STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IODINE AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS IN LETTUCE PLANTS

Iodine is vital to human health, and iodine bio-fortification programs help improve the human intake through plant consumption. Essential processes in plants that can be altered by iodine bio-fortification include the nutritional state of plants. The main objective of this work was to determine whether mineral nutrient concentrations were affected by the application of different forms (iodide [I^?] vs. iodate [IO₃ ^?]) and dosages (0, 20, 40, and 80 μM) of iodine, to ascertain the influence of this trace element in Lactuca sativa var. longifolia plants. The application of 80 μM of I^? significantly reduced the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) to below the optimal ranges established for this crop. The IO₃ ^? treatments represented optimal maintenance of the nutritional state for most of the nutrients and even an improvement of nutrients as important as magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe).     

小白菜和空心菜对不同形态碘的吸收

通过营养液培养试验研究了小白菜和空心菜对不同形态碘(I-、IO3-和CH2ICOO-)的吸收特征。研究结果表明,低水平的外源碘能促进小白菜和空心菜的生长;在0～1.0.mg/L(以I计算)的碘水平范围内,小白菜和空心菜对碘的吸收量随外源碘水平的提高而增加;对不同形态碘吸收量大小顺序为:CH2ICOO-I-IO3-。小白菜和空心菜根部和地上部分中碘的含量之间呈显著相关性,其中小白菜根部和地上部分中碘的含量比约为2∶1;空心菜根部和地上部分碘的含量比约为1∶1,反映了不同蔬菜对碘吸收的差异性。     

Behavior of Iodine in a Forest Plot,an Upland Field and a Paddy Field in the Upland Area of Tsukuba,Japan. Iodine Concentration in Precipitation,Irrigation Water,Ponding Water and Soil Water to a Depth of 2.5 m

In the course of a series of studies conducted to investigate the long-term behavior of ¹²⁹I (which has a half-life of 16 million years) in the environment, the concentration of stable iodine (¹²⁷I) in precipitation, irrigation water and soil water to a depth of 2.5 m in a forest plot, an upland field and a paddy field in the upland area of Tsukuba, Japan, was determined. In the forest plot, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 0.13 to 0.21 μg L^?1, about one-tenth of the values recorded in precipitation (weighted mean 2.1 μg L^?1). This finding suggests that the major part of iodine in precipitation was sorbed onto the surface soil horizon under oxidative conditions. In the upland field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water was 2.2 μg L^?1 at a depth of 0.2 m and it decreased to 0.34–0.44 μg L^?1 at a depth of 0.5 m or more; these concentrations were about one-fifth of that in precipitation. This suggested that the major part of the iodine derived from precipitation was sorbed onto the subsurface soil horizon (at depths between 0.2 and 0.5 m). In the paddy field, during the non-irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water at all the depths ranged from 1.8 to 4.8 μg L^?1, almost the same values as those recorded in precipitation. During the irrigation period, the mean iodine concentrations at depths of 0.2 and 0.5 m were 18.8 and 16.7 μg L^?1, values higher than the 10.9 μg L^?1 value recorded in irrigation water and the 11.8 μg L^?1 value recorded in ponding water. However, at a depth of 1.0 m or more, the mean iodine concentrations in soil water rapidly decreased from 7.3 to 1.8 μg L^?1. These data suggested that a significant amount of iodine flowed out from the paddy field by surface runoff and a considerable amount of iodine that leached to a depth of 0.5 m was retained onto the mildly oxidative soil horizon (2Bw) that lay at depths between 0.5 and 1.0 m. At a depth of 2.5 m in the paddy field, the mean iodine concentration in soil water decreased to 1.8 μg L^?1, but this level was much higher than those in the forest plot and upland field at the same depth, which suggested that a significant amount of iodine had leached into the groundwater-bearing layer. There was a negative correlation (r=-0.889) between the E_h of soil and the iodine concentration in soil water (0.2 m depth) of the paddy field. Particularly, when the E_h of soil fell below approximately 150 mV, the iodine concentration rapidly increased to above 10μg L^?1. As for the chemical forms of iodine in precipitation, irrigation water, ponding water and soil water during the winter irrigation period in the paddy field with oxidative conditions, 58–82% of iodine consisted of IO^? ₃ and 17–42% of iodine consisted of I^?. In the soil water during the summer irrigation period in the paddy field under reductive conditions, 52–58% of iodine consisted of I^?, and 42–47% consisted of IO^? ₃.     

