Poultry Manure and Nitrogen–Phosphorus–Potassium Fertilizer Application and Their Residual Effects on Soil Physical Properties in Two Distinct Ecological Zones of Central Southern Nigeria

Poultry manure and nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K) fertilizer application and their residual effects on soil physical properties were investigated with soils drawn from two distinct ecological zones, Agbede (derived savanna) and Obadan (forest), of Edo State of southern Nigeria in 2005 and 2006 rainy seasons. The treatments consisted of three levels of poultry manure (0, 4, and 6 tons/PM/ha) and four levels of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg NPK ha^?1), which were combined factorially, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated three times. Poultry manure, combined application of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer in 2005, and their residual effects in 2006 gave greater degree of saturation and soil moisture content and lower soil bulk density in both locations but were significantly better in the Obadan location in 2006. The lowest bulk densities of 1.16 and 1.15g cm² were obtained with the application of 6 tons PM ha^?1 + 50 kg NPK ha^?1 in Obadan soils in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Water-stable aggregate, porosity, void ratio, and air-filled porosity were greater in 2006 due to the residual effects of poultry manure and its combined application with NPK fertilizer than in 2005. In contrast, fertilizer application alone reduced void ratio, porosity, and air-filled porosity of the soils.     

Expression of Soil Chemical and Biological Behavior on Nutritional Quality of Aromatic Rice as Influenced by Organic and Mineral Fertilization

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the yield and nutritional characteristics of aromatic rice as influenced by organic versus mineral fertilization. Aromatic rice was grown on four levels of cattle manure (CM; 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha^?1). Other treatments were equivalent amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in different levels of manure fertilizer and mineral fertilizer. After 6 years of cropping, organically managed plots were superior to mineral-fertilized plots in terms of grain yields of rice at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha^?1. Cattle manure at 20 Mg ha^?1 and its equivalent NPK through mineral-fertilizer treatment provided 41.1% and 37.9% increases in average grain yield (5.2 and 5.1 Mg ha^?1) over the unamended control. Protein content was greater in mineral-fertilized rice grains at all levels of CM. Soil dehydrogenase, β-glucosidae, urease, and acid phosphatase activities were greater in soil treated with CM than soil treated with the corresponding mineral fertilizer at all levels. There was buildup of soil-available N, K, and iron (Fe) in soils treated with CM. Grain hardness increased with increasing rates of nutrient application for both mineral-fertilized and organically grown rice; in contrast, amylose content was lower in treatments receiving more nutrients, irrespective of nutrient sources. In terms of functional property, phenol content in rice grain increased with increasing nutrient supply. Potassium and Fe contents were more in CM-treated rice than in mineral-fertilized treatments at greater rates of application. Results suggest that after building up the soil nutrient status, comparable yield and better nutritional and functional qualities of rice can be achieved in organically managed soils than in mineral-fertilized soils.     

Nutrient-Use and Carbon-Sequestration Efficiencies in Soils from Different Organic Wastes in Rice and Tomato Cultivation

Effects of household waste, chicken manure, and cow dung on nutrient-use and carbon (C)–sequestration efficiencies and improvement of soil fertility were assessed. Application of household waste at the rate of 4 kg m^?2 and cow dung at the rate of 3 kg m^?2 produced the maximum yields of rice and tomato, respectively. Nutrient uptake and use efficiency were enhanced with the application of wastes. Incorporation of wastes increased C content and decreased bulk density of soils. The maximum C sequestrations were 2.6 Mg ha^?1 in soils under rice cultivation and 2.9 Mg ha^?1 under tomato cultivation when household waste was applied at the rate of 4 kg m^?2. The greater agronomic, physiological, and recovery efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were attributed to the greater sequestration of C in soils. The residual value of pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium indicated the fertility enhancement of soils with the application of wastes.     

