Indexing Soil Quality under Long-Term Maize-Wheat Cropping System in an Acidic Alfisol

A study was undertaken to identify suitable indicators of soil quality from a long-term fertilizer experiment conducted since 1972, which was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments replicated three times. Surface (0–0.15 m) soil samples were collected after harvest of wheat crop during 2010–11 and were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Sustainable yield index (SYI) was calculated based on long-term yield data. Highest and lowest overall SYI values were found in balanced fertilization along with manures and urea-only treatments, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, labile carbon, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), pentetate zinc trisodium (DTPA Zn), and nitrogen mineralization were most important minimum dataset (MDS) indicators. The greatest soil quality index (SQI) value was found in balanced fertilization along with manures followed by balanced fertilization along with lime; and the urea-only treatment was the lowest. Balanced fertilization along with manures showed positive change in soil quality and maintained sustainability of productivity.     

Effect of Predominant Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality Indices under Post Monsoon (Rabi) Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) in Rainfed Black Soils (Vertisols) of Western India

A long-term study was conducted to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil quality in post-monsoon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Solapur in Maharashtra State in Western India under All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture. The experiment was laid out with ten Integrated Nutrient Management Treatments in a randomized block design with three replications. The results of the study indicated that among all the integrated nutrient management treatments practiced, the application of 25 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 through crop residue (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) showed the highest soil quality index of 2.36, which was at par with other treatments receiving farmyard manure (FYM) and crop residues along with urea. The relative order of performance of the integrated nutrient management treatments in influencing soil quality was: T₆: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) + 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.36) >T₅: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) (2.31) > T₇: 25 kg N ha^?1 (FYM) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.30) = T₈: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR) +25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.30) > T₁₀: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) +25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.17) > T₄: 25 kg N ha^?1 (CR:crop residues) (2.16) > T₉: 25 kg N ha^?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.15) > T₃: 50 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (2.10) > T₂: 25 kg N ha^?1 (urea) (1.99) > T_1: 0 kg N ha^?1 (control) (1.77). The results of the study also indicated that average percent contribution of each soil key indicator towards soil quality indices was: pH (3.97%), EC (1.94%), organic carbon (18.6%), available P (2.80%), available K (6.57%), exchangeable Ca (7.02%), available S (3.45%), Available Zn (17.9%), dehydrogenase (DHA) (16.2%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (18.5%) and mean weight diameter (MWD) (3.14%). Thus, the results of the present study will be highly useful to the land managers in planning effective management of soil quality.     

基于最小数据集沂蒙山区不同治理模式下的土壤质量评价

沂蒙山区是北方土石山区水土流失治理重点区域,定量评价不同治理模式下的土壤质量,进而优选适宜的生态恢复措施,是推进沂蒙山区生态环境建设的关键。以沂蒙山区4种治理模式(乔草混交、土坎梯田+果树种植、撂荒、封禁植草)为研究对象,基于主成分分析、相关性分析和Norm值计算,对土壤养分、孔隙、水分、容重4类9项土壤属性指标进行筛选,构建土壤质量评价最小数据集。结果表明：(1)治理模式对土壤理化性质具有明显影响,硝态氮属于极敏感指标,全氮为高度敏感指标,而有机质、全磷、无机磷、田间持水量与饱和含水量属中度敏感指标,土壤容重为低度敏感指标;(2)影响沂蒙山区土壤质量的最小数据集指标包括全氮、土壤孔隙度、容重,经总数据集验证所构建的最小数据集可体现沂蒙山区土壤质量有效信息、准确性较高;(3)沂蒙山区不同治理模式下土壤质量指数介于0.41～0.53,土壤质量属于中等水平,且0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层的土壤质量指数较10—20 cm分别增加136.20%和37.60%。土壤质量表现为乔草混交>土坎梯田+果树种植>撂荒>封禁植草。综上,在水土流失严重、土壤较为贫瘠的沂蒙山区,生态恢复...     

