Improving on the Prediction of Cation Exchange Capacity for Highly Weathered and Structurally Contrasting Tropical Soils from Their Fine-Earth Fractions

The roles of fine-earth materials in the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of especially homogenous units of the kaolinitic and oxyhydroxidic tropical soils are still unclear. The CEC (pH 7) of some coarse-textured soils from southeastern Nigeria were related to their total sand, coarse sand (CS), fine sand (FS), silt, clay, and organic-matter (OM) contents before and after partitioning the dataset into topsoils and subsoils and into very-low-, low-, and moderate-/high-stability soils. The soil-layer categories showed similar CEC values; the stability categories did not. The CEC increased with decreasing CS but with increasing FS. Silt correlated negatively with the CEC, except in the moderate- to high-stability soils. Conversely, clay and OM generally impacted positively on the CEC. The best-fitting linear CEC function (R², 68%) was attained with FS, clay, and OM with relative contributions of 26, 38, and 36%, respectively. However, more reliable models were attained after partitioning by soil layer (R², 71–76%) and by soil stability (R², 81–86%). Notably FS's contribution to CEC increased while clay's decreased with increasing soil stability. Clay alone satisfactorily modeled the CEC for the very-low-stability soils, whereas silt contributed more than OM to the CEC of the moderate- to high-stability soils. These results provide new evidence about the cation exchange behavior of FS, silt, and clay in structurally contrasting tropical soils.     

Micronutrient Contents of a Revegetated Saprolite Exposed by Excavation of an Oxisol

Soils of the Brazilian Cerrado biome have been found to be deficient in copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). In this area, an Oxisol was deeply excavated in 1962 during the construction of a hydroelectrical plant, and the exposed saprolite material was abandoned, without any reclamation measures. The abandoned land was a harsh environment for plant growth, and the secondary vegetation has not recovered. A field trial was established in 1992 to assess the effects of different grass species and lime amendments on soil reclamation at the degraded site. In 2011 soil samples were collected at three depths (0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm) from vegetated and bare plots over tilled saprolite, from an untreated area of the saprolite, and from an Oxisol under native forest, used as external reference. Nineteen years after the reclamation effort was begun, the organic carbon (OC) content of the restored saprolite still was much lower than that of the Oxisol under natural vegetation. The undisturbed Oxisol was deficient in extractable Cu (0.16–0.10 mg kg^?1) and Zn (0.10–0.02 mg kg^?1) and exhibited rather low concentrations of extractable iron (Fe; 5.24–1.47 mg kg^?1) and manganese (Mn; 3.21–0.77 mg kg^?1). However, the saprolite under reclamation showed even lower levels of these elements compared to the native forest soil. In the natural soil, OC, N, extractable Fe, Mn, and Cu showed stratification, but this was not the case for extractable Zn. Although the reclaimed saprolite still was far from predisturbance conditions, the revegetation treatments promoted recovery of OC, N, Fe, Mn, and Cu at the surface layers, which resulted in incipient stratification. Extractable Fe, Mn, and Cu were correlated to OC, whereas no association between Zn and OC was detected. Our results also suggest that reclamation of the excavated saprolite may be constrained by micronutrient deficiencies and mostly by the extremely low levels of Zn and Cu.     

Potassium dynamics of a forest soil developed on a weathered schist regolith

Soils of the humid tropics are poor in available potassium due to intensive weathering and leaching of nutrients. A study was conducted to investigate the mineralogy and potassium supplying capacity of a forest soil developed on a weathered schist regolith. The quantity–intensity (Q/I) approach was used in thisstudy. The schist regolith showed deep weathering and intense leaching throughout the profile, resulting in low cation exchange capacity (CEC) and available K in soil and saprolite layers. The mineralogy of the regolith was dominanted by kaolinite, gibbsite and goethite. Feldspar, mica and mica–smectite minerals were observed in the lower saprolite layers. The Q/I parameters showed that the soils and saprolites were low in K supply power. This observation was attributed to weathering and intense leaching. The free energy values of K replacement (ΔG _r°) also suggest that soils and saprolites of the schist regolith were deficient in K. The Q/I parameters significantly correlated with organic carbon and clay content, CEC, pH and exchangeable K.     