西湖平原区连续13年定位施肥对麦、稻产量及土壤肥力的影响

以浙江省水网平原水稻主产区土壤为对象,通过定位试验,研究了连续13年的不同施肥处理对麦稻产量、土壤养分状况和物理性状的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥可显著提高麦、稻产量; 不同施肥处理的长期定位试验土壤有机质含量和全氮均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为: 栏肥+NPK秸秆+NPKNPK秸秆栏肥CK处理; 土壤碱解氮和速效磷也呈增加趋势,以栏肥+NPK处理的增幅最为明显。土壤物理性状的分析表明,长期施肥均能明显增加土壤水稳性团粒含量和土壤孔隙度。经土壤养分平衡分析,栏肥+NPK、秸秆+NPK和NPK处理的氮和磷呈现盈余,秸秆和CK处理氮和磷亏缺; 栏肥+NPK和秸秆+NPK处理钾基本平衡,NPK、秸秆、栏肥和CK处理钾严重亏缺。长期定位试验进一步证明有机肥与氮、磷、钾化肥长期配合施用可实现当地农作物持续稳产,农田施肥管理要注意适当减少氮、磷投入,增加钾肥施用量,保持农田土壤养分平衡。     

MANURING EFFECT ON RICE GRAIN YIELD AND EXTRACTABLE TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS

Animal manures contain significant amounts of plant-available nutrients which could increase crop yields. They also contain heavy metals which may be exported outside soil systems by plants, animal and surface and underground water following application to soils. The effect of some animal manures on rice yield and extractability of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were determined in fours soils with different properties. The manures were applied at the rate of 100Mg ha^?1, and rice was grown for two consecutive seasons. In the second of the two seasons, rice yield and yield components were determined. Immediately after the second season rice harvest, soils were sampled and analyzed for DTPA extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Averaged across the soils, the level of extractable Fe increased by between 5% in chicken manure (PM) and 71% in cattle manure (CM); Zn by between 312% in CM and 871% in swine manure (SM); Mn by between 61% in PM and 172% in SM and Cu by between 327% in PM and 978% in SM. Mixing these manures before application reduced the level of extractable trace elements. Although there was increased yield following application, the results of this study indicated a possible risk of trace element export to the environment within a year, if high levels of the manures are applied.     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

Long‐term pig manure application reduces the requirement of chemical phosphorus and potassium in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China

Producing optimal grain yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of over‐fertilization is essential in intensive, but sustainable, farming systems. We investigated the effects of long‐term (1982–2005) application of chemical nitrogen (N), N + chemical phosphorus (P) and N + P + chemical potassium (K) on grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) and N losses in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China where pig manure was applied (Suining and Wuchang). Four (Suining) or five (Wuchang) treatments were examined: no‐fertilizer, chemical N plus manure (NM), chemical NP plus manure (NPM), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM) or chemical NPK plus 1.6 times manure (NPKhM, Wuchang only). Fertilizers resulted in 1.5–2.5 times higher grain yields than no‐fertilizer, which led to a NRE in the range from 21.0 to 58.3%. Grain yields of rice and wheat were significantly increased by 22.6–25.9 and 34.4–37.5%, respectively, under NPM and NPKM (similar to each other) compared to NM at Suining. Yields were similar for NM, NPK, NPKM and NPKhM at Wuchang. The N accumulation and NRE among fertilizers were in the order NM < NPM = NPKM at the low amount of manure‐applied site (Suining), but NM = NPM = NPKM at the high amount of manure‐applied site (Wuchang). The ratio of N losses to total N input was 21.4–49.1% at the studied sites. Soil total N accumulated at a rate of 0.01–0.04 g/kg/yr during 1982–2005 with fertilizers and decreased or was constant in soil without fertilizer. Application of chemical P and K fertilizers could be reduced or eliminated after long‐term manure application at these two sites, while maintaining optimal grain yields and enhancing soil N accumulation.     