土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法研究进展与展望

在过去的10年里,土壤质量评价成为国际研究的热点。综述了土壤质量评价指标体系和土壤质量评价方法。在总结、分析国内外土壤质量评价指标体系与评价方法的最新进展和研究不足的基础上,提出未来我国土壤质量研究工作的建议。     

Soil Quality Assessment Through Minimum Data Set Under Different Land Uses of Submontane Punjab

Soil quality degradation is a major challenge in submontane Punjab. This poses a great threat to soil quality of this particular area. Thus, a study was conducted to address the selection of most appropriate soil quality indicators and to know the status of soil quality in the area under different land uses. Principal component analysis (PCA) approach was employed to get the minimum data set. Geo-referred soil samples were collected from five different land uses and analyzed for different physical, chemical, and biological attributes. The PCA was performed which screened out the five principal components (PCs) with eigenvalue >1. Soil quality index was highest under the land use forest (0.80) followed by grasses (0.79), horticulture (0.78), cultivated (0.75), and bare (0.67). The organic carbon contributed maximum to soil quality (28.5%) followed by available K (19.4%), electrical conductivity (18.3%), K-factor of universal soil loss equation (USLE) (14.9%), plant available water (10.5%), and clay (8.3%). Conclusively, the study area falls under the medium category of soil quality.     

塔里木河水质现状综合评价

塔里木河水质污染对中、下游地区的生态系统的稳定性及社会的持续发展带来了不利的影响。利用阿克苏河的龙口、西大桥断面以及塔里木河干流上游的阿拉尔、十四团断面2001-2005年实测数据，在统计软件STATISTICA的支持下，利用主成分分析方法和水质指数法进行了塔里木河水质评价研究。结果表明，龙口和西大桥断面的水质属于一级（清洁）水，而阿拉尔和十四团断面的水质属于4级（中等污染）及5级（重污染）水。塔里木河的主要污染物为氯化物、总硬度、矿化度、硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐等。     

青藏高原典型沙化区草地土壤质量评价

为了探究青藏高原沙化区草地土壤质量变化,采用主成分分析法筛选具有代表性的土壤质量指标构建最小数据集,计算土壤质量指数SQI(Soil Quality Index),评价了青藏高原海晏县、共和县、贵南县3个典型沙化区不同沙化程度下的土壤质量变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着沙化程度的减弱,3个典型沙化区草地的地上生物量均值由0增大至(0.8±0.18)kg/m²; 土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮等养分含量增大,土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)增大了87.28%; 土壤容重减小了33.62%;(2)3个典型沙化区内不同沙化程度下,贵南县森多镇土壤质量最好,其次为共和县铁盖乡,海晏县三角城镇土壤质量最差;(3)最小数据集与全数据集的土壤质量指数呈现极显著相关关系,表明采用最小数据集法代替全数据集法评价典型区沙化草地土壤质量是行之有效的。综上所述,沙化区草地的土壤质量随沙化程度的加剧逐渐降低,不同沙化区草地土壤质量存在空间差异性。     

Assessment of Spatial Distribution of Selected Soil Properties using Geospatial Statistical Tools

To gain additional knowledge and better understand forest soil management on a small scale, geostatistical analytical tools were employed to examine the spatial distribution in dry aggregate mean weight diameter (MWD) and other selected soil properties and to assess the possible relationships between MWD and other soil properties. Selected properties of forest soils collected along a 300-m transact in the Nimbia Forest Reserve of Nigeria exhibited moderate to high variability in distribution with sodium ion displaying the greatest variability [coefficient of variation (CV, 91.2%)] and principal component analysis revealed the exchange complex cluster as influencing total variation of field soil properties. The autocorrelation function showed significant spatial correlation from 1 lag in soil organic carbon up to 17 lags (51 m) in soil moisture content (θ). The spherical and Gaussian semivariogram models described the spatial structure of most soil properties; however, for clay, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic carbon (SOC), an exponential model analyzed their spatial dependence.     