基于GIS和地理加权回归的砂田土壤阳离子交换量空间预测

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)反映土壤保水保肥能力,研究CEC空间分布可为土壤改良和田间施肥提供理论依据。本文以宁夏香山地区砂田淡灰钙土为研究对象,在土壤CEC和理化性质相关分析基础上以普通克里格(OK)为对照,探索回归克里格(RK)和地理加权回归克里格(GWRK)在CEC空间插值上的应用,并对三者的插值精度及制图效果进行评价。描述统计表明研究区土壤CEC含量均值为10.145cmol/kg,CEC与有机质含量呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关;地统计分析表明CEC实测值、OLS残差和GWR残差块金系数分别为8.50%、6.36%和7.02%,比值均小于25%,具有强烈空间自相关;对验证点进行插值精度分析,RK和GWRK的相对模型改进值(RI)分别为40.49%、41.50%,插值精度GWRK>RK>OK;从成图效果看,GWRK中辅助变量参与了局部回归,成图效果更加精细,揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究结论可为土壤CEC空间预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。     

黄土高原典型植被群落对土壤表面电化学性质的

为探究黄土高原不同区域典型植被生长对土壤表面电化学性质的影响,以黄土高原自南向北的3个典型区域(永寿墚、坊塌、六道沟)及2种典型乡土草本植物(铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii Web.)、长芒草(Stipa bungeanaTrin.))为研究对象,以退耕1年的撂荒地作为对照,通过土壤样品采集和土壤表面电化学性质的测定,研究典型植被群落对土壤表面电化学性质的影响及其空间差异。结果表明:(1)在黄土高原地区,相较于撂荒地,典型植被群落生长使土壤黏粒、粉粒、有机质含量增加,土壤pH、容重、砂粒含量减少;(2)同一区域内,相较于撂荒地,植被恢复促进了土壤阳离子交换量、比表面积的增加,减少了表面电荷密度和表面电场强度,其变化范围分别为6.69~24.34 cmol/kg,[JP]7.29~182.29 m²/g,0.08~2.04 C/m²,1.23~28.46 10⁸ V/m;不同区域间,同一植被群落下永寿墚土壤阳离子交换量、比表面积的增量最高,而六道沟土壤表面电化学性质的变化率最高,说明典型植被群落对土壤表面电化学性质的影响具有空间差异性;(3)典型植物群落下土壤粉粒含量和有机质含量与土壤表面电化学性质具有显著的相关性,其变化是影响黄土高原地区土壤电化学性质变化的主要原因,解释率分别为61.0%,11.1%。研究结果为认识黄土高原地区植被恢复及其调控作用提供参考。     

黄土高原小流域土壤阳离子交换量分布特征及影响因子

通过对黄土高原陕北地区3个小流域(朱家沟、纸坊沟和泥河沟)27个采样点的54个土壤样品分析,应用统计方法讨论土壤阳离子交换量的分布特征和影响因子。结果表明:(1)在3个所选定的典型小流域中,土壤CEC呈现明显的地带性,从北到南,CEC值显著升高。(2)在同一流域,CEC垂直地带变化基本表现为随高度降低而增大;而在同一剖面中,表层土壤CEC值总是高于下层。通过相关性分析和逐步回归检验,得出在粘土矿物类型基本相同的前提条件下,影响CEC值变化的主要因素有pH值、土壤黏粒含量和有机质含量,粉粒含量的影响较小,而砂粒含量则与CEC表现出显著负相关。     

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter and Cation Exchange Capacity in an Oxisol under Different Land Uses

