Nitrapyrin,terrazole, atrazine and simazine influence on denitrification and corn growth

In modern agriculture, long‐term soil fertility and crop productivity are maintained by a combination of inorganic fertilizers and pesticide inputs which, in turn, create environmental and health concerns. Therefore, studies were initiated to evaluate two commonly used herbicides (atrazine and simazine) and two biological nitrification inhibitors (nitrapyrin and terrazole) applied with NO₃‐N source fertilizer for their effects on denitrification and on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yields. Each chemical applied at the rate of 10, 50, or 100 mg a.i. L^‐1 suppressed denitrification of NO₃ ^‐ in a liquid medium inoculated with a Tifton loamy sand in a laboratory study. Nitrapyrin and terrazole selectively suppressed NO₃ ^‐ or NO₂ ^‐ or both reduction while atrazine and simazine suppressed NO₂ ^‐ or N₂O or both reduction. In greenhouse pot culture studies, chemical application resulted in higher percent N recovery relative to the control. When atrazine or simazine was part of the chemical treatment, concentrations of NO₃ ^‐ and NO₂ ^‐ in corn (Zea mays L.) plants increased, and plant growth was restricted due to NO₂ ^‐ toxicity. During two consecutive years of field studies using split‐banded applications of N fertilization with nitrapyrin and terrazole, corn ear yields increased 78% and 25% in the first and second year, respectively. With atrazine and simazine, however, yields increased significantly in the first season only. Mixing either herbicide with nitrapyrin or terrazole had no effect on yields during both seasons.

Chemical Names: atrazine = [2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine]; simazine = [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine]; nitrapyrin = [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine]; terrazole = [ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole].     

Nitrapyrin,terrazole, atrazine,and simazine influence on nitrification and corn growth

Most farming systems involving tilled crops require use of pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers in different combinations although most pesticides effects on soil N transformation are scantly documented. Studies were initiated to compare atrazine and simazine herbicides with two biological nitrification inhibitors (nitrapyrin and terrazole) for their effects on biological nitrification and corn (Zea mays L.) growth. In a laboratory study, inhibition of nitrification was less than 3% in a Tifton loamy sand incubated with 10 μg a.i g^‐1 soil atrazine or simazine but was more than 10% in soil amended with nitrapyrin or terrazole, applied separately or in combinations with either herbicide at the same rate. Similar trends were observed with soil treated with different combinations of 2.5 μg a.i. g^‐1 soil nitrapyrin or terrazole and 1.25 μg a.i. g^‐1 soil atrazine or simazine and incubated with and without corn plants under greenhouse conditions. The combination of either herbicide with nitrapyrin or terrazole significantly reduced the corn dry weights with substantial accumulation of Kjeldahl N and NO₃ ^‐ in tissues of plants, probably due to a concentration effect. However, these chemical combinations, applied at the rate of 1.2 kg a.i. ha^‐1 in conjunction with 35 kg ha^‐1 N as (NH₄)₂SO₄ in split banded applications (at planting and at the 6^th leaf stage), showed a nonsignificant trend towards increased corn ear yields in two‐year field studies. Generally, when atrazine or simazine was part of the chemical treatment, its effects on nitrification, plant growth and total N contents outweighed or masked those of nitrapyrin or terrazole.     

Assessing the toxic effect of nitrapyrin on nitrogen transformation in soil

A 28 d N transformation test was developed according to the OECD guideline 216. In the laboratory-based test, a suitable soil was amended with powdered plant meal as an organic N source. Soil samples of 1 kg treated with five concentrations of nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine), in the range 1.0-100 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight were incubated for 28 d at 20±2 °C. A dose response was produced and the N mineralisation EC₅₀ (95% C.I.) for nitrapyrin was 3.1 (1.9-4.3) mg kg⁻¹ dry soil. The determined EC₅₀ was compared with literature figures for similar end points but using different methodology.     