Crop and Soil Responses to Fertilization with Distillers’ Grains–Derived Manure in a Saskatchewan Soil

A 2-year field trial was conducted to evaluate crop and soil responses to application of manure from cattle fed distillers’ grain (DGM) in comparison with manure from cattle fed regular barley grain (BGM). Manure addition in general promoted grain and straw yield and increased plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake in both years by approximately 30–50%. In the first year, effect of manure type on crop responses was insignificant, which is consistent with the similar chemical composition of both manures. In the second year, P recovery was greater in DGM treatments, presumably related to a relatively greater P in DGM. Manure application in general increased soil residual nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^– N) and available P contents at 0–15 cm deep. The high background fertility of studied soil together with the excess moisture during the second year may have masked the significant effects of manure type on most crop and soil responses during this study.     

鸡粪与木醋液配施对滨海盐碱土化学性质和酶活性的影响

施用有机肥是盐碱土改良与培肥地力的有效方式。选鸡粪和木醋液为改良剂,通过土壤培养试验,研究未施肥(CK)、单施鸡粪(CM)、单施木醋液(PA)、鸡粪+木醋液配施(CP)共4个处理对滨海盐碱土化学性质和酶活性的影响。结果表明:与CM相比,CP处理的pH值显著降低0.34个单位,电导率(EC)降低14.52%。与PA相比,施用鸡粪处理(CM和CP)的土壤养分含量和酶活性均显著提高。CP的全氮、有效磷、水溶性有机碳、水溶性有机氮和硝态氮含量较CM分别高出55.32%、103.35%、16.64%、55.68%和45.43%;而土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、几丁质酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性分别显著增加49.58%、67.85%、40.84%、104.94%、17.66%、62.05%和37.50%。回归分析表明,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和水溶性有机碳、氮含量的增加促进酶活性的提高。综上所述,鸡粪与木醋液配施可显著降低盐碱土的pH值,并能显著提高盐碱土养分含量和酶活性。     

Effect of Rapeseed Green Manure Amendment on Soil Properties and Rice Productivity

Green manure crops can be used as alternatives to mineral fertilizers because they improve soil structure and nutrient content of soil. Here, we evaluated the effect of partial replacement of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer with rapeseed residue green manure on soil properties and rice productivity in a rice–rapeseed double-cropping system. The treatments were comprised of four levels of mineral N fertilizer and recommended levels of phosphate and potash fertilizers. Rice clum and panicle length did not differ between treatments. However, the proportion of ripened grains and 1,000-grain weight of rice plants were greater under rapeseed residue amendments than those under 100% conventional mineral N fertilizer treatments. Paddy soils treated with rapeseed residues had greater soil organic matter and exchangeable cations than those treated with mineral N fertilizer alone. Thus, rapeseed residues applied as green manure can serve as alternative N sources in sustainable rice–rapeseed double-cropping systems.     

绿肥配施氮肥对双季稻产量和养分吸收的影响

基于2016年的田间定位试验，在冬闲(F)和冬种绿肥(G)2种模式下，探究不同施氮量(N0:不施氮；N50:减氮50%;N100:常规氮；N150:增施氮50%)对双季稻产量、养分吸收特征及氮素利用率的影响，以期为南方稻区绿肥利用和氮肥施用提供科学理论依据。结果表明，与冬闲模式相比，冬种绿肥模式提高4种不同氮水平下的早晚稻产量，其中早、晚稻稻谷产量平均增产8.0%,5.7%。2种模式下的早稻产量随施氮量增加均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势，而晚稻则呈现上升的趋势。冬种绿肥模式同样提高植株地上部氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)素积累量和氮肥偏生产力。随施氮量的增加，这2种模式的早晚稻养分收获指数和氮肥利用率大多呈下降趋势，高量氮肥处理(N150)降低早稻地上部K素的积累量。早晚稻稻谷产量与水稻N、P和K素积累量存在显著正相关，2种模式下的高氮处理(N150)K素吸收的降低与其早稻产量下降相关联。结合稻谷产量与施氮量拟合分析、养分吸收利用等多方面效应，综合考量，冬闲模式下，早稻季氮肥适宜施用范围为150.0～170.3 kg/hm²,冬种绿肥模式下，早稻季氮肥适宜施用范围为75...     