Studies on the sorption of I− (iodide) and IO3 − (iodate) onto Andosols

In order to understand the sorption phenomena of I on Andosols, one of the most typical soils in Japan, radiotracer experiments were carried out using I^? (iodide), IO₃ ^? (iodate), and for comparison, Cl^?(chloride) by the batch method, with special emphasis on the influence of solution pH and concentration of the respective ions. Kanuma soil composed of allophane, one of the main consistent minerals in most Andosols, was also examined regarding sorption. The sorption of I^? and Cl^? on Kanuma soil increased with decreasing pH and the sorptions were expressed by Henry isotherms. This indicated that these anions were electrostatically adsorbed on the positive charges which appeared on the surface of Kanuma soil. Sorption of Cl^? onto Andosol could also be explained by electrostatic adsorption. Both I^? and IO₃ ^? were readily sorbed on Andosol from water even under weakly alkaline conditions. The adsorption isotherm of IO₃ ^? on Andosol almost overlapped with that on Kanuma soil, suggesting that the high IO₃ ^? sorption on Andosol was caused by the high adsorbability of IO₃ ^?on allophane and/or sesquioxides of Fe and Al. However, the high I^? sorption on Andosol could not be explained analogously.     

Crop-specific differences in the concentrations of lipids in leachates from the root zone

Although lipids are involved in diverse soil processes and affect various soil properties, the contribution of rhizodeposits and the root zone to lipid concentrations and distributions in soils is unknown. For the first time, we determined the concentrations of alkanoic acids, n-alkanes and n-alkenes in root zone leachates and roots of maize and potato using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In total, the lipid concentrations of leachates were 100 μg g^?1 (maize) and 17 μg g^?1 (potato). The saturated n-alkanoic acids, ranging from n-C₁₄ to n-C₂₈ and having the maximum at n-C₂₂ (maize) and at n-C₁₆ (potato), were more abundant than the other compounds. Maize leachates had more alkanes (20 μg g^?1) than potato leachates (3.1 μg g^?1), but the members of the homologues were nearly the same. Comparison of these distributions with data for roots, microorganisms and soil indicated that the lipids in the leachates from the root zone mainly originated from abrasion of fine roots, rhizodeposits and rhizosphere microorganisms.     

Some considerations on the sorption and desorption phenomena of iodide and iodate on soil

Radiotracer experiments on the sorption of I^? (iodide) and IO _inf ^{3 p?} (iodate) from water by soils such as field soil, rice paddy soil and sandy soil, as well as by some soil components, have been carried out with special reference to the effects of heating and gamma-irradiating the soil. Desorption phenomena of I from soil to various solutions were also studied. The sorption of I^? by soil was markedly reduced through treatments of air-drying and heating the soil prior to its equilibration with water. The results indicated that I^? sorption was by the soil fraction which was unstable at about 150 °C, while IO _inf ^{3 p?} sorption was by the soil fraction which was relatively stable to heating. Gamma-irradiation at 27 kGy affected the sorption to a smaller extent than heating at 150 °C. A very high sorption (or soil-water distribution coefficient, Kd) was found in untreated field soil (andosol) with a low organic C (humus) content, while the sorption by sandy soil was considerably smaller than the other soils. Neither I^? or IO _inf ^{3 p?} were well sorbed by clay minerals, Al₂O₃ and quartz sand, while the sorption by Fe₂O₃ was IO _inf ^{3 p?} were desorbed by 1N NaOH solution. By acidifying this solution, only a part of the desorbed I was re-precipitated with humic acid. The desorption by solutions containing K₂SO₃ or KI was also high, while that by solutions containing HCI, CH₃COONH₄ or chemical fertilizer was considerably lower. These findings suggested the possibility that I was not directly associated with humic acid itself.     

Iodine biofortification in tomato

Iodine is an essential element in the human diet, and iodine deficiency is a significant health problem. No attempts to increase iodine content in plant‐derived food (biofortification) have so far been particularly effective. We studied iodine uptake in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to evaluate whether it is possible to increase the iodine concentration in its fruits. Iodine translocation and storage inside tomato tissues were studied using radioactive iodine. Potassium iodide was also supplied at different concentrations to tomato plants to evaluate the resulting iodide concentration both in the vegetative tissues and the fruits. The results indicate that iodine was taken up better when supplied to the roots using hydroponically grown plants. However, a considerable amount of iodine was also stored after leaf treatment, suggesting that iodine transport through phloem also occurred. We found that tomato plants can tolerate high levels of iodine, stored both in the vegetative tissues and fruits at concentrations that are more than sufficient for the human diet. We conclude that tomato is an excellent crop for iodine‐biofortification programs.     