土壤水分与氮肥对玉米根系生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下N肥对根系生长(根长、根重和根冠比)的影响.结果表明,玉米拔节期和开花期无论水分条件如何,施N肥可增加其总根长、表层根长和根重并使根冠比下降;灌浆期施N肥可增加总根长和表层根长,但正常水分条件下N肥使根重和根冠比下降,而干旱条件下N肥对根重和根冠比则无影响.不同处理根冠比大小与N吸收和分配有很大关系.     

土壤水分与氮肥对玉米根系生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下N肥对根系生长（根长、根重和根冠比）的影响。结果表明,玉米拔节期和开花期无论水分条件如何。施N肥可增加其总根长、麦层根长和根重并使根冠比下降;灌浆期施N肥可增加总根长和表层根长,但正常水分条件下N肥使根重和根冠比下降,而干旱条件下N肥对根重和根冠比则无影响,不同处理根冠比大小与N吸收和分配有很大关系。     

UAN氮溶液对潮土上玉米生长和氮素吸收的作用效果

为探究UAN氮溶液在潮土上对玉米生长和氮素吸收的作用效果,采用盆栽试验,研究UAN氮溶液对玉米收获期干物质积累、氮磷钾吸收量和土壤氮磷钾养分状况及pH值的影响。结果表明,等氮量的UAN氮溶液和尿素均促进了玉米的生长和对氮磷钾的吸收,两者的氮肥利用率无显著差异,分别为65.35%和64.76%。与全量UAN氮溶液相比,减施UAN氮溶液20%使玉米的生物量减少14.71%,植株中氮、磷、钾的养分吸收量分别降低24.27%、18.65%、10.47%。在低肥力潮土上,等氮量的UAN氮溶液和尿素对玉米的生长和氮素吸收的效果相当;减施UAN氮溶液20%影响玉米的生长和氮素的吸收,而氮肥利用率无明显变化。     

土壤增氧方式对其氮素转化和水稻氮素利用及产量的影响

以3种不同生态型水稻品种中浙优1号(水稻)、IR45765-3B(深水稻)和中旱221(旱稻)为材料,比较研究了不同增氧方式(T1-增施过氧化钙、T2-微纳气泡水增氧灌溉、T3-表土湿润灌溉和CK-淹水对照)下稻田土壤氮素转化和水稻氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:1)增氧处理明显改善土壤氧化还原状况,3种增氧方式下土壤氧化还原电位均高于CK。稻田增氧促进土壤氮素硝化,在分蘖期和齐穗期T1、T2和T3的土壤硝化强度和脲酶活性均显著高于CK,反硝化强度显著低于CK。2)不同增氧处理对水稻氮素吸收的影响不同,在拔节期、齐穗期和完熟期3品种的植株氮素积累量均表现为T1、T2显著高于CK,而T3显著低于CK;在完熟期,T1处理下中浙优1号、IR45765-3B和中旱221植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了21.2%、13.2%和17.0%,而T2处理下3品种的植株氮素积累量分别较CK增加了14.3%、6.9%和9.1%。3)与CK相比,T1和T2显著提高水稻籽粒产量和收获指数,氮素籽粒生产效率与CK无显著差异,而T3显著增加水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒生产效率。可见,施用过氧化钙和微纳气泡水增氧灌溉能有效改善稻田土壤氧化还原状况,不仅显著提高水稻产量,而且显著增强稻田氮的硝化而减少氮素损失,从而提高水稻氮素积累量和氮素收获指数。     