Effect of long-term beef manure application on soil test phosphorus,organic carbon,and winter wheat yield

In this study, 24 years (1990–2013) of data from a long-term experiment, in Stillwater, Oklahoma (OK), were used to determine the effect of beef manure on soil test phosphorus (STP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Beef manure was applied every 4 years at a rate of 269 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1, while inorganic fertilizers were applied annually at 67 kg N ha^?1, 14.6 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1, and 27.8 kg potassium (K) ha^?1 for N, P, and K, respectively. Averaged across years, application of beef manure, and inorganic P maintained STP above 38 mg kg^?1 of Mehlich-3 extractable P, a level that is far beyond crop requirements. A more rapid decline in SOC was observed in the check plot compared to the manure-treated plot. This study shows that the application of animal manure is a viable option to maintaining SOC levels, while also optimizing grain yield.     

稻草高茬-紫云英联合还田改善土壤肥力提高作物产量

研究旨在探讨稻草留高茬套种绿肥、稻草-绿肥联合还田下的生产及土壤肥力特征,为南方稻区综合利用稻草和绿肥提供理论及技术支撑。2012—2016年设置定位试验,研究高茬稻草-绿肥联合还田下的绿肥和水稻产量、土壤碳氮库活性及其他养分特征。试验包括5个处理:冬闲+稻草不还田(CK),冬闲+稻草全量还田(RS),冬种紫云英+稻草不还田(MV),冬种紫云英+稻草低茬全量还田(MV+LRS),冬种紫云英+稻草高茬全量还田(MV+HRS),各处理施用等量化肥。结果表明:稻草-绿肥联合还田提高绿肥产草量及其含氮量,与MV相比,分别增加了13.1%和6.8%(MV+LRS)、32.2%和5.2%(MV+HRS);增加水稻产量,以MV+HRS处理最高,4 a平均产量较RS、MV增加556.8和412.8 kg/hm2。2013和2015年,MV+HRS处理水稻产量高于MV+LRS。稻草-绿肥联合还田培肥地力效果明显,土壤有机质、全氮含量均比CK、RS和MV增加;且联合还田下有效养分提升更为全面。与稻草和绿肥单独应用相比,稻草-绿肥联合还田还能提升土壤微生物量氮及可溶性有机碳氮含量。可见,稻草-绿肥联合还田能够改善绿肥生长、提高水稻产量、提升土壤肥力;其中,高茬稻草与绿肥联合还田下的紫云英和水稻产量最高,土壤肥力也优于低茬处理,是综合利用稻草和绿肥资源的较好方式。     

INTEGRATED EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE

The present study was designed to assess the effect of organic materials, i.e., farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and sugar cane filter cake (FC) along with mineral nitrogen on yield and soil organic fertility. Our results indicated that among sole nitrogen (N) sources, highest grain yield was recorded from poultry manure. In the case of integrated N sources, maximum grain yield was obtained from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was highest with the application of poultry manure among sole N sources. Highest grain ear^?1 and 1000 grain weight was observed from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Application of poultry manure as sole N sources resulted maximum increase in soil total N and organic matter when compared with other sole N sources. Among N sources applied in different proportion, maximum total soil N was recorded from 25% poultry manure + 75% mineral N. We concluded from these experiments that integrated application of N sources in different proportion greatly improves the N economy and enhance crop productivity in low N soils.     

