Effects of sulfur,zinc, iron,copper, manganese,and boron applications on sunflower yield and plant nutrient concentration

Abstract

Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization.

Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined.     

Micronutrient needs ‐ which,where, on what ‐ in the United States

Abstract

A summary of four micronutrient surveys conducted between the years 1961 and 1967 revealed that one or more of the six micronutrient elements are recommended in every state. Micronutrient recommendations may be found for all the major field, forage, vegetable, fruit and nut crops grown in the United States. Forty‐three .states recognize and make recommendations for B, 16 for Cu, 23 for Fe, 31 for Mn, 24 for Mo and 39 for Zn. Most of the recognized micronutrient deficiencies occur in specific areas and on specific crops. Cu seems to be the only micronutrient for which this is not true. The tonnage of all micronutrient fertilizers sold in 1968 represents only 0.25% of the total NPK tonnage, although its dollar value is about 2% of total dollar value of all NPK fertilizers sold.     

Application of micronutrients alone or with macronutrient fertilizers

Abstract

Micronutrients are applied alone to soils or with macronutrient fertilizers. Foliar application of Fe and other micronutrients is also practiced, and Mo is usually applied as a seed treatment. Since the soil application rates of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn are low, they are usually applied with macronutrient fertilizers by incorporation during the manufacturing process, bulk blending with or coating onto granular fertilizers, or with fluid fertilizers.

Chemical reactions between the micronutrient source and the macronutrient fertilizer may occur in the manufacturing process, in storage, or after soil application. These reaction products may vary widely, so care must be taken in selecting and processing micronutrient sources and macronutrient carriers so the resulting products will be available to plants. In general, plant availability of B sources is not affected during reaction. Care must be taken to apply boronated fertilizers uniformly and to avoid excessive rates, because the range between B deficiency and toxicity is very narrow. Crop response to Cu, Mn, and Zn varies with the micronutrient rate and source, macronutrient carrier, and method of application.     

The influence op soil treatments on elemental composition of corn and on zinc soil tests on two Missouri soils

Abstract

Corn (Zea mays L) was grown at three locations on soil treated with Zn at two levels of soil fertility. Corn leaves were sampled at 2 stages of growth and analyzed for several elements. Yields were measured and soils were analyzed for O.lN HCl and DTPA extractable Zn and by standard testing methods for other components.

Zinc at 10 and 20 lb/A did not affect corn grain yields. The Zn treatments significantly increased leaf Zn concentrations. The influence of leaf sampling time differed between locations. The DTPA and O.lN HCl extractable soil Zn both reflected the Zn soil treatments. The DTPA appeared to extract a more soluble component of soil Zn which became more un‐extractable with time. In general, the extractable soil Zn was poorly correlated with Zn concentrations in the corn leaves. Under the conditions of the experiment the soil Zn levels as measured by the 2 extractants were a poor predictor of plant Zn when soil Zn levels were adequate.     

Micronutrient deficiencies and toxicities of cassava plants grown in nutrient solutions. I. Critical tissue concentrations

The programmed nutrient addition technique was used in a series of 5 experiments to determine the response in growth and micronutrient content of cassava (Manihot esaulenta Crantz) cv. M Aus 10, to 8 supply levels of boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc respectively. The experiments were of 9 weeks duration and utilized 22 litre pots of nutrient solution. The supply levels for each micronutrient covered the range from severe deficiency to toxicity. Critical tissue concentrations for deficiencies determined by relating total dry matter production to the nutrient concentration in the youngest fully expanded leaf blades were (μg/g): boron 35, copper 6, manganese 50, and zinc 30. Likewise, critical concentrations for toxicities in the same index tissue were (μg/g): boron 100, copper 15, manganese 250, and zinc 120. In the iron experiment, the data were too variable to allow precise determination of critical concentrations for deficiency and toxicity. Critical micronutrient concentrations in the petioles of the youngest fully expanded leaves were also determined, but offered no advantage over the leaf blades.     

贝类产品镉铜铅锌的含量特征与风险分析

根据2007年和2009年对广东、广西沿海部分海域近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）、太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）、翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes Philippinarum）和文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）的监测资料,分析了贝类产品中镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、锌（Zn）的含量特征及其季节差异,并采用点估计方法对贝类产品中的Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb进行了风险分析。结果表明,贝类品种的差异决定了其体内Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量的差异,近江牡蛎样品中Cd、Cu、Zn的含量远远高于另外4种贝类,文蛤样品中Cd、Cu、Pb的含量明显低于其他4种贝类。贝类产品中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量存在一定的季节差异,这可能与海水的温度、盐度、溶解氧等因子的季节变化有关。与《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》标准的限量值相比,贝类产品中Cd、Cu、Pb的合格率分别为65%、67.7%和100%。与其他海域贝类产品的调查结果相比,此次贝类样品Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量处于正常的波动范围内;与世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周耐受摄入量相比,太平洋牡蛎、翡翠贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔和文蛤的Pb、Cd的膳食暴露量处于安全范围内,而近江牡蛎的Cd膳食暴露量可能存在风险。     

