Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Activity to Incorporation of Straws and Straw Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Respiration and Soil Organic Carbon Turnover

Like straw, biochar incorporation can influence soil microorganisms and enzyme activities and soil carbon(C) responses; however,few studies have compared the various effects of straw and biochar and the underlying mechanisms. An experiment was performed to study the changes in soil respiration(SR) and soil organic C(SOC) fluxes in response to the incorporation of three kinds of straw(reed, smooth cordgrass, and rice) and their pyrolyzed products(biochars) at Chongming Island, China. In addition, the microbial activity and community structure of some amended soils were also analyzed to clarify the mechanisms of these responses. The results showed that all biochar incorporation(BC) induced lower SR than the corresponding unpyrolyzed straw incorporation(ST), and the average SR in the soils following BC and ST during the experimental periods was 21.69 and 65.32 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1), respectively.Furthermore, the average SOC content was 16.97 g kg~(-1) following BC, which was higher than that(13.71 g kg~(-1)) following ST,indicating that compared to ST, BC was a low-C strategy, even after accounting for the C loss during biochar production. Among the BC treatments, reed-BC induced the lowest SR(17.04 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)), whereas smooth cordgrass-BC induced the highest SR(27.02 μmol CO_2 m~(-2)s~(-1)). Furthermore, in contrast with ST, BC significantly increased the abundance of some bacteria with poorer mineralization or better humification ability, which led to lower SR. The lower easily oxidizable C(EOC) and higher total C contents of biochars induced lower SR and higher SOC in the soil following BC compared to that following ST. Among the BC treatments,the higher total nitrogen content of rice biochar led to significantly higher soil microbial biomass, and the lower EOC content of reed biochar led to lower soil microbial activity and SR.     

铅污染对青紫泥微生物活性的影响

土壤微生物量碳、基础呼吸作用、土壤代谢商是表征土壤质量的重要指标,并且与土壤本身的理化性质有关。脱氢酶活性是土壤微生物种群及其活性的重要敏感性指标之一。通过室内培养,研究了不同铅添加水平(200~1 200 mg/kg)对青紫泥田微生物生物量碳及土壤基础呼吸作用、土壤代谢商、土壤脱氢酶的影响。研究表明:随培养时间延长,青紫泥田生物量碳呈下降趋势,基础呼吸作用随铅浓度升高而加强。土壤代谢商随培养时间延长变化趋势不同。外源铅胁迫下土壤脱氢酶活性随铅处理浓度升高明显受抑制。相关分析表明,土壤铅含量与土壤微生物生物量碳、脱氢酶在不同培养时期相关性不同。     

小麦玉米轮作条件下不同生物质炭对土壤腐殖物质的影响

生物质炭是有效的土壤固碳材料.通过1年的田间试验探究了小麦玉米轮作施用花生壳生物质炭和木材生物质炭后盐化潮土腐殖物质(HS)含量及化学结构的变化.试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规单施化肥(T1)、花生壳生物质炭(T2)、木材生物质炭(T3)4个处理.结果表明,与CK和T1处理相比,小麦季和玉米季生物质炭处理的土壤有机碳(s...     

生物质炭对茂兰喀斯特森林土壤呼吸与有机碳的影响

以贵州茂兰喀斯特国家自然保护区原始森林中的优势种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)凋落物(L)和对应的森林土壤(S)为研究对象,在两种不同温度(400℃、600℃)下将凋落物制成生物质炭(BC400、BC600),设置土壤(S)、土壤+凋落物(S+L)、土壤+BC400(S+BC400)、土壤+BC600(S+BC600)4个处理进行室内培养(1 kg土中加12.5 g生物质炭),在培养过程中动态监测土壤呼吸、土壤有机碳、碳氮比和pH,分析青冈凋落物与其生物质炭对森林土壤呼吸和有机碳含量等变化的影响。结果表明:在添加量为12.5 g/kg的条件下,25℃培养180 d后,与对照组相比,3组添加不同物质的处理S+L、S+BC400、S+BC600中碳的净释放量分别增加了34.98%、42.45%、9.83%,青冈凋落物与其生物质炭的添加均对土壤呼吸起到了明显的促进作用(P0.05);对培养前后土壤有机碳含量对比发现,低温生物质炭(BC400)的添加促进了微生物对土壤有机碳的转化,而高温生物质炭(BC600)作用相反,从短期来看,具有一定的固碳作用,为生物质炭在喀斯特森林土壤碳固定应用方面提供了参考依据。     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳库的影响