喀斯特槽谷区侵蚀坡面的土壤质量评价及障碍因子

[目的]为准确评价喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量特征,筛选出适用于该地区的土壤质量评价方法,探析限制其土壤质量的障碍因子。[方法]以重庆市青木关喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的5种典型土地利用类型(林地、草地、裸地、玉米地、辣椒地)为研究对象,利用主成分分析法结合Norm值建立评价指标最小数据集(minimum data set, MDS),并通过非线性土壤质量评价方法和隶属度函数对喀斯特槽谷区顺/逆层坡面的土壤质量进行评价。[结果](1)喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量评价指标最小数据集(MDS)包括毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和全磷;(2)通过非线性土壤质量评价方法得出,逆层坡土壤质量(0.519)优于顺层坡(0.451),其中逆层坡林地土壤质量最优(0.653),辣椒地土壤质量最差(0.426);(3)非线性评价方法在顺/逆层坡的决定系数(R²)均高于隶属度函数,因此喀斯特槽谷区更适合采用非线性评分模型;(4)顺/逆层坡侵蚀坡面的土壤质量障碍因子差异显著,仅有全氮为共同的障碍因子。[结论]适当增加草地和乔木林的覆盖能提高喀斯特槽谷区土壤质量,研究结果可因地制宜地为喀斯特槽...     

基于最小数据集的青藏公路沿线土壤质量评价

为明确青藏公路沿线土地土壤质量的基本特征,通过采集沿线3种不同土地利用类型(农地、草地和沙地)的土壤样品,采用主成分分析法(PCA,Principal Component Analysis)筛选最小数据集(MDS,Minimum Data Set)指标,并构建土壤质量指数(SQI,Soil Quality Index)定量评价其土壤质量。结果表明:(1)相较于农地和草地,沙地的土壤肥力较为贫瘠,其土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷的土壤肥力等级均为6级。9个土壤指标均为中低度敏感指标,沙地土壤黏粒和粉粒含量具有更强的空间分异性。(2)沿线土壤质量评价最小数据集由全钾、全磷、有机质、黏粒和粉粒组成,最小数据集能够较好地替代全数据集进行土壤质量评价(p<0.01)。(3)沿线农地的土壤质量指数SQI(0.535±0.043)高于草地SQI(0.499±0.044)和沙地SQI(0.449±0.066)。该研究发现沿线农地土壤质量为中等水平,沿线草地和沿线沙地土壤质量处于较低水平,土壤有机质是影响青藏公沿线土壤质量的主要因素。     

夏尔希里地区土壤重金属含量特征及空间变异分析

以夏尔希里地区为研究区,对土壤样品中Co,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni共5种重金属的含量特征和空间分异规律进行了研究,采用单因子和内罗梅法分析土壤重金属的污染程度,并利用地统计学方法分析研究区土壤重金属的空间分异特征等。结果表明:研究区5种土壤重金属含量为:Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co,5种重金属和有机质均属于中等变异强度;相关性分析结果显示:Co与Cu,Mn呈现显著相关;Cr与Cu,Ni有显著正相关;有机质与Cr,Mn,Cu,Ni均呈现正相关;重金属含量空间分异特征整体表现为绿洲区 > 荒漠区 > 山地森林区;重金属污染评价结果为:Co和Mn属于轻污染,Cr和Ni处于警戒线,属于尚清洁状态。     

Improvement and Assessment of Soil Quality under Long-Term Conservation Agricultural Practices in Hot,Arid Tropical Aridisol

