典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法 ,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值 ,探讨典型黑土中 Cu、Zn和 Mn等微量元素有效态含量与 p H值的关系。结果表明 :p H值变化 0 .5个单位左右 ,有效态铜含量变化约 0 .5～ 1倍 ;有效态锰含量变化约 3～ 5倍 ;有效态锌含量变化 9～ 1 5倍之多。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、微肥的合理施用、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义     

施用微量元素对菊苣修复铀污染土壤的影响

为了探究施用微量元素对植物修复铀污染土壤的影响,在0、50、100、150 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,分别单独施用土壤背景值含量0、1倍和5倍的Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo、B,并测定菊苣实生苗和再生苗植株干重、植株铀含量和铀富集量。结果表明,在铀污染土壤中单独施用Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo、B后,降低了菊苣实生苗植株干重,也降低再生苗植株干重(Zn除外)。在50、100 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,每千克土壤施用50 mg B,平均增加菊苣实生苗植株铀含量129.8%,平均增加菊苣实生苗植株铀积累量77.0%;在50 mg·kg~(-1)铀污染土壤中,每千克土壤施用50 mg B,增加菊苣再生苗植株铀含量80.1%,增加再生苗植株铀积累量17.87%。因此,在中低浓度铀污染土壤,施用适量的B肥,可以提高菊苣植株铀含量和铀积累量。本研究为提高铀污染土壤的植物修复效率提供了理论依据。     

不同种植年限土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响

[目的]探索不同种植年限土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响,筛选山银花高产优质的最佳种植年限范围。[方法]采用野外调查和室内分析结合的方法,研究贵州省绥阳县不同种植年限山银花土壤微量元素对山银花品质的影响。[结果]不同种植年限下土壤pH值为4.67~6.01,土壤微量元素平均含量为:Cu 17.17~37.50 mg/kg,Mo 1.52~2.24 mg/kg,Mn 444.6~544.26 mg/kg,Zn 102.06~114.39mg/kg;山银花花蕾微量元素平均含量为:Cu 6.91~14.52 mg/kg,Mo 0.16~0.24 mg/kg,Mn 30.06~79.36mg/kg,Zn 12.73~23.54mg/kg;不同种植年限山银花绿原酸含量为2.988%~7.840%。[结论]土壤中Zn,Cu含量随种植年限增加而递增,Mo,Mn含量总体呈下降趋势。11~15a的山银花绿原酸含量最高,植物生长状况良好,花蕾微量元素含量总体随年限增加而增加。微量元素Cu,Zn能促进山银花的生长和绿原酸的合成,Mn元素与山银花的茎粗和叶片生长有关。     

冻融循环次数和土壤含水率对油松林土壤团聚体及有效态微量元素的影响

以王茂沟流域典型人工油松林土壤为对象,研究了不同冻融循环次数(0,3,9次)和不同土壤含水率(40%FC,60%FC,80%FC)条件下土壤团聚体组成和团聚体中4种有效态微量元素(Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn)的演变特征。结果表明:冻融循环次数增加显著增加了<0.25 mm粒径团聚体比例(P<0.01),降低了>2 mm粒径团聚体比例(P<0.01),从而导致团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)显著降低(P<0.01);土壤含水率增加显著降低了<0.25 mm粒径团聚体比例(P<0.01),增加了0.25~2,>2 mm粒径团聚体的比例,团聚体MWD值显著增加(P<0.01)。土壤含水率增加对土壤颗粒的团聚作用显著大于冻融循环作用对土壤团聚体的破坏作用。冻融循环作用降低了<0.25 mm粒径团聚体中有效态Cu和Fe的总量,增加了Mn和Zn的总量,同时增加了在>2 mm粒径团聚体中4种有效态元素的总量。土壤含水率增加降低了<0.25 mm粒径团聚体中4种有效态微量元素的总量,而在>2 mm粒径团聚体中其总量显著增加。土壤含水率升高能够抵消冻融循环次数增加对土壤团聚体的破坏作用,冻融循环作用和土壤含水率增加的协同作用提高了>2 mm粒径团聚体有效态微量元素的含量。     

