and fruit yield), water productivity, and harvest index were evaluated. All compost types significantly increased soil total carbon, total nitrogen, pH, electrical conductivity and significantly decreased bulk density, with no effect on plant available water compared to the control. Fresh and dry fruit weights were significantly increased after compost addition. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and total biomass did not significantly improve after compost addition. Spent mushroom compost had greater effect in improving tomato productivity. A decade-long application of composts on loamy sand improved basic chemical and physical properties which were reflected in increased fruit yield in tomato. Since no negative effect of compost was observed, we suggest that sandy soils may serve as a safe end use option for these composts and potentially support crop growth.     

不同堆肥原料的有机无机复合肥对油菜生长及土壤供氮特性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了采用猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥和鸡粪堆肥为原料制成的有机无机复合肥与无机复合肥等氮量施入对油菜产量、氮素利用率、土壤供氮特征以及土壤微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理油菜籽产量均显著高于对照的油菜籽产量。与化肥处理比较,三种堆肥原料的有机无机复合肥的油菜籽产量显著高于化肥处理,较化肥增产12.7%～33.2%。各有机无机复合肥处理均能增加油菜单株有效角果数。三种有机无机复合肥处理均能显著促进油菜对氮素的吸收,从而提高了氮素利用率。与化肥处理和不施肥处理比较,三种堆肥原料的有机无机复合肥处理能够明显提高土壤有效态氮的含量,调节土壤氮素的释放速度。采用邻接法分析各处理土壤DNA条带表明:5个处理土壤样品的细菌群落共分为三大族群,化肥处理与对照处理为一种族群,中药渣处理为一种族群,猪粪处理和鸡粪处理属一种族群。说明施入外源有机物质(猪粪、鸡粪与中药渣)可能改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小。     

Municipal Waste and Poultry Manure Compost Affect Biomass Production,Nitrate Reductase Activity and Heavy Metals in Tomato Plants

Organic wastes can be usefully recovered to produce organic amendments, for example, compost, to be used for crop production, thus reducing impacts through efficient waste management. The aim of this work was to study the effects of compost obtained from municipal waste in combination with poultry manure on plant growth, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and absorption and distribution of heavy metals (HM) in plant tissues of tomatoes, grown in pots in greenhouses. Two compost types obtained from municipal waste mixed with poultry manure (C1?=?3:2 and C2?=?2:3) were used at two different ages (105 d and 173 d) and at two mix rates with soil (32.5?g pot^?1 and 65?g pot^?1); soil with no compost amendment was used as control. The experiment was conducted using tomato plants in pots and plant growth and nutrient plant uptake was determined after 65?days from plant transplanting. Results obtained indicated that compost type and compost rate affected biomass production. However, compost age did not influence the development of plants. Nutrient status of tomato plants was also investigated with reference to the N cycle. Nitrite accumulation in the leaves increased with the increase in compost doses. The accumulation of NO₂^? was associated with a significant increase in NR activity. HM content in leaves decreased with compost use. HM accumulated preferentially in roots and leaves and the soil to root metals transfer was in this order: Fe (1.08–2.14)> Co (0.53–4.10)>Cu (0.28–2.28) >Mn (0.3–1.34) >Zn (0.87–1.21)>Cr (0.12–1.64). The highest and lowest dynamic bioaccumulation factors (BAF_dyn) were observed in roots and stems, respectively. The root system acted as a barrier for Cd and Pb. It was concluded that compost use is beneficial for tomato plants, with particular reference to the compost obtained by using a higher amount of poultry manure (C2) in the mix.     