4种熏蒸剂对土壤氮素转化的影响

采用室内恒温通气培养法,以北京大棚蔬菜地土壤为对象,研究熏蒸剂氯化苦(Pic)、碘甲烷(MeI)、1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-D)和二甲基二硫(DMDS)对土壤氮素矿化和硝化的影响。结果表明,4种熏蒸剂处理后短期内均能显著增加土壤中氮累积矿化量,在处理后第0d,1,3-D、MeI、DMDS、Pic处理的氮累积矿化量分别为320.62mg·kg-1、317.25mg·kg-1、287.87mg·kg-1、278.73mg·kg-1,较对照(189.89mg·kg-1)分别增加68.85%、67.07%、51.60%、46.78%。4种熏蒸剂处理后土壤硝化作用过程受到显著抑制,在药剂熏蒸处理第0d,各熏蒸处理土壤中铵态氮含量均高于对照组,其中MeI处理组铵态氮含量最高,为194.97mg·kg-1,对照组铵态氮含量最低,为28.82mg·kg-1。Pic、1,3-D、DMDS、MeI处理后第0d硝化抑制率分别为40.8%、20.8%、26.9%、24.1%。Pic、1,3-D、MeI对硝化作用的抑制至少维持两周,DMDS的抑制作用至少维持1周。在后期培养过程中,各处理矿化作用和硝化作用都逐渐恢复至对照水平。     

保护性耕作及氮肥运筹对玉米生长的影响

保护性耕作(以留残茬为主要方式)具有优良的保水增产作用以及防沙固土的生态效益已多见报道.目前对于保护性耕作条件下有关作物的研究主要集中在耕作方式对作物产量、生长发育、蓄水肥田以及土壤结构等方面的影响上.多数研究认为,保护性耕作可以引起土壤温度降低,微生物数量增加及活性增强;促进作物生长发育,提高产量;节水保墒,提高水分利用率;植株残体可以培肥地力,并且长期采用保护性耕作可以明显改善土壤结构和微环境[1-3].但是其对作物品质等方面的影响研究相对较少.为此,在研究保护性耕作提高作物产量的同时开展了其对作物品质的影响;分析比较了不同耕作方式下追施氮肥对玉米组织含氮量的影响和保护性耕作条件下玉米对氮素的吸收利用效率,为保护性耕作条件下实现玉米高产优质高效生产提供技术和科学依据.     

耕层土层交换对土壤氮素关键转化过程和玉米氮素利用的影响

翻耕会使耕层土壤发生显著位置交换。耕层土壤位置交换会通过影响土壤物理、化学和生物性状,改变氮素转化过程。本文研究了土层交换对黄淮海平原南端砂姜黑土硝化、反硝化过程和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响,为该区域选择合理的耕作方式、减少氮素损失及提高氮素利用效率提供理论依据。试验在人工气候室条件下,以土壤(0～35 cm)田间原位分层作为常规土层处理(CK),以原位0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层交换后作为土层交换处理(SE),并用20μm的尼龙网区分非根际和根际土壤。于玉米小喇叭口期利用荧光定量PCR技术测定土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化菌群丰度,并结合非根际和根际土壤的硝化潜势、土壤呼吸、反硝化能力、反硝化潜势、土壤理化性质和玉米总氮含量及根系形态的测定,探讨土层交换对土壤氮素转化和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响。结果显示,SE处理的玉米植株氮吸收量比CK处理显著降低8.9%(P0.05)。土层交换显著影响根际而不是非根际土壤的硝化潜势,使其显著降低13.5%(P0.05);并使非根际和根际土壤的反硝化能力分别提高36.6%(P0.05)和8.4%(P0.05)。土层交换使非根际和根际土壤的可溶性有机碳含量分别提高11.7%(P0.05)和5.2%。相关分析显示硝化潜势与氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度呈显著正相关(r=0.91**),与氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度无显著相关关系;反硝化能力与土壤可溶性有机碳和呼吸速率呈显著正相关(r=0.89**和0.93**),与nirK、nirS拷贝数无显著相关性;玉米植株氮吸收量与根际土壤的硝化潜势、根表面积×AOB拷贝数都呈显著正相关(r=0.83*和0.86*),而与反硝化能力呈显著负相关(r=?0.88**)。以上结果表明砂姜黑土土壤硝化速率的降低和反硝化速率的增强,是土层交换后玉米氮素利用效率低的重要原因。AOB是硝化速率的主要驱动微生物。土层交换后土壤可溶性有机碳是反硝化能力的关键主导因子。在翻耕条件下,有效调节土壤可溶性有机碳含量是提高作物氮肥利用效率的关键。     