ABSTRACT

Soil properties may exhibit large spatial variability. Frequently this variability is auto-correlated at a certain scale. In addition to soil-forming factors, soil management, land cover, and agricultural system may affect the spatial variability of agricultural soils. Soil organic matter (OM) is an important soil property contributing toward soil fertility and a key attribute in assessing soil quality. Increasing soil OM increases cation exchange capacity (CEC) and enhances soil fertility. We analyzed the impact of land use on the spatial variability of OM and CEC in a tropical soil, an Oxisol, within São Paulo state, Brazil. Land uses were prairie, maize, and mango. Soil samples were taken at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths at 84 points within 1-ha plots, i.e., 100 m × 100 m. Statistical variability was higher for soil OM than for CEC. The mango plot contained the highest soil OM, whereas prairie the lowest. Also, soil OM and CEC were significantly related at all land use treatments and depths studied. All soil OM data sets and most of the CEC data sets (with two exceptions) exhibited spatial dependence. When spatial variability was present, the semivariograms showed a nugget effect plus a spherical or an exponential structure. Patterns of soil OM and CEC spatial variability (i.e., model type, ranges of spatial dependence, and nugget effects) were different between land uses and soil depths. In general, CEC exhibited a lower spatial autocorrelation and a weaker spatial structure than soil OM. Moreover, soil OM displayed a higher autocorrelation and was more strongly structured at the 0–10 cm depth than at the 10–20 cm depth. Interpolation by kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) allowed to illustrate how the spatial variability of soil OM and CEC differed due to land cover and sampling depth. Modeling and mapping the spatial distribution of soil OM and CEC provided a framework for spatially implicit comparisons of these soil properties, which may be useful for practical applications.     

Potassium Buffering Capacity of Sandy Soils from Thua Thien Hue Province,Central Vietnam,as Related to Soil Properties

Most agricultural production in central Vietnam relies on sandy soils distributed along the sea coast. Because of their low exchangeable potassium (K) and low cation exchange capacity (CEC), careful adjustment of K fertilization on these soils is needed to minimize K leaching. Quantity/intensity curves were established on 24 sandy soils from Thua Thien Hue Province from which K buffering capacity (PBC) was calculated and compared with basic soil properties. Potassium buffering capacity was found to correlate best with soil texture and only a little with humus content, although these two characteristics are responsible for CEC. A simple equation based on sand content, which is easier to determine than clay content, is proposed to calculate optimum exchangeable K level as a function of target K level in soil solution.     

Cation exchange capacity of an acid soil as influenced by different sources of organic litter

Abstract

A pot trial was conducted in order to relate the increase in the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of an acid soil (Quartspsament) to the CEC of several organic materials which were added to it. Peat, sugarcane bagasse and filter cake from sugar industry, worm compost, poultry and cattle manure, compost, and papermill sludge were incubated in natural and limed soil under controlled soil water content. Soil CEC was measured at soil pH after 30 and 90 days of incubation and results were strongly affected by pH of the incubated soil. About 32% of the soil CEC would be predicted by the CEC of the organic material measured at pH 7.0. This proportion increased to 78% when soil pH was included in the regression.     

Estimation of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity using Multiple Regression,Artificial Neural Networks,and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System Models in Golestan Province,Iran

Artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) provide an alternative by estimating soil parameters from more readily available data. In this article, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) of ANN and ANFIS models were described to estimate soil cation exchange capacity and compared to traditional multiple regression (MR). Moreover, to test the accuracy of previous functions that estimate cation exchange capacity (CEC), five pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were surveyed. The results showed that the accuracies of ANN and ANFIS models were similar in relation to their statistical parameters. It was also found that ANFIS model exhibited greater performance than RBF, MLP, MR, and PTFs to estimate soil CEC, respectively. Finally, sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the most and the least influential variables affecting soil CEC. The performance comparisons of used models showed that the soft computing system is a good tool to predict soil characteristics.     

不同利用方式与坡位土壤物理性质及养分特征分析

以四川盆地西缘山地的典型坡面为材料，研究了不同土地利用方式和地形部位条件下土壤物理性质和养分的分异特征，结果表明，3个坡面地形部位(上坡位，中坡位，下坡位)，下坡位土壤物理结构性能较好，而人工林与坡耕地、荒草地相比较，人工林更能增强土壤的结构性。土壤养分分异特征表明，在不同利用类型条件下。土壤有机质、氮素和阳离子交换量CEC在人工林中含量最高，且与其他两种利用类型中的含量差异显著，有机质、碱解氮和CEC三者含量差异达到极显著水平。相关分析表明，土壤表层有机质、全氮、碱解氮呈极显著正相关。而坡面位置中，与上坡位，中坡位相比，下坡位土壤养分含量普遍要高，其中CEC含量差异达到极显著水平，相关分析表明，CEC与土壤粘粒呈极显著正相关。结果说明土壤物理性质与养分特征在坡面上的分异特征是山地坡面利用类型与地形部位共同作用的结果。     

桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区植被自然恢复与土壤养分变化

为促进桂西北喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建,采用全面调查和样方调查方法,以自然保护区的顶级群落为对照,研究了桂西北喀斯特人为干扰区自然恢复22a后植被的演替规律与土壤养分变化。结果表明,干扰区物种丧失严重,种类仅有自然保护区的26.6%,随着群落由草丛→草灌丛→灌丛→藤刺灌丛→乔灌丛→顶级群落的顺向演替和发展,群落的高度、生物量和物种多样性、土壤有机质、养分、阳离子交换量和硅、铁、铝、钛等矿质全量逐步增加,钙、镁全量显著减少,pH值降低,土壤质量随着植被的恢复呈波折性提高。     

Soil boron status: impact of lime and fertilizers in an Indian long-term field experiment on a Typic Paleustalf

In Indian agriculture, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers are predominantly used by the farmers, often ignoring secondary and micronutrients. Significance of boron (B) in nutrient management studies has been increasingly underlined under intensive cropping systems particularly in acid soils. In order to understand the distribution of soil native B in different fractions and their contribution to plant B uptake as influenced by nutrient management, soil samples collected after wheat (2009–2010) from a long-term experiment (LTE) continuing since 1972–1973 on Typic Paleustalf of Ranchi were subjected to sequential fractionation of soil B. Treatments included N alone, NP, NPK, 150% of recommended NPK, NPK + farmyard manure (FYM), NPK + lime, and an unfertilized-control. Five soil B fractions were determined along with hot CaCl₂-extractable (available) B. Averaged across the treatments, the soil had low organic carbon (C), pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and high free sesquioxides. Total B content was 21.7 mg kg^?1. Among different B fractions, residual B was the major contributor to total B and other fractions collectively shared 7% of total B only. Application of N alone depleted readily soluble, specifically adsorbed and organically bound B bringing the contents even below unfertilized-control. Conjoint use of lime or FYM with NPK increased significantly these fractions, whereas a decrease in oxide bound B was noticed under these treatments. Available B was positively correlated with these fractions indicating their significance in controlling B availability in the soil. The study revealed that use of lime or FYM helped modifying the distribution of soil B in different fractions by way of changing soil pH and organic C content, resulting in enrichment of plant available pool. A drastically low available B content in different treatments receiving fertilizers alone, however, suggested the necessity of B fertilization at prescribed rates for maintaining soil B fertility as also high crop yields.     

磁力搅拌法改进土壤阳离子交换量测定的研究

针对传统土壤阳离子交换量测定方法中的玻璃棒搅拌所存在的分析效率低的问题,开展了运用磁力搅拌替代玻璃棒搅拌的探索性研究。通过平行性实验、条件实验、实验室间对比和不同黏粒含量土壤的CEC测定结果检验,分析了磁力搅拌法的精准度、可操作性、稳定性和适用性。结果表明,磁力搅拌法测定土壤CEC的准确度、精密度均不低于甚至高于玻璃棒搅拌方法,土壤CEC测定值与土壤标准物质认定值吻合。当搅拌时间在1 min、搅拌速度850 r·min–1以上时,延长搅拌时间和提高搅拌速度对分析结果无影响。不同实验室间测定结果相关性好、没有显著性差异。相比传统的玻璃搅拌法,磁力搅拌法具有操作简单、高效,测定结果稳定性好、精准度高等优点,非常适用于大批量土壤CEC的测定。     

长期施肥下红壤旱地磷素有效性影响因子的冗余分析

以长期施肥(1988～2014年)的红壤旱地为研究对象,以全磷(TP)、有效磷(Bray-P)为响应变量,土壤pH值、大小粒级团聚体组成比例(PSAi)、铁铝氧化物、阳离子交换量(CEC)、分形维数(D)等指标为解释变量,借助于冗余分析(RDA)方法探讨各指标变量与红壤旱地TP和Bray-P含量变化的相关关系.研究结果...     