Interaction with soil enhances the toxic effect of iodide and iodate on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) compared to artificial culture media during initial growth stage

Iodine is an essential trace element for humans, and while plants play an important role in its supplementation, they can also be subject to iodine toxicity. Herein, comparison of iodide and iodate effects on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) development was evaluated in laboratory experiments when it was cultivated in iodine-spiked agar cultivation media and agricultural soil. Our results show that iodine toxicity is highly dependent on its chemical form and also reflects growth substrate type. Barley responses to iodine presence in agar and soil media suggest that iodide has more severe inhibitory effects than iodate on plant growth. Furthermore, the detrimental effect of iodine notably increased in soil with biomass synthesis as the most sensitive physiological parameter to adverse iodide and iodate effects. However, mild iodate and iodide stimulation of barley growth was observed which implies they are beneficial for growth at low concentrations. These effects were more intense when iodine was applied as iodide, especially in soil cultivation system where natural geochemical processes lead to alteration in iodine speciation which significantly increases plant sensitivity to iodine toxicity.     

Microbial Reduction of Iodate

The different oxidation species of iodine have markedly different sorption properties. Hence, changes in iodine redox states can greatly affect the mobility of iodine in the environment. Although a major microbial role has been suggested in the past to account for these redox changes, little has been done to elucidate the responsible microorganisms or the mechanisms involved. In the work presented here, direct microbial reduction of iodate was demonstrated with anaerobic cell suspensions of the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans which reduced 96% of an initial 100 µM iodate to iodide at pH 7 in 30 mM NaHCO₃ buffer, whereas anaerobic cell suspensions of the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens were unable to reduce iodate in 30 mM NaHCO₃ buffer (pH 7). Both D. desulfuricans and S. putrefaciens were able to reduce iodate at pH 7 in 10 mM HEPES buffer. Both soluble ferrous iron and sulfide, as well as iron monosulfide (FeS) were shown to abiologically reduce iodate to iodide. These results indicate that ferric iron and/or sulfate reducing bacteria are capable of mediating both direct, enzymatic, as well as abiotic reduction of iodate in natural anaerobic environments. These microbially mediated reactions may be important factors in the fate and transport of¹²⁹ I in natural systems.     

Boron Foliar Application in Nutrition and Yield of Beet and Tomato

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of boron (B) by foliar spraying for the yield of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. An experiment for each crop was done in a greenhouse at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus, in Brazil. The experiments evaluated the B concentrations of 0, 0.085, 0.170, 0.255, and 0.340 g L^?1; applied in the 20, 35, and 50 days after the transplant (DAT) of beet cv. ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’, and in the 20, 40, and 60 DAT for the tomato cv. ‘Raisa N’. The plants were cultivated in pots with washed sand with 5 dm³ for the beet crop and 10 dm³ for the tomato crop. The beet and tomato crops were harvested 58 and 154 DAT, respectively. The leaves and fruits numbers; the foliar area; the dry matter of leaves, bark and roots; the fresh and dry matter of the fruits and the tuberous root; the dry matter of the total plant and the B foliar content were evaluated. The total dry matter of beet and tomato the plant were influenced by the concentration of the foliar B spray. The highest yield of the tuberous root and the total plant dry matter of beet occurred with B foliar concentration of 0.065 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 26 mg kg^?1. The highest yield of fruit and total plant dry matter of tomato occurred with the B foliar spraying of 0.340 g L^?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 72 mg kg^?1.     

控释碘肥对生菜富碘及若干生理特性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,以普通碘肥为对照,研究了包膜控释碘肥对生菜富碘及某些生理特性的影响。结果表明, 施碘处理与不施碘相比显著提高生菜叶片的碘含量。在两种施碘水平下（I 10和20 mg/kg,土）,与普通碘肥相比,控释碘酸钾和控释碘化钾均显著提高生菜叶片的碘含量,分别提高了46.60%~61.16%、 46.59%~58.53%; 同时提高了生菜生物量、 叶片叶绿素含量、 维生素C含量及抗氧化酶活性［超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）］,降低了生菜叶片硝态氮和丙二醛（MDA）含量; 碘酸根离子处理的土壤碘的淋失率高于碘离子处理; 施用控释碘酸钾和控释碘化钾后,土壤淋溶液中碘淋失量峰值出现时间延后,碘淋失率较普通碘肥分别降低了45.99%~50.97%、 39.18%~46.29%,差异显著。碘肥用量试验的结果表明,与施碘10 mg/kg相比,施碘20 mg/kg时显著提高了生菜叶片的碘含量,但对生菜品质及生理指标无显著影响。与普通碘肥相比,控释碘肥不仅显著提高了生菜叶片对碘的富集,还减少了碘素从土壤中的流失量,提高了碘肥的利用率。施用控释碘肥是培育富碘蔬菜的有效途径之一。     