土壤碳库是输入、输出土壤碳量的平衡:大气CO2浓度升高有可能通过生态系统中的各种生理过程来增加输入土壤的碳量,输入土壤碳量的增加使土壤成为一个潜在的碳汇,有可能缓解大气CO2浓度的升高;但另一方面输入土壤碳量的增加,为微生物的生长提供了能量,从而提高了微生物的活性,因此土壤呼吸增强,土壤碳输出增加.本文综述了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳输入、输出的影响以及目前研究中存在的争论,并提出有待进一步研究的领域和方向.     

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen in aggregates in response to over seven decades of farmyard manure application

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term fertilisation on soil aggregation and the associated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) pools in aggregates. The combined application of mineral fertiliser and manure improved soil aggregation, SOC and N content in aggregates, compared to manure or mineral fertiliser alone, and thus proved to be a suitable fertilisation strategy to increase C sequestration in agroecosystems.     

Effects of Soil Application of Different Biochars on Selected Soil Chemical Properties

An incubation study was conducted to determine if biochars created using different feedstocks and under different reactor conditions would differentially influence specific soil chemical properties. A Nicollet surface soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) was mixed with 17 different biochars and a nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The biochars were created with different feedstocks and different reactor conditions. Soil tests for total nitrogen (N), total organic carbon (C), ammonium N (NH₄ ⁺-N), and nitrate N (NO₃ ^?-N) were run. Results show that the feedstock used to create the biochar influenced how it affected the specific soil chemical properties measured. Results also suggest that the conditions within the reactor influence how the biochar will affect the soil chemical properties measured.     

Sodic Soil Reclamation Potential of Gypsum and Biocharadditions: Influence on Physicochemical Properties and Soil Respiration

Reclamation of sodic soils is proving increasingly vital as greater land area becomes salt-affected in the northern Great Plains of the United States. Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) can be an agriculturally important resource for increasing land productivity through the amelioration of sodic soils. Biochar is also considered as an aid in reclaiming degraded soils. In this incubation study, two rates of FGDG (33.6 Mg ha^?1 and 66.2 Mg ha^?1), two rates of biochar made from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) pulp (16.8 Mg ha^?1), and one rate of FGDG combined with one rate of biochar (33.6 Mg ha^?1 ea.) were applied to a sodic soil. Soil physicochemical properties, including cationic exchange, pH, electrical conductivity (EC_e), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR_e), total organic carbon (TOC), water retention, and soil respiration rate, were assessed during and at the end of the incubation period. Addition of FGDG to sodic soil increased EC_e from 3.5 to 8.4 dS m^?1 and decreased SAR_e from 16 to 9. Biochar addition to sodic soil increased TOC from 62.2 to 99.5 μg g^?1 and increased soil respiration rate (mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1) on every measurement period. When FGDG and biochar were both added to the sodic soil, TOC did not significantly improve; however, EC_e increased from 3.5 to 7.7 dS m^?1, SAR_e decreased from 16 to 9, and soil respiration rate increased for all measurements. The results confirm there is potential for FGDG and biochar to reclaim sodic soils alone, and applied in combination.     

互花米草控制技术对湿地土壤有机碳保留能力与微生物活性的影响

鉴于多种技术被用于控制崇明东滩互花米草的蔓延,为了选择更好的互花米草控制技术,首先比较不同控制技术作用下湿地土壤总有机碳（SOC）含量的差异,并对土壤中的微生物活性进行研究以分析土壤中总有机碳的输出能力,进而分析土壤总有机碳的保留能力。结果表明,经过刈割／翻耕、刈割／翻耕／水位调节、刈割／生物（芦苇）替代等控制措施后,湿地土壤中土壤总有机碳含量、可培养微生物菌落数、土壤转化酶活性和土壤呼吸强度均高于对照,而通过DGGE技术对微生物种群进行分析后发现,修复后的湿地土壤多样性显著低于对照。在几种不同的控制技术中,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式由于增加了土壤的滞水时间,其土壤微生物活性相对较低,有机碳含量较高,表明采用该修复技术后土壤的碳代谢能力相对较弱,因此该修复技术更有利于湿地土壤有机碳的保留。相对其他控制技术而言,刈割／翻耕／水位调节模式可在控制互花米草蔓延的同时有效地保留土壤有机碳。     