Tillage and nitrogen effects on growth,nitrogen content,and yield of corn

Abstract

The use of conservation tillage methods, including ridge tillage, has increased dramatically in recent years. At the present time, there is great concern that farmers are applying more nitrogen (N) fertilizer than is environmentally or economically sound. In order to determine if N requirement for optimum yield differs with tillage system, tests were initiated to study tillage and N effects on N content, soil moisture content, and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The study was established in 1987 on two soil types, an Estelline soil (Pachic Haploboroll) and an Egan soil (Udic Haplustoll), located in eastern South Dakota. Five rates of N (0, 65, 130, 195, and 260 kg ha^?1) were applied to plots managed with 3 tillage systems: chisel plow, moldboard plow, and ridge. On the Estelline soil, in both 1988 and 1989, ridge‐tilled plots contained a greater amount of water in the soil profile at emergence and at mid silk than did plots in the other two tillage systems. Soil moisture content at mid silk was significantly correlated with earleaf N, total N uptake, and grain yield in 1988 and earleaf N and grain yield in 1989. However, the correlation coefficients were higher in 1988 than in 1989. On the Egan soil, there were no significant differences in soil moisture content among tillage systems. On the Estelline soil, corn grain yield was affected by a tillage x N‐rate interaction in 1988. Maximum yield within the ridge system was achieved with the 130 kg ha^?1 rate. In 1989 on the Estelline soil, yield was affected by tillage and N rate, but there was no interaction between factors. When averaged over N rates, yields were 7.1, 6.6, and 6.5 Mg ha^?1 in the ridge, moldboard, and chisel systems, respectively. In 1988 plant total N uptake was greater in the ridge system than the moldboard or chisel systems; in 1989 uptake was affected by N rate alone. On the Egan soil, tillage did not affect soil moisture, total N uptake or grain yield in either year. Corn grain yield increased with increasing N rate up to the 195 kg ha^?1 rate. This study indicates that, on some soil types, ridge tillage can improve soil water holding capacity, N utilization and yield of corn.     

无公害可降解地膜对玉米生长及土壤环境的影响

试验研究无公害可降解地膜对玉米生长及土壤环境的影响结果表明:降解地膜在玉米生长前期具有保温、保水的显著效果,叶面积显著增大,叶片数差异不明显;液态地膜降解最快且无污染,环保作用突出,可在蔬菜等生育期短的作物上应用;生物降解膜降解较慢,具有较好的环保作用,且比露地显著增产,可在生育期较长的作物上推广应用;生物-光降解膜降解最慢,环保效果不明显,但比露地显著增产,适于玉米等生育期长的作物应用。     

降雨量和氮素对黑土区春玉米产量的影响

为了研究在田间旱作农业条件下主要生长因子对玉米产量的影响,采用同一品种春玉米、同一“3414”肥料试验设计方案,在土壤有效氮量中等,有效磷、钾含量均较高的黑土上进行了连续3年的玉米田间试验.结果表明,影响玉米产量的3个主要因素分别是玉米生育期降雨量、氮肥施用量和土壤氮素水平.玉米生育期降雨量对产量的影响最大,生育期降雨量越大,玉米产量越高,二者之间呈正相关关系.只有在生育期降雨大于280 mm的情况下,施用氮肥才有较为明显的增产效果,低于此值,氮肥增产效果不明显.与不施肥相比,施用氮、磷、钾肥平均增加水分利用效率24.3％.玉米产量与播前土壤碱解氮之间旱正比,高水平的土壤碱解氮有利于玉米产量的提高.     