毛果苔草湿地开垦后土壤中主要营养元素垂直分异

以三江平原毛果苔草湿地及其开垦后的农田为研究对象 ,探讨了湿地开垦前后土壤中主要营养元素含量差异及垂直分异。结果表明 ,毛果苔草湿地土壤中主要营养元素含量要远高于农田土壤中营养元素含量 (土壤表层 K元素除外 ) ,其中 ,全 N含量相差 2 0多倍 ;毛果苔草湿地土壤中主要营养元素的垂直分异显著 ,都在 4 0 %以上 ,其中全 N含量的变异系数最高 ,达到 81.32 % ,而农田土壤中主要营养元素的垂直分异不太显著 ,都在 2 4 %以下 ,主要受水分条件和有机质的含量控制     

不同质地耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

[目的]研究不同土壤质地下耕层土壤有效态微量元素含量特征,为合理制定农田土壤施肥方案和提高土壤养分资源利用率提供依据。[方法]以库车县不同质地耕层土壤(0—20cm)为调查对象,采用统计方法对土壤微量元素有效态含量特征进行分析。[结果](1)土壤有效态微量元素在壤土、砂壤土、黏土、黏壤土及砂土中含量差异显著(p0.05),且壤土和砂壤土的有效态微量元素含量相对较高;(2)土壤微量元素有效性综合指数排列顺序依次为:砂壤土(1.51)砂土(1.44)黏土(1.42)壤土(1.41)黏壤土(1.27);(3)土壤有机质与土壤有效态微量元素均具有极其显著的相关性(p0.01),pH值则与有效铜和有效锰相关显著(p0.05)。[结论]在不同土壤质地下,微量元素铁和锌含量较为缺乏,锰和铜含量则相对较为丰富,故应依据这一特性进行土地科学管理和施肥。     

马尾松采伐迹地火烧黑炭对土壤营养元素含量的短期影响

以中亚热带33年生马尾松人工林采伐迹地为研究对象,分析了炼山1年后移除黑炭(B0)、单倍黑炭(B1)、双倍黑炭(B2)处理和未炼山对照(UB)土壤可提取态常量(P、K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量(Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)元素含量及其比值的变化特征。结果表明:(1)黑炭输入量对土壤常量元素的影响因土层而异,在0—10 cm土层,B2土壤K、Ca和Mg含量显著高于B0土壤(P0.05),黑炭输入量对10—20 cm土壤常量元素含量没有影响(P0.05)。在0—10,10—20 cm土层,B2土壤速效P含量均显著高于UB土壤(P0.05)。不同黑炭输入量处理土壤速效P含量无显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同黑炭输入量处理土壤微量元素含量无显著差异(P0.05),但在10—20 cm土层,B2土壤Mn含量显著高于UB土壤(P0.05);(3)炼山没有显著影响土壤钠钾吸附比(SPAR)、Ca/Mg和Ca/Al。黑炭输入量对土壤Ca/Mg的影响因土层而异,在10—20 cm土层,B2处理土壤Ca/Mg显著高于B0和B1处理土壤Ca/Mg(P0.05),而在0—10 cm土层不同黑炭处理土壤Ca/Mg没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,炼山产生的黑炭在短期内有助于提高土壤常量养分元素含量,并对于维持土壤结构稳定性具有积极意义,今后应持续监测黑炭对土壤养分的长期影响,从而完善炼山黑炭在人工林经营管理中的应用。     

长期轮作施肥对棕壤磷素形态及转化的影响

对沈阳地区棕壤定位试验地各施肥处理土壤按Hed ley等建议的分级方法进行测定。结果表明,棕壤磷中残留态含量最高,无机磷主要以NaOH-P i和HC l-P i形态存在,有机磷主要以NaOH-Po形态存在,NaHCO3-Po在各组分中所占比例最小。施用有机肥能明显增加潜在活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)的数量。1.0mol L-1HC l浸提的Ca-P i存在着缓慢的动态转化过程,是棕壤中的潜在磷源。     