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER, CHALK, AND SESQUIOXIDES ON THE SOLUBILITY OF IODIDE, ELEMENTAL IODINE, AND IODATE INCUBATED WITH SOIL

Iodine in each of the forms iodide, elemental iodine, and iodate was added, at a rate of 5 mg/kg to a sandy loam and to mixtures of the soil with composted grass roots, chalk and sesquixoides, and its solubility determined after various periods of incubation. With iodide, solubility in both 0.01 M CaCl₂ and 1.0 M NK₄ acetate (pH 4.8) declined rapidly over the period o to 3 days and subsequently reached approximate equilibrium levels of 2.8 per cent solubility in CaCl₂ and 7.8 per cent in NH₄ acetate, these values being the means of samples incubated for 48, 103, and 160 days. The partial (5 per cent) replacement of the soil by composted grass roots had no appreciable effect on the solubility of added iodide, while chalk, incorporated at a rate of 5 per cent, depressed the solubility of iodide in CaCl₂ to 1.8 per cent but caused a slight increase in solubility in NH₄ acetate. The incorporation of 2 per cent hydrated ferric oxide or of 2 per cent hydrated aluminium oxide reduced the solubility of iodide in CaCl₂ to 0.1 and 0.3 per cent, and in NH₄, acetate to 3.8 and 5.7 per cent respectively. Elemental iodine was similar to iodide in its solubility in the two extractants and in its response to the various soil treatments. Iodate, however, differed considerably from the other two forms of iodine. With soil alone, and with the soil/chalk mixture, its decline in solubility with increasing incubation time was relatively slow, although after 160 days its solubility was similar to that of iodide and elemental iodine. The incorporation of composted grass roots caused a rapid reduction in iodate solubility, suggesting that the organic matter accelerated the reduction of iodate to elemental iodine or iodide. With the treatments involving the incorporation of ferric and aluminium oxides, there appeared to be considerable sorption of iodate during the 16 h extraction period and the effects of these materials on iodate solubility during incubation were therefore difficult to assess.     

土壤中有机碘的转化、挥发及其影响因素研究进展

土壤中有机碘的形成、转化及挥发对自然界中碘的迁移转化、生态安全、人体健康具有重要意义。本文基于前人对土壤中碘的相关研究,介绍了土壤中碘的形态和含量,重点对碘与有机质结合生成有机碘的反应机理、土壤中碘有机化的影响因素和土壤中有机碘的挥发进行了阐述。土壤中IO₃^–、I^–发生氧化还原反应,形成中间体物质HIO、I₂,中间体通过化学转化和生物转化两种途径生成有机碘。土壤pH、氧化还原电位、有机质含量、酶活性、Fe/Mn氧化物及其氢氧化物浓度影响有机碘的形成和转化。有机碘的挥发在微生物和高等植物中主要通过在体内生成挥发性甲基碘的过程实现。     

Visualization of 15O-water flow in tomato and rice in the light and dark using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS)

Abstract

¹⁵P-water flow from the roots to the top in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants was visualized with time using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system (PETIS). The ¹⁵O-water flow was switched on by light and completely stopped in the dark. The flow rate in the stem of tomato and the shoot of rice at a light intensity of 500 μmol·m^?2·s^?1 was 1.9 and 0.4 cm min^?1, respectively.     

Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Photosynthesis Activator,Traditional Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in Arid Climatic Conditions

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I₅₀ irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I₃₀ irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I₅₀, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I₃₀, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I₁₀₀ and I₅₀ irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da^?1) in I₁₀₀, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da^?1) in I₃₀ irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I₃₀ irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I₃₀ and I₅₀ irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant^?1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant^?1; 26.30 g plant^?1) in I₅₀ and I₃₀ irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant^?1, 6.40 g plant^?1, 10.26 g plant^?1), respectively.     