Soils in the hot, arid topical regions are low in organic matter and fertility and are structurally poor. Consequently, these soils suffer on account of poor physical, chemical, and biological soil quality traits, leading to miserably low crop yields. Long-term use of conjunctive nutrient management and conservation tillage practices may have a profound effect on improving the quality of these soils. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the key soil quality indicators, indices, and the best soil- and nutrient-management practices that can improve soil quality on long-term basis for enhanced productivity under a pearl millet–based system. The studies were conducted for the Hissar Centre of All-India Coordinated Research Project at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. Conjunctive nutrient-use treatments and conservation tillage significantly influenced the majority of the soil quality parameters in both the experiments. In experiment 1, the key soil quality indicators that significantly contributed to soil quality in a rainfed pearl millet–mung bean system were available nitrogen (N, 35%), available zinc (Zn; 35%), available copper (Cu; 10%), pH (10%), available potassium (K; 5%), and dehydrogenase assay (5%). The three best conjunctive nutrient-use treatments in terms of soil quality indices (SQI) were T3, 25 kg N (compost) (1.52) > T6, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) + biofertilizer (1.49) > T5, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf manure) (1.47). In experiment 2, under a rainfed pearl millet system, the key indicators and their percentage contributions were electrical conductivity (15%), available N (19%), exchangeable magnesium (Mg; 18%), available manganese (Mn; 13%), dehydrogenase assay (19%), microbial biomass carbon (C; 5%), and bulk density (11%). The three best tillage + nutrient treatments identified from the viewpoint of soil quality were T1, conventional tillage (CT) + two intercultures (IC) + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.74) > T3, CT + two IC + 100% N (inorganic source) (1.74) > T4, low tillage + two IC + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.70). The findings of the present study as well as the state-of-the-art methodology adopted could be of much interest and use to the future researchers including students, land managers, state agricultural officers, growers/farmers, and all other associated stakeholders. The prediction function developed between long-term pearl millet crop yields (y) and soil quality indices (x) in this study could be of much use in predicting the crop yields with a given change in soil quality index under similar situations.     

岩溶生态系统水土流失敏感性关键指标和评估模型比较

为了能更合理地评价岩溶地区水土流失敏感性,以岩溶生态系统为研究对象,以修正通用土壤流失模型(RUSLE)为蓝本,通过引入石漠化因子,对RUSLE进行修正;通过计算土壤侵蚀量、划分土壤侵蚀强度、水土流失关键因子影响评估,构建广西岩溶生态系统水土流失敏感性评估指标体系;在此基础上,对比分析了空间叠加分析法、层次分析法、空间主成分分析法3种水土流失敏感性评价方法,利用遥感数据对多种评估结果进行验证与对比,选取最优评价方法对广西岩溶生态系统水土流失敏感性进行了评估。结果表明:引入石漠化因子后的修正通用土壤流失模型(RUSLE)可以较合理地评价广西岩溶生态系统土壤流失空间分布状况;广西岩溶生态系统水土流失敏感性因子作用大小顺序为:气象>石漠化>植被>土壤>地形>人类活动,土壤流失影响率与大多数敏感性因子和土壤侵蚀强度均呈一致变化趋势;3种水土流失敏感性评价方法对比以主成分分析法(PCAEI)评估结果最优,层次分析法和加权综合评价法(AHPEI)次之,因子叠加分析法(CMSEI)较差。广西岩溶生态系统水土流失敏感性以轻度、中度、高度敏感区为主,水土流失敏感性整体中度偏重,水土流失敏感性强度由东部向西部、由南部向北部逐渐增强,敏感区主要分布在河池市、百色市,不敏感区主要分布在桂林市、崇左市。     