紫色土K+吸附解吸动力学研究

从国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地定位试验上 ,在第 10年水稻收获后从 0～ 30cm土层采取土壤样品 ,研究土壤K 吸附、解吸动力学过程。结果表明 ,不同施肥处理土壤K 吸附、解吸反应分别在2 4～ 32min和 4 6～ 6 4min达到平衡 ,吸附、解吸平衡量分别为 14 1～ 19 2cmolkg-1和 11 6～ 17 5cmolkg-1。相关分析说明 ,土壤阳离子交换量 (CEC)及粘粒含量是影响吸附平衡时间、吸附平衡量的重要因素 ;CEC、交换钾量是影响解吸平衡时间、解吸平衡量的重要因素。由此可见 ,长期不同施肥对土壤CEC、粘粒及交换钾量产生影响 ,从而影响了紫色土K 吸附、解吸平衡时间及吸附、解吸平衡量。平衡前钾离子的吸附、解吸速度及吸附、解吸率与反应时间lnt间存在良好的线性关系。其中反应速度直线和解吸率直线的斜率、初始反应速度及初始吸附率均与CEC、粘粒含量密切相关。Elovich方程和一级扩散方程分别为描述紫色土K 吸附、解吸反应的最优与最差模型 ,指数方程和抛物线扩散方程拟合性介于Elovich方程和一级扩散方程之间。由此可见 ,紫色土K 吸附、解吸过程不是一个单纯的过程 ,而是一个包括土体膨胀、吸附位活化、表面扩散等诸多因素的复杂过程。     

Evaluation of Soil Degradation Impact on Wheat Yield by Geographical Information System

Soil degradation and its relation to wheat yield were analyzed in a 1041.2-ha catchment in Ustic soil moisture regime in north-central Anatolia, Turkey. The soils in the study area were sampled based on a randomized sampling scheme, using 142 samples from topsoil and 115 samples from subsoil. All the soil samples were analyzed for sand, silt, clay, coarse material (material with a diameter of >2 mm), soil organic matter, phosphorous, nitrogen, boron, zinc, iron, electrical conductivity, pH, hydraulic conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. Wheat yield was measured at 115 sampling locations. Data were evaluated by global information system (GIS) will and variable reduction (factor analysis) techniques. The majority of the soil properties exhibited high variation with a skewed distribution. Low organic-matter content, high penetration resistance, low water-holding capacity, and deficiency in some macro- and microelements were the most important factors limiting wheat yield.     

西北石灰性土壤阳离子交换量测定方法比较

阳离子交换量是评价土壤保肥性能和缓冲性能的重要指标,也是改良土壤和合理施肥的重要依据之一。为了给西北石灰性土壤阳离子交换量的测定提供科学依据,通过平行性实验、标准物质检测、实际样品检测,分析比较了目前普遍采用的测定方法乙酸钙交换法和三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法的优劣。结果表明,2种分析方法均具有较好的精密度和准确度,均适合西北地区石灰性土壤阳离子交换量的测定。从测定结果来看,三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法的土壤阳离子交换量测定值略高于乙酸钙交换法,在实际样品检测中相对标准偏差介于3.47%～9.46%。但相比之下乙酸钙交换法具有试剂成本较低的优势,而三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法具有节省时间的优势,检测人员可根据实际情况灵活选择使用。     

水土保持措施对土壤化学特性的影响

用物种多样性指数〔Shannon—wienner指数、Margalef’s指数、Simpson’s Doversity(l／Dominance)指数〕和均匀度指数(Evenness均匀度)和物种丰富度，对陕北黄土高原5种主要天然森林群落(油松林、山杨林、辽东栎林、白桦林、侧柏林)物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明，陕北黄土高原5种森林群落中山杨林物种多样性最高。植物生长型与物种多样性的关系表现为草本层的物种丰富度、多样性程度大于灌木层，灌木层大于乔木层；草本层均匀度与灌木层相差不明显，但二者显著大于乔木层。