过量硼对植物的毒害及高硼土壤植物修复研究进展

硼作为一种植物必需元素,在土壤中过量存在会对植物产生毒害,硼对植物的毒害作用以及利用植物修复高硼土壤已经日益受到关注。目前,硼对不同类型植物的毒害特点,植物的耐受机制还不十分清楚。特别是对于硼污染的植物修复,其研究还处于起步阶段。本文分别从植物的表观症状、生理生化和基因水平等层次,综述了过量硼对植物的毒害,并从高耐受性、超富集能力植物筛选,以及转基因技术应用等角度回顾了硼污染的植物修复研究进展。在此基础上,提出了当前相关研究存在的主要问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

土壤硼吸附动力学与油菜硼反应的关系

The boron adsorption kinetic experiment in soil by means a flow displacement technique showed that the kinetic data could be described with some mathematic equations.The average values of the coorealtion coefficeint for zero-order,first-order,parabolic diffusion ,Elovich,power function and eponential equations were 0.957,0.982,0.981,0.984,0.981 and 0.902 ,respectively,The correlation between adsorbed boron or its other expression form and time were the highest for first-order ,parabloic diffusion Elovich,and pwer function equations,the second for the zeroorder equation,and the tlowest for the exponential equation.The parabloic diffusion equation fitted well the expermiental results,with the least standard error among the six kinetic equation,showing that the monvemetn of boron from soil solution to soil colloid surface may be controlled by boron diffusion speed.The boron content of rape seedling obtained from soil cultvation was correlated with the rate constants of the kinetic equations.The constants of first-order ,parabloic diffusion,and exponential equaitions were significanlty correlated with the boron content of the crop of NPK treatment at a 95% probaility level ,with correation coeffecients being 0.686,0.691 and 0.64 and 0.641,respectively.In the case of zero-order equation,it Was significant at 99% probability level(r=0.736),These results showed that the adsorption kinetic constants of soil boron were closely related with the rape plant response to boron.     

Sulfur,Boron, and Zinc Fertilization Effects on Grain and Straw Quality of Maize and Sorghum Grown in Semi-Arid Tropical Region of India

Experiments were conducted on-farm during two seasons (2003–2004) to determine the effects of sulfur (S), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) fertilization on the grain and straw quality of sorghum and maize grown under rainfed conditions in the semi-arid zone of India. The farmers' fields were deficient in S, B, and Zn; in addition the soils were low in organic matter and extractable phosphorus (P), but adequate in extractable potassium (K). Results showed that the applications of S, B, and Zn (SBZn) with nitrogen (N) and P (SBZn + NP) significantly increased the grain N, S, and Zn concentrations in maize and sorghum compared to farmer inputs (FI) and SBZn treatments; the results relative to P and B composition of the grain of the crops were not consistent and did not show any definite trend. The application of SBZn + NP over FI generally increased N, S, and Zn concentration in sorghum and maize straw compared to FI and SBZn treatments. The straw composition of the crops relative to P and B did not show a consistent trend. The results of this study along with the results of our earlier research demonstrate that balanced nutrition of rainfed crops not only increases yields but also enhances N, S, and Zn contents in grain and straw of these crops.     

Boron Nutrition of Four Sweet Pepper Cultivars Grown in Boron-Deficient Soil

ABSTRACT

In a greenhouse study, boron (B) application significantly increased dry-matter yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cultivars (‘California Wonder,’ ‘Anahein,’ ‘Narwala,’ and ‘2573’) grown in a B-deficient (hot-water extractable, 0.28 B mg kg^?1), calcareous soil of the Shujabad series (Typic Ustochrepts). Five rates of B, ranging from 0 to 8 mg B kg^?1 soil, were applied as H₃BO₃ along with adequate basal fertilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn). Four plants of sweet pepper were transplanted in each pot, two of which were harvested after three weeks of transplanting and the other two after six weeks. Maximum crop biomass was produced with ～1 mg B kg^?1, but application of higher rates proved toxic, resulting in dry-matter yield reductions. The four cultivars significantly differed in relative growth rate (RGR) and relative accumulation rate of B (RARB). Cultivar ‘2573’ showed the highest RGR while ‘Anahein’ showed the highest RARB. Relative accumulation rate was positively correlated (R² = 0.83) with dry-matter yield of four cultivars. Critical B concentration in sweet pepper whole shoots was 69 mg B kg^?1 for three-week-old plants and 49 mg B kg^?1 for six-week-old plants.     