水分调控与种植模式对人工草地土壤水分及产量品质的影响

针对河西走廊地区水资源短缺、天然草地退化严重和质量低下等问题,探究合理的水分调控与种植模式,以缓解草畜矛盾,改善生态环境,实现区域草地畜牧业可持续发展。试验采用2年大田试验,研究3种种植模式(O:红豆草单播;A:红豆草+无芒雀麦混播;B:红豆草+无芒雀麦+长穗偃麦草混播)与4种水分调控[灌水上下限以土壤含水量占田间持水量θ_FC的百分比计,W0:充分灌水(75%~85%θ_FC);W1:轻度水分亏缺(65%~75%θ_FC);W2:中度水分亏缺(55%~65%θ_FC);W3:重度水分亏缺(45%~55%θ_FC)]对人工草地土壤水分特征、干草产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)在时间维度(4—9月)0—40 cm土层土壤含水量表现为先减小后增大的变化趋势,且该变化趋势W2、W3较W0、W1明显,单播较混播明显,40—100 cm土层土壤含水量呈现逐渐减小的变化规律;在空间垂直分布上,各处理土壤含水量呈先增大后减小之后趋于稳定的变化趋势;3种种植模式中土壤含水量均属于中等变异,且表层与60—100 cm土层变异系数较大。(2)随着水分亏缺加剧,单混播牧草产量均逐渐减小,WUE先增大后减小,W1较W0处理牧草产量差异不显著(p＞0.05),且WUE最高;A和B种植模式2年平均总产量分别较O提高16.01%和12.74%,2年平均WUE分别较O提升18.64%和11.19%。(3)适宜水分亏缺提升了牧草品质,混播模式较单播牧草品质改善。A和B种植模式较O种植模式2年平均ADF分别降低4.40%和2.73%,NDF分别降低2.82%和2.02%,CP分别降低3.53%和7.24%,但W0与W1水分处理,O与A种植模式CP差异不显著。A和B种植模式较O种植模式2年平均Ash分别提升18.50%和16.58%,EE分别提升23.19%和20.37%,RFV分别提升4.87%和3.20%。通过主成分分析综合评价得出,轻度水分亏缺下红豆草与无芒雀麦混播是河西走廊地区人工草地高产优质高效的适宜水分调控与种植模式。     

基于RSEI模型的砒砂岩区生态环境质量演变研究

[目的]探究砒砂岩区生态环境质量状况,为当地生态环境治理工作提供科学依据。[方法]基于GIS和RS技术,利用遥感生态指数RSEI模型,分析砒砂岩区2001—2020年生态环境质量时空演变。[结果](1)基于砒砂岩区4期影像数据提取的遥感生态指数RSEI呈现先下降后上升的趋势,表明生态环境质量在缓慢改善;(2)绿度生态指标与湿度生态指标对砒砂岩区生态环境质量起正向作用,干度生态指标与热度生态指标会起到负面作用,并且绿度生态指标对生态环境质量改善的贡献率更高;(3)在2001—2020年间,生态环境质量改善区域占到研究区总面积的36.79%;生态环境质量恶化区域占15.68%,多为轻度退化。[结论]砒砂岩区2001—2020年间生态环境质量总体呈现出上升趋势,且生态环境质量对人为活动高度敏感,因此在改善生态环境的同时还需融入生态保护理念,做到人与自然和谐共生。     

花岗岩侵蚀区土壤质量评价初探——以长汀河田地区为例

在福建省长汀河田花岗岩侵蚀区生态环境调查的基础上,对侵蚀区的土壤进行了营养成分等系统测试,选择其中的有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N、速效P、速效K、pH值等项目作为评价指标,应用主成分分析法,对本地区的土壤进行综合评价,并用灰色关联度分析方法进行对比。结果表明,两种评价方法得出的结论基本一致。     

Identification of Minimum Data Set Under Balanced Fertilization for Sustainable Rice Production and Maintaining Soil Quality in Alluvial Soils of Eastern India