有机无机肥配施对双季稻田土壤养分利用与渗漏淋失的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究稻草、猪粪、猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施对双季稻田土壤养分利用与渗漏淋失的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥配施有利于提高稻田土壤中N、P、K养分和有机质含量,降低稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度,促进水稻养分吸收与利用。其中,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮与化肥配施效果较好,与施纯化肥相比,1年后土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量分别提高了2.59%,0.87%,0.15%和21.45%,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高3.31%,3.22%和12.24%;氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别提高5.22%,0.55%,3.50%;水稻地上部氮、磷、钾养分累积量分别提高7.83,0.33,3.14g/kg;水稻生长期稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度明显降低;早稻增产19.65%,晚稻无明显减产。     

Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing

The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005–2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30–40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30–40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6–8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.     

Effects of Food Waste Compost on Soil Microbial Populations,Tomato Yield,and Tomato Quality

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of food waste compost (FW) on soil microbial population and growth, fruit yield, and quality of tomato grown in a greenhouse compared to no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), decomposed chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM), horse manure (HM), and bull manure (BM). Results show that FW treatment had the greatest numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in soils and shoot biomass, fruit diameter, and fruit yield of tomato, and it increased fruit yield by 12.6, 28.5, 31.0, and 40.0% when compared to HM, CF, CM, and CK, respectively. The FW treatment also improved fruit quality, with the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, and organic acid and the sugar/acid ratio of 22.8 mg 100 g^?1, 3.84%, 0.50%, and 7.73, respectively. Thus food waste compost can be as an alternative to chemical fertilizer and other animal manures in vegetable cultivation.     

长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了长期有机无机肥配施下双季稻增产潜力和土壤有机碳变化特征。31年的试验结果表明,1）施肥能促进水稻早晚稻稻谷和地上部产量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理促进作用最大,NPKM处理下稻谷年均产量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高 5.8%、 10.9%、 16.2%、 15.9%和20.4%。2）施肥能促进水稻土有机碳含量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理提升效果最为明显, NPKM处理下所测年度土壤有机碳平均含量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高出2.5%、 3.5%、 2.0%、 0.6%和 32.8%。3）随着试验的进行,单施有机肥对早、 晚稻稻谷和地上部产量的促进效果逐步优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾处理（NPK）,对土壤有机碳的提升效果也明显优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。红壤性稻田双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐,但需均衡配施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。     

淹水添加有机物料改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤

设施蔬菜种植易引起土壤酸化和次生盐渍化及土传疾病的发生,严重影响蔬菜生产的可持续发展,亟需发展快速有效改良退化土壤的方法和技术。通过盆栽试验,比较研究了稻草、黑麦草和鸡粪用量分别为1%、3%和7%时,淹水15 d改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤的效果。结果表明,与不淹水不加有机物料处理(CKd)和淹水不加有机物料处理(CKf)相比,淹水添加有机物料加速土壤Eh的下降,能有效消除土壤积累的硝态氮,降低硫酸根含量,显著提高土壤pH,其变化幅度随有机物料添加量的增加而增大。退化设施蔬菜地土壤改良后,除稻草和鸡粪添加量为7%处理外,各有机物料处理黄瓜长势和产量均高于CKd和CKf处理。有机物料对退化土壤的改良效果表现为黑麦草稻草鸡粪,而有机物料添加量增大,并不显著改善黄瓜长势和提高产量。     

Effect of Soil Type, Applications of Chicken Manure and Effective Microorganisms on Corn Yield and Microbial Properties of Acidic Wetland Soils in Indonesia

A field experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of chicken manure (CM) and effective microorganisms (EM) on the yield of corn and chemical and microbial properties of acidic wetland soils. A split-split plot experimental design with three replications was used in this research. The main plot consisted of two types of soil. The sub-plot was for the application of CM, while the sub-sub plot was for the application of EM. Sweet corn seeds were planted and cultivated until harvest. Above ground plant biomass and round of the stem of an ear of corn were observed. Soil samples were taken and analyzed for chemical and microbial properties. The results showed that the interaction between soil types and CM application affected the corn yield, while EM had no effect. Similarly, the chemical and microbial characteristics of soils used were affected by soil type and the application of CM, while the effect of EM was not clear.