MSW Compost Application on Tomato Crops in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Agronomic Performance and Nitrogen Utilization

A two-year field experiment (2001 and 2003) was carried out in a Mediterranean environment to study the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost application compared with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization on the agronomic performance and N utilization of a tomato crop, in rotation with durum wheat. The research was conducted in the south of Italy where five N treatments and two soil tillage depths (40-45 cm and 10-15 cm) were compared. The N treatments were: MSW compost at 140 kg ha^?1 (Ncom); mineral N fertilizer at 140 kg ha^?1 (Nmin); MSW compost combined with mineral N fertilizer (Nmix) (70 kg ha^?1 as organic N plus 70 kg ha^?1 as mineral N); mineral N fertilizer at 70 kg ha^?1 combined with two applications of foliar fertilizer (Nfito) (3 kg ha^?1 as hydrolyzed proteins), and an untreated control (Contr). During cropping cycles, growth parameters and plant N status (SPAD readings and petiole nitrate content) were determined; at harvest the marketable, overripe, green fruit, total yield, yield components, quality performance, total and fruit N uptake, and N efficiency were recorded. In addition, at the beginning and at the end of the two-year experiment, soil chemical characteristics and mineral N was measured, allowing for the calculation of the mineral N deficit in the soil. The results of this research indicate that the application of MSW compost to tomato plants can serve as a N source in Mediterranean conditions, especially when MSW compost is combined with mineral N fertilizer and deeper soil tillage is applied. In fact, deeper soil tillage increased total yield 7.0 t ha^?1 compared to surface tillage, whereas soil amended with MSW compost increased total yield compared to the untreated control by approximately 6.4% when used alone and 11.1% when combined with mineral N fertilizer. Nitrogen utilization parameters and Harvest Index varied significantly across years and N treatments. Petiole nitrate content and SPAD readings did not vary between Nmin and Nmix treatments, but they were significantly different from the untreated control. This indicates that plant N status was an effective tool to monitor N supply. After the two-year experiment, the Nmix treatment was statistically not significant in total yield (86.1 and 88.2 t ha^?1, respectively), marketable yield (66.9 and 67.7 t ha^?1) and quality compared to the Nmin treatment. Furthermore, the Nmix treatment ensured the least N deficit in the soil, indicating that MSW applications were effectively used as alternative organic supplements. Finally, the results indicated a positive effect of MSW application on organic carbon content in the soil and did not show any significant increase of the heavy metals at the end of the two-year experiment.     

生物有机肥对番茄青枯病的防效及对土壤微生物的影响

以腐熟有机肥为载体,添加功能复合菌剂制成生物有机肥（BOF）,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了该生物有机肥对番茄青枯病的防效和对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥可显著降低青枯病的发生,在对照（CK）防效指定为0时,BOF处理达到69%,比化肥（CF）、有机肥（OF）处理分别提高了21%和14%;在有效养分低于CF处理的情况下,BOF处理的株高、茎粗、干重分别增加了15%、26.1%、23.7%,达到显著水平,表现出显著的促生效果。生物有机肥影响根际土壤中青枯菌和主要微生物菌群数量,施用BOF后,土壤中细菌和放线菌数量增加,而青枯菌数量则明显下降,在前期达到显著水平。番茄移栽后第40d的Biolog分析结果表明,施用BOF可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源尤其是土壤中胺类碳源的利用率。盆栽试验表明生物有机肥能调控土壤微生物群落结构,增强土壤微生物生态系统的稳定性和抑病性,从而提高土壤质量,减少病害的发生。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

Utilization of Sugarcane Compost as a Soil Amendment In a Tomato Production System

Sugarcane filtercake (a waste by-product of sugarcane processing) compost was evaluated as a partial substitute for inorganic fertilizer in a fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crop production system. Plots receiving fertilization rates of 0, 50, or 100% (153N-134P- 280K, kg ha^?1) of a typical commercial application were amended with or without compost (188 t ha^?1). Tomato (cv. Sunny) seedlings were transplanted in the center of each raised bed. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with the six compost/fertilization treatments replicated four times. Plant height (22 days after transplanting), stem diameter and shoot weight (just after final harvest), fruit yields, and fruit size were measured for each plot. Plants grown with no fertilization were taller (22 days after transplanting) in plots amended with than without compost, but not at 50 or 100% fertilization rates. Plots that were amended with compost had plants with heavier shoots (kg/plant), thicker stems, higher total and early marketable fruit number and weight and larger fruit size than plots not amended with compost, regardless of fertilization rates. These results suggest that sugarcane filtercake compost can serve as a partial substitute for inorganic fertilizer while maintaining or improving tomato fruit yields and size.     