Iodine uptake and translocation in apple trees grown under protected cultivation

Background and Aims : Agronomic biofortification of food crops with iodine may improve the dietary intake of this trace element, which is essential for human development and health. So far, little is known about the suitability of this technique in pome fruits. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate uptake and translocation of exogenously applied iodine in apple trees, (2) to identify possible strategies of iodine biofortification for this type of fruit, and (3) to evaluate interactions between foliar applied iodine and selenium. Methods : Apple trees were cultivated in a plastic tunnel for two growing seasons. Iodine was applied via leaves or substrate. During the 2^nd year, simultaneous foliar application of iodine and selenium were tested as well. At harvest time, iodine and selenium content in leaves and fruits were determined. The phytoavailable iodine concentration in the growing medium was analyzed following an extraction with calcium chloride. In addition, the dynamics of iodine applied as potassium iodide and iodate in a peat‐based substrate was investigated in an incubation experiment without plants. Results : The iodine concentration in washed apples increased more than 100‐fold, valuing around 50 µg (100 g FM)^?1 by foliar application of iodine as compared to the control treatment. However, this level was only achieved in fruits which were directly wetted by the spray solution. The translocation of leaf‐absorbed iodine to fruits was negligible. Following a substrate fertilization, the fruit iodine content remained rather low due to a strong retention of iodine in the growing medium. When using foliar sprays, the addition of selenium did not affect the iodine enrichment of the apple fruits. Conclusions : Foliar fertilization of iodine seems to be a promising method to biofortify apples with iodine. The level of I achieved in apple fruits by means of foliar fertilization can significantly contribute to the daily I intake requirement of humans.     

MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE AS AN IN-SEASON FERTIGATION OPTION FOR POTATO

Monopotassium phosphate (MKP) is a potential option for fertigating phosphorus (P) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) when petioles are low in P and high in nitrogen (N); which is a situation where using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) could potentially result in excessive N application. Fertilizer trials were conducted in 2004–2006 with 0 or 56 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 fertigated as either APP or MKP as a supplement to the pre-plant P (112 or 224 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) broadcast applied to all plots. Supplemental P fertigation increased petiole P concentration, US No. 1 yield, and total yield over the control not receiving any in-season P fertilizer regardless of source. In addition, MKP increased tuber specific gravity. These results support previous studies showing that fertigated P can be used to increase potato yields when petiole P concentrations are low and that MKP is a viable substitute for APP fertilizer when fertigation is necessary.     

Speciation of iodine in soils

In order to analyze the behavior and phytoxicity of iodine in soil, the chemical forms of soil iodine must be identified. Therefore, a method for quantitative speciation of iodine in soil was proposed. Iodine extracted from soil samples with tetrametBPyIammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was separated into humic and fnalvic acid fractions at pH4 1.5 after the addition of ascorbic acid into the TMAH extract to reduce iodate into iodide. Since the iodide in the TMAH extract was recovered in the fdvic acid fraction by this procedure, iodine contained in the haamic acid fraction was considered to be organically bound. Podine in the fulvic acid fraction was separated into organic iodine bound to fnlvic acids and the total inorganic iodine. Furthermore, iodine soluble from soil in 0.1 mol L^-1 potassium chloride was assumed to correspond to the amount of total iodide in soil, and from the difference in the concentration of total inorganic iodine and soluble iodide, the amount of iodate was calculated. By the application of this method, iodine in soil was separated into four fractions: organic iodine bound to humic acids, organic iodine bound to fulvic acids, iodate, and iodide. This speciation method was applied to two soils. It was found that s Barge proportion of iodine in soil occurred in an organicalPy bound form.     

Comparison of Iodide and Iodate Accumulation and Volatilization by Filamentous Fungi during Static Cultivation

Five common fungal strains, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata, were cultivated in presence of iodide and iodate to evaluate their efficiency in iodine biovolatilization and bioaccumulation. Our results suggest that iodide and iodate bioaccumulation by microscopic filamentous fungi is similar although the biological transformation into volatile iodine compounds is driven by various pathways resulting in higher volatilization efficiency of iodate. Thus, the mobilization of iodate by filamentous fungi is superior to iodide mobilization. Our paper is also the first to compare the iodide and iodate volatilization efficiency by microorganisms. Our results highlight the significant role of filamentous fungi in biogeochemistry of iodine, especially in formation of environmentally reactive volatile forms that may contribute to ozone layer destruction.     

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AN ALKALINE SALINE SOIL CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND AMENDED WITH ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED COW MANURE: A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT

Sludge derived from cow manure anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane; CH₄) was applied to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline, saline soil with electrolytic conductivity 9.4 dS m^?1 and pH 9.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased 3.1 times when sludge was applied to soil, 1.6 times when cultivated with maize and 3.5 times in sludge-amended maize cultivated soil compared to the unamended uncultivated soil (1.51 mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1). Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from unamended soil was -0.0004 μg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 soil day^?1 and similar from soil cultivated with maize (0.27 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1). Application of sludge increased the N₂O emission to 4.59 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1, but cultivating this soil reduced it to 2.42 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. It was found that application of anaerobic digested cow manure stimulated maize development in an alkaline saline soil and increased emissions of CO₂ and N₂O.