蚯蚓活动和秸秆施用方式对土壤生物学性质的动态影响

通过实验室短期培养研究接种蚯蚓和有机物不同施用方式(混施与表施)对土壤微生物类群、土壤微生物量以及呼吸强度等土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,接种蚯蚓对土壤可培养酵母菌、细菌数量和土壤底物诱导呼吸强度有明显促进作用。最高增幅分别达到相应未接种蚯蚓处理的5.18,8.88,2.50倍。蚯蚓活动对土壤微生物量及真菌数量的影响受到秸秆施用的影响:在混施和不施秸秆的处理(SRME、SE)中显著抑制丝状真菌数量;在混施秸秆处理中蚯蚓活动降低了SMBC含量。秸秆的施用方式对土壤微生物性状也有较大影响。混施秸秆处理中,土壤酵母菌、细菌数量、土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸强度增加也最为明显,而丝状真菌数量的增加幅度却不如表施秸秆处理。各处理土壤微生物量碳随时间变化趋势比较一致,呈现先降(第4周)后增的变化趋势,其他测定项目没有一致的随时间变化的规律。方差分析表明秸秆施用对土壤微生物量氮和可培养微生物数量变化的贡献最大,分别达到96.5%(SMBN)、77.9%(细菌)、69.4%(酵母菌)和85.3%(丝状真菌)。并且时间、秸秆和蚯蚓因子间存在强烈交互作用。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土有机碳的固存效应

利用开始于1979年的黑土长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤有机碳含量演变特征、固碳效应及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献。结果表明:长期单施化肥土壤有机碳含量较试验前下降了11.6%~16.1%,有机肥与化肥配施土壤有机碳含量呈上升趋势,常量有机肥化肥配施(MNP、MNPK)土壤有机碳含量分别上升了6.5%和8.4%,二倍量有机肥化肥配施(M2N2、M2N2P2)土壤有机碳含量分别上升了7.7%和11.6%。不施肥和施化肥土壤有机碳储量呈现亏缺,亏缺量在3.5~6.1t/hm2。有机肥与化肥配施土壤有机碳储量表现为盈余,M2N2P2处理盈余量最高,达到1.9t/hm2。年均有机碳投入量与土壤固碳速率呈显著的线性正相关,表明黑土仍具有一定的固碳潜力。黑土碳投入的转化效率为34.1%,若要维持黑土有机碳库平衡,则每年至少投入1.416t/hm2有机碳。可见,在黑土区增加土壤碳投入(有机肥)仍然是最有效的土壤固碳措施。     

Impact Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Azospirillum and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Soil Health and Ecology

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India, during the winter season of 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. Baby corn cob and green fodder yields were greatest in T₁₅ [100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) + Azospirillum]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and residual soil fertility (NPK) were greatest in T₁₆ (150% RDF + AM + Azospirillum). In contrast, soil microbial load [colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria, diazotrophs, fungi, and Azospirillum], AM biomass, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient, microbial quotient, and enzymes (urease and acid phosphatase) were greatest in T₁₃ (absolute control + AM + Azospirillum) followed by T₁₄ (50% RDF + AM + Azospirillum)]. The values of all these parameters declined drastically with the increasing percentages of RDF. Coinoculated plots built up greater soil fertility and SOC.     