The scarcity of non-renewable fertilizers resources and the consequences of climate change can dramatically influence the food security of future generation. Introduction of high yielding varieties, intensive cropping sequence and increasing demand of food grains day-by-day, application of recommended dose of fertilizers could not fulfill our targets due to outdated fertilizers recommendations are yet in practice. It not only alters soil quality, nutrient balance, microbial and enzymatic ecology but also affected productivity and sustainability of rice in Gangetic alluvial soils of India. The effect of fertilizers application based on “fertilizing the soil versus fertilizing the crop” which insure real balance between the applied and available soil nutrient is urgently needed. Hence, the present study was conducted during three consecutive crop seasons (2010, 2011, and 2012) to assess the effect of imbalance and balance fertilization based on initial soil test values and targeted yields, and to determine the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) when superimposed with balanced fertilizers on identification of minimum data set for the development soil quality, nutrient acquisition, and grain yield of rice. The six fertilizer treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were: T₁-control (no fertilization), T₂-farmyard manure @ 5 t ha^?1, T₃-farmers practice (60:30:30 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1), T₄-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (77:24:46 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1, T₅-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (74:23:43 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) plus FYM (5 t ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1 and T₆-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (135:34:65 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted rice grain yield of 5.0 t ha^?1. Result revealed that the targeted rice grain yield of 4.0 and 5.0 t ha^?1 was achieved in T₄ and T₆ treatments with 1.59% (4.06 t ha^?1) and –3.40% (4.83 t ha^?1) deviations, respectively. T₄, T_5, and T₆ significantly increased crop growth, nutrient uptake, available P (P_a) and K (K_a) and augmented rice grain yield by 10.6, 20.2 and 31.6%, respectively, over T₃. Microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and enzymatic activity were enhanced significantly in T₅ as compared to T₆. Highest soil quality index was found in T₅ (0.95) followed by T₆ (0.90) and, lowest was in T₁ (0.63). The contribution of minimum data set (MDS) toward the SQI was in the descending order of ALP (30.6%) > SOC (21.5%) > K_a (11.3%) > PSM (9.68%) > N_a (8.51%). Overall, rice yield and soil quality was improved by using balance fertilization based on fertilizing the crop Vs fertilizing the soil in alluvial soils of India.     

岩溶区不同土地利用方式土壤抗蚀性分析

采用土壤微团聚体类、水稳性团聚体类及有机质含量作为指标,通过主成分分析方法,对重庆市中梁山不同土地利用方式表层土壤抗蚀性进行了研究。结果表明：〉0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、〉0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量及破坏率、平均重量直径和有机质含量是评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳4指标;土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为：灌丛地〉草地〉竹林地〉坡耕地,退耕还林、还草有利于提高土壤抗蚀性;运用微团聚体类指标和水稳性团聚体类及有机质指标分别进行土壤抗蚀性评价时,得到相反的结论;土壤水稳性团聚体类指标评价结果与主成分分析结果一致,这与研究区特殊的成土过程和脆弱的生态环境有关;耕作侵蚀使坡耕地土壤主要性质产生坡面分异,进而产生土壤抗蚀性的坡面分异。坡耕地不同部位土壤抗蚀性强弱为：上部〉下部〉底部〉顶部,这与土壤水稳性团聚体含量坡面分异一致,证明水稳性团聚体类指标可以较好地反映土壤抗蚀性特性。     

土壤渗透参数空间变异性及其影响因子研究

土壤渗透参数的空间变异性是地形因子以及土壤理化性质综合作用的结果,是影响水以及溶质迁移转化的关键因素。在坡地随机布设24个点位,测定30cm土壤的渗透参数、地形指数、容重、颗粒组成、有机质、交换性钠、CEC(阳离子交换量)和ESP。在经典统计学以及Kolmogorov—Smiromov(K—S)正态分布检验概率(Pk—s)检验基础上对数据进行了空间结构分析。结果表明,Kfs、容重、砂粒、黏粒、有机质、CEC等符合正态分布,交换性钠和ESP等属于对数正态分布;粉粒属于均匀分布;Kfs、容重、砂粒、黏粒、有机质、交换性钠和ESP等空间结构明显,CEC空间变异性较大;并以相关分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,分析了土壤渗透参数空间变异的主要影响因子。