竹林坡位对土壤及竹笋中微量元素的影响

为探讨竹林不同坡位对土壤理化性质、土壤全锌、土壤有效锌、笋中锌、铁、锰、钾及铜元素的影响,本研究以浙江省遂昌县毛竹现代示范生产基地的毛竹林为对象,试验共设置5个坡位,分别为坡顶(S0)、上坡位(S1)、中坡位(S2)、下坡位(S3)和坡底(S4).结果表明:土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量有随坡位上升呈下降的趋势,S4坡位的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质均与S1坡位达到显著差异.而土壤全锌、土壤有效锌、笋中锌及铁有随坡位的降低而降低的趋势,均以S0为最高.但各坡位处理中的土壤全锌含量均未达到显著差异,S0坡位的有效锌与其他各坡位均达到极显著差异.笋中的锌So坡位为最高,比其他各坡位增加了5.20％、7.25％、85.61％和140.52％,So与S3和S4达到了极显著差异.笋中铁含量也是以S0为最高,为157.16mg· kg-1,与其他各处理间均达到了显著差异(S3除外).笋中锰钾元素则以S1为最高,分别为206.78mg· kg-1和37.14g·kg-1,S1位笋中锰只与S4达到了显著差异,S1位笋中的钾与S3达到了显著差异.笋中铜以S4坡位为最高,其他各坡位均与S2达到了显著差异(S0除外).在其他外界环境相同条件下,随着坡位的升高笋中锌、铁、锰、钾土壤中全锌和有效锌而增加的趋势,而土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质和笋中铜的变化趋势则相反.试验结果为竹笋中锌、铁及其他元素的环境风险控制提供科学依据.     

Comparison of Four Different Extraction Methods to Assess Plant Availability of Some Metals in Organic Forest Soil

Abstract

The objective was to find an uncomplicated test giving the best correlation between calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) extracted from humic forest soil and the total concentration of the element in some understorey forest plants using well‐known extractants. The elements were selected because Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn are essential nutrients to plants and Zn and Pb are potentially harmful heavy metals received over the years in the southern parts of Norway by long‐range atmospheric transport. Extraction of organic podzolic surface soil (Oe and Oa horizon) from 17 different pine forests in central and southern Norway was carried out with four different reagents to evaluate uptake of Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the understorey plants Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus (leaves and stems), and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea (leaves and stems). The NH₄OAc, NH₄NO₃, HCl, and EDTA solutions used to extract the soil in addition to concentrated HNO₃, demonstrated variability in capacity to extract the different elements from the soil. The extractants yielded significant relations between concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Pb in the Oe or Oa horizon and some of the plants or plant compartments, even though distinct correlation was more dependent on species and plant part than the actual extractant used. In the case of Zn, Cu, and Mg only a few sporadic correlations were observed between the different plant/plant compartments and the element concentrations in the soil extracts. Altogether none of the extractants was shown to be superior to the others in providing the best correlation with the elements concentrations in selected plant/plant compartments. In the case of Ca, Mn, and Pb all the extractants including concentrated HNO₃ provided significant correlations with at least some of the selected plant/plant compartments.     

北京地区不同土纲典型剖面的土壤微形态特征

以北京地区不同土纲典型剖面为例,通过观察土壤薄片,利用ENVI图像统计分析功能,从土壤微结构、粗骨颗粒、土壤形成物与孔隙几个方面研究其微形态特征。结果表明:北京地区不同土纲典型剖面土壤之间微形态差异明显。淋溶土典型剖面土壤发育完全,Bt层常见到黏粒淀积胶膜;雏形土与新成土土壤微结构发育程度较低,没有淀积黏粒存在,但雏形土形成了B层,存在孔洞状结构,钙积现象明显,土壤发育较新成土成熟。人为土明显表现出大量人类活动的痕迹,侵入物、动植物遗迹多见,土壤发育最为成熟。     