不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响

全球气候变化会导致陆地生态系统干旱频繁,强降雨增多,深入研究降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响,有利于理解陆地生态系统中土壤碳、氮的循环.研究以北京市延庆县上辛庄水土保持科技示范园内的标准径流小区为对象,探讨不同土地利用方式下降雨对土壤微生物量和呼吸的影响及差异.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下土壤干旱时,降雨使土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸产生激增效应.2010年8月3日降雨后经果林、裸地、农用地的土壤微生物量碳与干旱期的相比分别增加了0.40,1.51,1.95倍;土壤微生物量氯与干旱期的相比分别增加了1.77,1.83,3.7倍;土壤呼吸与干旱期的相比分别提离了12.4%,12.5%,20.5%.激增幅度依次为农用地>裸地>经果林.农用地的土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸值均低于经果林、裸地的,但是降雨使其产生的激增幅度明显大于经果林和裸地的.     

Evaluation of the Effects of Soil Depth on Microbial Activity in Three Agroecosystems in Venezuela

The objective of this study was to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), basal respiration (BR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), the metabolic quotient (qCO₂), and ratio of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon (MBC/TOC) at different soil depths in three agroecosystems in Fundo Zamorano Independencia, Cojedes State, Venezuela. The types of agroecosystems studied were short-cycle corn and bean cropland, pastureland, and gallery forest, which was used as the control soil. The BR was determined by measuring the carbon dioxide released in a closed system, and the MBC was analyzed by applying the substrate-induced respiration method. The BR and the MBC varied depending on depth and transect position, decreasing between 18% and 38% at a depth of >10 cm with respect to the measurements taken between 0 and 10 cm. Significantly greater BR and MBC values were found at the middle transect position, where the soils with the greatest moisture content are located. No significant differences for BR, MBC, and qCO₂ values were found among the agroecosystems. This was due to the high spatial variability of the physical and chemical properties of the soils in the study site. However, with the application of the Kruskal–Wallis test, significant differences for the TOC and MBC/TOC values were found among the agroecosystems. These results highlight the importance of the type of plant cover over soil in different agroecosystems, mainly on pastureland, which maintains the potential of the inocular mycorrhizal of the soil.     

生物质炭短期添加对不同类型土壤水力性质的影响

为探究生物质炭添加对农田土壤水力性质的影响，以我国10个地区农田耕层土壤为供试土样，通过室内模拟试验，研究4种生物质炭添加比例下(C0、C5、C10和C15，生物质炭体积占比分别为0%、5%、10%和15%)土壤饱和导水率(Ks)、水分特征曲线及van Genuchten模型拟合参数和水分常数的变化特征。结果表明：生物质炭添加对土壤渗透性能的影响与土壤质地密切相关；添加生物质炭后，砂粒含量较高的风砂土和黄绵土的Ks显著降低，C15的降幅分别为89.2%和85.0%；而黏粒含量较高土壤的Ks普遍升高，C15处理下赤红壤的增幅高达158.9%。生物质炭添加改变了土壤的持水能力，且变幅随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增大。生物质炭添加提升了各类土壤的饱和含水量(0.7%～17.6%)和低吸力段的持水能力；生物质炭添加对中、高吸力水平下各类土壤持水能力的影响存在差异，大致表现为砂质土持水能力提升、残余含水量增大、α值降低；而壤质、黏质土持水能力下降，残余含水量、田间持水量及凋萎系数均降低。研究结果可为考虑生物质炭施用的平衡模拟提供水力学基础参数，并为各地区农田生物质炭的合理施用提供科学依据。     

蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳及微生物活性的影响

为探讨施用蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳与微生物活性的作用效果,通过大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)和VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对豇豆土壤活性有机碳、碳库管理指数(CPMI)、微生物量碳氮及微生物呼吸、代谢熵的影响。结果表明,与CF相比,施用蚯蚓粪处理的活性、中活性和高活性有机碳含量均显著升高。VC+CF的活性有机碳含量与CPMI明显高于其它处理,较CF分别高出30.38%和36.69;同时,微生物量碳、氮含量亦显著高于其它处理。此外,VC+CF还明显增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,但降低了代谢熵,其中土壤微生物呼吸分别比CK、CF和VC提高64.91%、36.23%和16.05%,而代谢熵分别下降10.85%、9.06%和5.32%。与VC+CF相比,VC对豇豆土壤的影响作用较小。相关性分析表明,土壤不同程度的活性有机碳、CPMI与微生物活性之间呈显著或极显著的相关性,各指标之间具有密切的内在联系。综上所述,蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能明显提高豇豆土壤的活性有机碳含量,且能显著增强土壤微生物活性。该研究为豇豆的合理施肥提供了理论依据。     