不同施肥处理对梁平柚产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响

通过连续3 a (2014—2017年)的田间试验,以10 a生梁平柚为研究对象,研究不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(CF+OF)和单施有机肥(OF)下梁平柚产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,在不同施肥处理中,CF+OF、OF和CF的单果重均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但CF+OF的柚子单株果实数最高,柚子产量分别高出OF、CF和CK 8.2%、31.2%和11.82%;CF+OF处理中,柚子果实中的果汁含量、总糖、游离氨基酸和维生素C比CK分别提高20.40%、18.95%、64.34%和27.06%,而柚子果皮厚度、种子数和总酸度显著降低,品质改善;施肥显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,在不同施肥处理中,微生物生物量碳氮比介于7.39～13.89,且差异显著(P<0.05)。CF+OF处理中,柚子成熟期土壤可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌数量显著高于或相似于单施化肥,说明化肥和有机肥配施能促进微生物生长繁殖,协调土壤养分供应,改善柚子营养。虽然不同施肥处理对土壤pH无显著影响(P>0.05),但是与CK相比,OF和CF+OF处理有机质和速效钾...     

减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响

针对我国荔枝园化肥施用量过高而存在的土壤质量下降、酸碱失衡和产量下降等问题，综合考虑荔枝施肥养分投入与带走量，研究减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响，旨在为荔枝提质增效提供施肥指导。以妃子笑荔枝为研究对象，设置单施化肥（CF）、减施化肥30%分别配施普通商品有机肥5kg/株（OF5）和10kg/株（OF10）、减施化肥30%配施生物有机肥5 kg/株（BIO5）和10kg/株（BIO10）5个处理，比较不同施肥处理对荔枝生长、养分供应、产量品质、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明：（1）化肥减施30%的情况下，配施有机肥未明显减缓荔枝梢期生长。与CF相比，OF5显著促进新梢生长，BIO5显著提高梢期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）；有机肥处理的百叶重及梢粗较化肥处理显著降低。（2）总体来看，在梢期与果实成熟期，各处理间叶片养分含量无显著差异，在二蓬梢期及末次梢期，OF10与BIO5叶片氮含量显著高于CF处理；各处理叶片氮含量均处于适宜范围，各养分含量与变化趋势均符合荔枝生长规律。（3）与CF相比，BIO5、OF10、BIO10处理均显著提高荔枝单株产量，其增幅分别为44.77%、35.81%、18.23%；有机肥处理均有提高荔枝单果重、纵径与横径的趋势；有机肥处理下荔枝果实内在品质高于CF处理，可溶性固形物含量平均增加1.76%-3.22%，可溶性糖含量平均增加11.96%-21.84%，可滴定酸含量平均降低15.38%-35.35%；产量品质综合评价BIO5>BIO10>CF>OF10>OF5。（4）各有机肥处理氮素偏生产力均显著高于化肥处理，BIO5与OF10氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力与农学利用率均显著高于其它处理。OF10、BIO5、BIO10均能显著提高荔枝收益。综合考虑荔枝生长、果实产量及品质、肥料利用效率以及经济效益，该园区在减少30%化肥养分投入下株施5kg生物有机肥处理表现最佳，其次是株施10kg普通商品有机肥。     

不同原料堆制的有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量和土壤生物性状的影响

通过田间试验,研究了施用以菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥制成的3种有机无机复混肥对辣椒产量、土壤矿质态氮和土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:1）各施肥处理辣椒果实产量为2451.1～3301.5kg/hm2,均显著高于对照（CK,1700.8 kg/hm2）;3种原料堆制的有机无机复混肥的辣椒果实产量为2851.3～3301.5kg/hm2,显著高于单施化肥CF,增产率为16.3%～34.7%。2）与CF和CK处理比较,3种原料堆制的有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质态氮含量,改善了土壤供氮能力,增加了土壤微生物量C、N含量。3）对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析(Eighbor Joining)表明,5个处理土壤样品共分为3大族群,CF与CK为一种族群,菜粕堆制的有机无机复混肥（RCC）为另一种族群,猪粪堆制的（PMC）和中药渣堆制的有机无机复混肥（CMC）又属另一种族群。说明施入外源有机物质(菜粕、猪粪与中药渣)可能改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小。