水氮耦合对南疆地区红富士苹果矿质元素含量的影响

新疆自治区南部阿克苏地区是新疆红富士苹果的主要产区。以该区红富士苹果为对象,设置不同水氮处理,利用原子吸收法测定了果实中6种矿质元素的含量,分析了不同施肥、灌溉水平对各矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,灌水适中条件下增施氮肥量可以提高苹果果实中Ca,Mg,Zn的含量;适度的灌水量和氮肥供应能维持Fe元素含量保持较高的水平,灌水量和氮肥供应过高、过低均不利于苹果果实中矿质Fe的积累。Cu和Mn含量与氮肥施用量呈正相关关系。     

昆明烟区植烟土壤pH与中微量元素时空变异性研究

分析昆明烟区5个年度（2012—2020年）共4 888份植烟土壤pH和中微量营养元素的年际变化特征，为预测和阻控土壤酸化及科学配施中微量营养元素提供理论基础。结果表明，2012—2020年：①pH均值介于6.0~6.4，主要分布在微酸性至中性范围，随种植年限的增加，强酸性土壤频度增加，微酸性和中性土壤减少；②有机质均值变幅为29.7~32.2 g/kg，自2018年后有所下降；③交换性镁均值介于240.6~270.7 mg/kg，整体较丰富，随种植年限增加略有降低；④有效锌主要分布在很高等级，有效硼和水溶性氯主要分布在低和很低等级；⑤除pH外，5个年度的土壤有机质、交换性镁、有效锌、有效硼和水溶性氯样本的空间变异性较高。综上所述，在常规施肥管理模式下，昆明烟区植烟土壤酸碱度、有机质和交换性镁含量整体适宜，近年来有缓慢下降趋势；有效硼和水溶性氯含量整体偏低，均表现出一定的时空异质性。因此，基于昆明烟区常规施肥水平上，在注重提高有机肥和硼肥施用量，降低锌肥施用量的同时，应保持土壤交换性镁和水溶性氯的平衡。     

污泥农用对痕量元素在小麦-玉米轮作体系中的积累及转运的影响

利用田间试验初步研究了污泥农用对小麦、玉米大田作物及土壤环境影响以及污泥中痕量元素在土壤与植物可食部分之间转移规律。结果表明,施用污泥后,尤其是36t·hm^-2施用量时,土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和№的含量均显著增加,但是施用污泥4．5至36t·hm^-2后,除小麦籽粒中Zn、Cu含量和玉米籽粒中Zn、Cr含量显著增加外,其他痕量元素在小麦和玉米籽粒中的含量没有显著增加。作物籽粒中Zn含量与土壤中污泥施加量之间存在着显著的线性回归关系,土壤中增施1t·hm^-2之污泥,小麦和玉米籽粒中Zn的含量分别增加0．570和0．118mg·kg^-1。小麦和玉米籽粒除M和Pb的富集系数相近外,对其他痕量元素而言,小麦籽粒的富集系数显著高于玉米籽粒。从痕量元素的累积速率和现行土壤环境质量标准考虑,北京污泥中Hg是优先考虑控制的元素,但是污泥中№对食品安全的影响还需要进行长期的大田实验研究。     

茶树根际与非根际土壤磷形态变化特征

以茶树(Camellia sinensis)根际和非根际土壤为研究对象,选取湖南省石门、临澧、桃源、长沙、安化、资兴等6县(市)的茶园为采样点,对其根际和非根际土壤的全磷、有效磷及无机磷的不同化学形态进行了分析。结果表明,茶树根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量均高于非根际土壤,有效磷在根际富集明显;土壤无机磷含量及占全磷的比例差异都很大。不同母质发育土壤的无机磷组成也不同,板页岩母质发育的根际土壤中Al-P含量最高,Fe-P其次,O-P最少。花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土发育的根际土壤Fe-P最高,Al-P其次,O-P最少。3种母质发育的非根际土壤中均为Fe-P含量最高。根际无机磷中的Al-P,Fe-P和Ca-P含量与有效磷呈极显著正相关,非根际Al-P和Fe-P与土壤有效磷显著正相关关系。根际、非根际土壤全磷和有效磷含量与pH值相关性不显著,根际、非根际土壤有效磷和全磷含量相关性极显著。     