植被恢复对侵蚀退化红壤碳吸存的影响

侵蚀退化土壤具有较大的碳吸存潜力,恢复我国大面积退化土壤对增加碳汇具有重要意义。在长汀县河田镇研究了侵蚀退化裸地恢复为马尾松、板栗园和百喜草地后土壤有机碳库的变化,试图揭示植被恢复对土壤有机碳垂直分布的影响,以及侵蚀退化红壤在植被恢复过程中碳吸存潜力和速率。裸地的土壤有机碳含量和储量极低,垂直分布变化不明显;而植被恢复显著增加了土壤的有机碳含量和储量,0~5 cm土层受植被恢复影响最大,40 cm以下土层深度受植被恢复的影响很小,0~20 cm土层是储存有机碳的主要层次。以次生林为参照,裸地土壤的碳吸存潜力为56 t/hm2,而植被恢复后土壤仍约有30~44 t/hm2的吸存潜力。马尾松林、板栗园和百喜草地0~100 cm土层土壤碳吸存量分别为25.234 t/hm2,11.418 t/hm2和15.394 t/hm2,年平均碳吸存速率分别为1.06t/(hm2.a),1.90 t/(hm2.a)和3.08 t/(hm2.a),短期碳吸存速率高于长期碳吸存速率。     

生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响

要 ：秸秆还田和施用生物炭是提高土壤有机碳含量和改良土壤团聚体结构的有效方法,但长期施用生物炭与秸秆还田改良土壤的效率研究仍然缺乏比较。本研究针对中亚热带典型的旱地红壤,基于等碳量不同碳源投入的5年野外定位试验,研究秸秆还田、秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田对红壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响,为建立红壤地力快速提升的有机培肥措施提供科学依据。本试验共设置对照、单施化肥、秸秆还田、秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田五个处理,采用干筛和湿筛法分析了连续施用不同碳源5年后对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和有机碳分布的影响。研究表明,施用等碳量的不同有机碳源5年后显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,其增幅顺序为：生物炭还田>秸秆-猪粪配施>秸秆还田。干筛法分析结果表明：与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆-猪粪配施和生物炭还田处理显著增加>0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量(R_0.25)、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)和几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter, GMD);秸秆还田和生物炭还田处理显著增加了0.25-2 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。湿筛法分析结果表明：与单施化肥处理相比,秸秆还田和秸秆-猪粪配施处理显著增加R_0.25、MWD和GMD,但生物炭还田处理和单施化肥处理相比差异不显著;秸秆还田和秸秆-猪粪配施处理显著降低团聚体破坏率(PAD),生物炭还田处理显著增加了PAD;秸秆配施猪粪处理和秸秆还田处理显著增加了>2mm团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率。总体上,秸秆配施猪粪协同提高团聚体有机质含量和团聚体稳定性的作用比秸秆还田和生物炭还田要强。     

生物发酵肥对温室黄瓜土壤微生物组成的影响

以大棚黄瓜根区土壤为研究对象,测定了不同施肥方式下温室黄瓜地土壤微生物3大类群和主要功能群组成及土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC),研究了温室中不同施肥方式对黄瓜根区土壤微生物组成及土壤MBC(土壤微生物生物量碳)的影响,探讨了微生物发酵有机肥对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量由高到低的顺序依次为:发酵肥>发酵肥+50%化肥>常规施肥>普通有机肥>CK;土壤微生物综合指标Shannon-Wiener指数以生物发酵肥最高;氨化细菌、固氮菌及纤维素分解菌数量以生物发酵肥最高,硝化细菌数量以发酵肥+50%化肥处理最高;生物发酵肥和发酵肥+50%化肥两处理的MBC均显著高于常规施肥。施用微生物发酵有机肥可显著增加土壤微生物数量及微生物的群落多样性,并有助于提高土壤综合肥力。