Role of overexpressed BOR4, a boron exporter,in tolerance to high level of boron in shoots

High boron (B) tolerance is an important trait for crop production in high-B soils. We previously reported that overexpression of BOR4, an Arabidopsis thaliana B exporter, conferred high B tolerance in A. thaliana. This improvement appeared to be mainly due to the decreased B concentrations in roots through BOR4-mediated exclusion of B. In the present study, we describe a novel role of overexpressed BOR4 in shoots for high B tolerance. We compared shoot growth of wild type A. thaliana and transgenic plants moderately overexpressing BOR4 in relation to B concentration in shoots. It was found that growths and chlorophyll accumulation of shoots containing similar levels of B are better in the transgenic plants than the wild type. This finding established that BOR4-overexpressing plants are more capable of expanding leaves and accumulating chlorophyll in the presence of high B in shoot tissues. BOR4-GFP was found to be localized to plasma membrane in leaf epidermis cells. We suggest that overexpressed BOR4 alters B distribution in leaves by exporting B from the cytoplasm to the apoplast, leading to enhancement of high B tolerance in shoots.     

硼钼锌及互作对甘蓝型油菜籽粒产量的影响

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and their interactions on seed yield and yield formation of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. Huashuang 4). Application of B fertilizer to a sandy soil increased the seed yield by 46.1% compared to the control and also created a considerably higher seed yield than the two treatments solely applying Mo and Zn fertilizers, which suggested that B was a main constraint for the seed yield of Huashuang 4 in this experiment. The effect of B fertilizer on the seed yield was attributed to an increase in the number of seeds per silique and siliques per plant. The combined application of B with Mo or Zn resulted in higher seed yield than the application of B, Mo or Zn alone, and the seed yield of the B+Mo+Zn treatment was the highest in all treatments, 68.1% above the control. Dry matter accumulation of seed followed a typical S-shaped curve and it was higher in plants supplied with B than in plants without B. A small but significant increase in the seed oil content and an improvement in the oil quality were also observed in all treatments compared with the control. These results suggested that optimal micronutrient application could provide both yield and quality advantages for rapeseed in poor soil.     

受钙、锌影响硼在酸性紫色土中的吸附特征

酸性紫色土对硼的等温吸附-解吸和吸附动力学试验表明,硼的等温吸附符合Frendlich方程,根据方程的K值（0．441）,供试土壤对硼的吸附较弱。锌与硼复合,对土壤硼的吸附量和解吸量影响均不大,但吸附强度下降。钙则大大地提高了土壤对硼的吸附量和吸附常数,使土壤硼平均吸附量提高191．9％,并使平均解吸率下降6．4％。土壤吸附硼的动力学以Elovich方程（Ct=a＋blnt）描述最佳,反映土壤对硼吸附速率大小的方程参数b值以B＋Ca〉B＋Ca＋Zn〉B＋Zn〉B,钙对硼的吸附速率影响比锌的作用更强。     

锌硼营养对苦瓜叶片碳氮代谢的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化测定方法,研究了锌、硼营养对苦瓜(株洲长白)叶片碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在锌、硼缺乏的红壤中施用硫酸锌和硼砂可提高苦瓜上位、下位叶片光合强度(PSR)、碳酸酐酶(CA)、硝酸还原酶活性(NR)、叶绿素、蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉、Zn、B、蛋白质和核酸含量;降低游离氨基酸含量(FAA)和RNase活性。生物统计结果表明,叶片Zn与叶绿素、PSR、CA;CA与PSR、蔗糖、可溶性糖;蛋白质与核酸、NR呈极显著正相关。而蛋白质与FAA、RNase;核酸与RNase呈极显著负相关。     

Impact of Postharvest Sprays of Nitrogen,Boron and Zinc on Nutrition,Reproductive Response and Fruit Quality of ‘Schattenmorelle’ Tart Cherries

The aim of the study was to examine effects of fall sprays of nitrogen (N), boron (B) and zinc (Zn) on nutrition, reproductive response, and fruit quality of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). The experiment was conducted during 2008–2010 in Poland on mature ‘Schattenmorelle’ sour cherry trees, planted at a spacing of 4.0 × 1.5 m on a coarse-textured soil with low level of organic matter, and adequate reaction and availabilities of macro- and micronutrients. Tart cherries were sprayed with boric acid-B, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Zn, and urea-N at 40–50 d prior to initiation of leaf fall according to following schema: (i) spray of N at a rate of 23 kg ha^?1; (ii) spray of B and Zn at doses of 1.1 kg ha^?1 and 0.5 kg ha^?1, respectively; and (iii) spray of N, B, and Zn at the same rates as in the above spray combinations. The trees sprayed with water were served as the control. The results showed that postharvest spray treatments had no effect on defoliation, cold damage of flower buds, fruit set, yielding, plant N status, mean fruit weight, and soluble solids concentration in fruit. Postharvest sprays of B and Zn with or without N enhanced status of Zn and B in fall leaves, and B in flowers but had no impact on levels of the above micronutrients in summer leaves. Leaf-absorbed B was withdrawn in the fall, whereas Zn was immobile. It is concluded that postharvest B sprays can be recommended to increase B status in flowers of tart cherry, whereas fall sprays of urea-N and Zn are not able to improve plant nutrition of those nutrients the following season.