不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素含量研究

本文介绍了不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量变化,利用年限分别为3、10、15、30和80年。研究结果表明,虽然红壤水稻土中不同的重金属元素含量的变化趋势有所差异,但总体上重金属元素含量随利用年限的延长而降低,并可能达到一个相对稳定的水平;施用未经处理的城市垃圾会导致水稻土中某些重金属元素含量明显升高;研究区的水稻土已发生Cd和Cu污染。     

Organic and Inorganic Forms of Phosphorus in a Calcareous Soil Planted with Four Species of Eucalyptus in Southern Iran

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of four eucalyptus species on (i) selected surface soil properties and (ii) the distribution of inorganic and organic phosphorus (P_i and P_o) fractions. Soil samples were collected from soil 0–20 cm deep beneath and between trees. The P_i forms were determined by sequential extraction with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃‐P), ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) (OAc‐P), ammonium fluoride (NH₄F‐P), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) (HC‐P), citrate dithionite (CD‐P), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) (H₂SO₄‐P). The P_o forms were sequentially extracted with NaHCO₃ (NaHCO₃‐P_o), NaOH (NaOH‐P_o), and H₂SO₄ (H₂SO4‐P_o). The NaOH‐P_o was subdivided into moderately stable (NaOH‐P_om) and highly stable P_o (NaOH‐P_os). Organic matter, clay and silt contents, total nitrogen, and available potassium of the soil beneath the trees increased. The OAc‐P and HC‐P forms beneath the trees were less than of that between them, which shows that these fractions probably are labile inorganic P pools. The NaHCO₃‐P_o and NaOH‐P_os forms were greater beneath the trees than those of interspaces, whereas NaOH‐P_om and H₂SO₄‐P_o were not affected by plantation.     

The Effect of Bat Guano Applied to the Soil in Different Forms and Doses on Some Plant Nutrient Contents

This research was conducted for the purpose of determining the effects of bat guano on plant nutrient contents in the soil and in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) during the spring of both 2014 and 2015 with three replications according to randomized blocks experiment design. Bat guano was applied to the soil in two different forms; According to the results organic matter, P, Cu and Mn amounts in the soil were found to be statistically significant and increased compared to the control. Likewise, in the application of bat guano dust, organic matter, P and Mn amounts in the soil were found to be statistically significant and increased compared to the control. In lettuce, N, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn amounts in the application of bat guano powder and K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn amounts in the application of bat guano dust were found to be statistically significant.     

Location of Trace Elements in Unpolluted Soils by a Combined Method

Abstract

A sequential extraction procedure was combined with physical fractionation and mineralogy to determine the distribution of trace elements (TE) among the different phases of a poorly weathered sample. It was first fractionated into five particle‐size fractions. Two of these were selected for sequential extractions on the basis of their contrasting mineralogical compositions. A five‐step sequential extraction scheme was employed. The studied sample is mostly composed of hornblende, quartz, and feldspars. Early weathering has already occurred, resulting in the formation of smectite and oxides. Sequential extractions show that the studied elements are mostly associated with the residual phases. Hornblende was the main TE bearer of the primary minerals, whereas TEs released through weathering precipitated in both smectite and oxides. Oxides were found to scavenge copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) more efficiently than smectite. Copper and nickel (Ni) were more concentrated in smectite than in hornblende.     

Changes in Soil Physical,Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of a Temperate Desert Steppe under Different Grazing Regimes in Northern China

A field grazing experiment was conducted in Jingtai County, Gansu Province, China, from 2003 to 2010. The grazing intensity treatments included light grazing (LG, 0.45 sheep unit/ha), moderate grazing (MG, 0.75 sheep unit/ha), heavy grazing (HG, 1.50 sheep unit/ha), and no grazing (NG). Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were measured. The results showed that, with increasing grazing intensities, the concentrations of total nitrogen, available nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, urease, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in the soil decreased significantly with LG being mostly the greatest (P < 0.05). Soil bulk density for HG and NG was greater than that for LG and MG (P < 0.05). The concentrations of copper, manganese, and zinc were lower than their critical levels for plant growth, whereas iron was greater than its critical level. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed that soil trace elements were the secondary principal component compared with the primary elements, i.e., soil moisture, bulk density, etc.