4种熏蒸剂处理对土壤可溶性有机氮和微生物量碳氮的影响

采用室内恒温通气培养法,以北京大棚蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,以未使用熏蒸剂土壤为对照,研究4种熏蒸剂[氯化苦(Pic)、1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-D)、二甲基二硫(DMDS)和威百亩(MS)]对土壤可溶性氮素和微生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明,4种熏蒸剂处理均能增加土壤中可溶性有机氮的含量,熏蒸处理后敞气0 d时,Pic、MS、DMDS和1,3-D处理的土壤可溶性有机氮累积量分别为47.55 mg·kg-1、42.15 mg·kg-1、40.34 mg·kg-1和32.02 mg·kg-1,较对照(29.97 mg·kg-1)分别增加58.67%、40.65%、34.61%和6.87%。敞气后14~84 d,Pic、DMDS和MS处理DON含量仍持续上升,1,3-D和对照变化不大,各处理之间DON含量差异显著。4种熏蒸剂处理后短时间内,土壤中可溶性氨基酸(DAA)与对照相比大幅上升,在熏蒸后7 d达到最大值,其中Pic处理的上升幅度最大,为12.87 mg·kg-1,对照DAA含量最低,为5.74 mg·kg-1。4种熏蒸剂处理之后,土壤中微生物量碳和氮均呈现急剧下降的趋势,其中Pic处理对微生物的杀灭作用最强,敞气后0 d,Pic处理的微生物量碳和微生物量氮含量分别比对照下降69.39%和70.95%,MS和DMDS次之,1,3-D的杀灭作用最弱。     

氮掺杂碳纳米粒子对土壤氮素转化及油菜苗期生长的影响

为了解氮掺杂碳纳米粒子(N-CNPs)对土壤氮素转化和植物生长的影响,以油菜品种湘油15号为研究材料,以常规硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)为阳性对照,采用室内盆栽法分析不同剂量N-CNPs对移植油菜后土壤氮素形态、含量以及油菜生长状况和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:N-CNPs能显著提高土壤NH_4~+-N含量同时降低NO_3~--N含量,与单施尿素相比,NH_4~+-N最大提升118%,NO_3~--N最大降低49.74 mg/kg。5‰和15‰的N-CNPs硝化抑制能力较5%的DCD高,在23 d时差异达到了显著水平。5‰的N-CNPs可增加油菜苗期氮素积累量,其氮肥利用率较单施尿素提升了16.77个百分点。N-CNPs剂量提升至15‰,油菜生长受到抑制。总体而言,N-CNPs具有较好的硝化抑制能力,提升氮肥利用率;5‰剂量的N-CNPs能促进油菜苗期的生长和氮素的积累。     

腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥利用及氮肥损失的影响

【目的】 通过研究新型腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥吸收利用和分配及氮肥在土壤中分布以及损失的影响,为促进新型肥料的应用,减少环境污染,提高作物产量提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用固定装置,应用同位素示踪技术进行田间试验。试验共设 4 个处理:CK1 (不施氮肥)、CK2 (普通尿素 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA1 (脲基活化腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA2 (常规掺混腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)。采集玉米播种前、施肥前和收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm 土壤样品,采用静态箱体内置硼酸吸收池法测定氨挥发,氧化亚氮通过静态箱体收集、真空瓶贮存后气相色谱仪测定。玉米成熟后采集地上部植株样品,将营养器官与籽粒分离,计产并测定产量构成指标。 【结果】 籽粒中氮素 34.6%～36.2% 来自肥料,营养器官中氮素 14.6%～17.4% 来自肥料。CK2、HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮肥利用率分别为 25.1%、30.9%、28.5%,氮肥损失率分别为 38.1%、19.8%、27.2%。与 CK2 相比:1) 施用 HA1 能提高玉米产量;2) HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮素吸收总量分别增加 25.8 和 16.3 kg/hm2,氮肥利用率分别提高 5.8 个百分点和 3.4 个百分点,氮肥损失率分别减少 18.3 个百分点和 10.9 个百分点;3) HA1 和 HA2 处理 0—60 cm 土壤氮素残留率分别增加 12.5 个百分点和 7.5 个百分点;4) 施用腐植酸氮肥明显提高 0—20、20—40 cm 土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。 【结论】 腐植酸氮肥能显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率,促进玉米对土壤氮素的吸收利用,显著增加 0—20 cm 土壤氮素残留量和 0—40 cm 土壤无机态氮含量,减缓氮素向深层土壤迁移,从而减少淋溶损失。腐植酸氮肥能改善氮素在土壤中的分布,满足作物根系需肥特性;腐植酸氮肥能显著降低氧化亚氮产生量和其它途径的氮素损失,从而减少氮素损失量。其中,脲基活化腐植酸氮肥作用效果更加明显。      

不同施肥处理对玉米产量及土壤酶活性的影响

分析了不同施肥处理对玉米产量和土壤养分的影响,以及不同生育期内土壤纤维素酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化。结果表明,5个不同施肥处理产量均高于CK;秸秆配施无机肥加秸秆腐熟剂(FS)处理和有机肥配施70% NPK(OF)处理的效果最佳,有机无机复合肥(OI2)、有机无机复合肥(OI1)和常规无机肥(CF)处理次之,不施肥处理(CK)最低。FS处理较常规施肥处理提高了4.87%,有机肥配施70%常规无机肥(OF)处理较常规施肥处理的产量提高了3.39%。施肥处理均能提高3种酶的活性,并且表现出较强规律性:土壤过氧化氢酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰,土壤纤维素酶和土壤脲酶在玉米大喇叭口期出现活性高峰;FS处理在各个时期的酶活性较高。综上所述,秸秆还田配施化肥加秸秆腐熟剂有利于增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量,提高作物产量。     

不同形态氮在土壤中的转化及对烤烟生长的影响

烤烟吸收不同形态的氮素,对其生长发育和品质形成具有明显的影响[1,2].长期以来,关于铵态氮和硝态氮对烤烟生长和品质的影响,国内外作了大量的研究[3～7],但由于供试土壤及气候条件不同,至今尚无定论.     

本质素对土壤N、P转化及玉米产量的影响

研究造纸黑液中提取的木质素对土壤N、P转化及其对玉米生长和产量的影响结果表明,木质素可减缓NH4+向NO3氧化,且随其施用量的增加效果更显著.木质素与磷酸二铵混合施用效果最佳,其次为硫酸铵＞尿素.在30℃温度下培养27d,施用量为2%和5%的木质素可分别减少施尿素土壤N2O释放83%和96%;而施磷酸二铵的土壤则分别减少83%和93%.施用木质素可促进难溶性P的溶解,对作物生长极为有利.玉米盆栽试验中施用木质素的根系较发达、粗壮,平均株高、地上部和地下部的鲜物质量和干物质量均高于不施木质素的处理.木质素用量为50μg/g和200μg/g时玉米籽粒产量分别提高4.2%和18.8%.     

脲酶抑制剂不同用量对土壤氮素供应的影响

为研究在红壤双季稻田脲酶抑制剂适宜的添加比例,采用田间小区试验研究不同水平的脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)对双季稻田土壤氮素转化的影响。本文设置NBPT的施用量为尿素的0. 5%、0. 75%、1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%5个水平。结果表明:与农民习惯施氮(单施尿素N 135 kg/hm~2)处理相比,NBPT与尿素的比例1. 0%时,对早、晚稻的产量与氮素回收率均无显著影响,当NBPT添加比例为1. 0%、1. 25%、1. 5%时,早、晚稻的产量以及氮素回收率均显著提高,且添加量在1. 0%与1. 5%的两个处理之间无显著差异;与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT大于1. 0%时,土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量在分蘖期显著降低,铵态氮含量在孕穗期显著升高,而硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、氮含量始终无明显差异,孕穗期的脲酶活性也无显著差异;通过逐步回归分析发现,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响,由此可知,添加NBPT可保持孕穗期较高的土壤铵态氮含量可能是其增产与提高氮肥利用率的主要原因,NBPT在稻田的适宜添加量为尿素用量的1. 0%以上。