Effects of Cadmium on the Content,Accumulation, and Translocation of Nutrients in Bean Plant Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

The effects of increasing dosages of cadmium (Cd) on the content, accumulation, and translocation of macronutrients and micronutrients in different parts of bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are reported. Plants were cultivated in Clark's nutritive solution and submitted to 0 to 0.5 mg L^?1 of Cd. Experiments were built using an entirely randomized, statistical arrangement, and measurements were performed after 60 days of exposure to Cd. Inclusion of Cd in solution decreases the contents of nutrients in bean plants, except phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in fruits, sulfur (S) in root, and copper (Cu) in fruits and root. Also, accumulation of nutrients in all parts of plant was reduced, as was the the translocation index for the following nutrients: potassium, calcium, and S in fruits and Cu in shoots. Overall, this work can serve as a template study to evaluate the effects of cadmium on bean plant nutrition.     

Stress Induced by Heavy Metals Cd and Pb in Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Grown in Nutrient Solution

The increasing number of cases of soil contamination by heavy metals has affected crop yields, and represents an imminent risk to food. Some of these contaminants, such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), are very similar to micronutrients, and thus can be absorbed by plants. This study evaluated the translocation of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead and the effects of these metals in the production of beans. Bean plants were grown in nutrient solution Clark and subjected to increasing levels of Cd (from 0 to 0.5 mg L^?1) and Pb (from 0 to 10 mg L^?1). Cadmium concentration of 0.1 mg L^?1 translocated 39.8% to the shoot, and dry matter production was reduced by 45% in shoots and 80% in roots, compared to the control treatment. Lead showed impaired movement in the plant, however the concentration of 1.0 mg L^?1 was observed in 5.7% of metal translocation to the leaves. The concentration of 10 mg L^?1 Pb reduced dry matter production of roots and shoots in 83% and 76%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.     

Effect of lime,P, and Mg on growth and elemental concentrations of mugwort

Abstract

There is evidence that mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) may have potential for use as a livestock forage. This study was undertaken to determine mugwort growth response to lime, P, and Mg, and their effect on elemental concentration of plant material.

Factorial combinations of 0, 5.6, and 11.2 mt lime/ha; 0, 112, and 224 kg P/ha; and 0, 224, and 448 kg Mg/ha were applied to low pH soil in greenhouse pots and planted to mugwort. In the absence of lime and Mg, growth was very poor. Lime was the most effective treatment in promoting mugwort growth. Growth response to Mg was greatest in the absence of lime, and response to P was dependent on lime and/or Mg application. Macronutrient concentrations of mugwort plants were considered adequate for use as forage for non‐lactating beef cows. Concentrations of several of the micronutrients were very high, especially at low lime and Mg. Copper was high at all treatments.     

Lime and Nutrients Effects on Jatropha curcas Cultivated on an Amazonian Soil

We evaluated the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient omission, and of liming, on Jatropha curcas (JC) in greenhouse study. The experimental design was a factorial combination of 2 liming treatments (nil or 4.5 t. ha^?1 of dolomitic lime) x 7 combinations of fertility status, with five replications. The concentrations and uptake of nutrients by JC plants follow the order: nitrogen > potassium > calcium ≥ Magnesium > sulfur > phosphorus > iron > boron > manganese > zinc > copper (N > K > Ca ≥ Mg > S > P > Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu), but the growth of JC plants was negatively affected mainly by omission of macronutrients, in the following order: P > N = K = S, on limed soil. Phosphorus is the most critical element for development. JC is responsive to micronutrients only when applied together with macronutrients. Potassium chloride is not recommended as K⁺ source for JC crop. Lime is recommended to improve growth and nutritional status of JC plants.     

Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Plant Growth and Content of Heavy Metals in Arugula Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

A greenhouse assay using an arugula (Eruca sativa L.) hydroponics system was carried out to evaluate the following effects of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead in nutritive solution: (a) production; (b) translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) throughout the plants; (c) possible interactions of Cd and Pb with other mineral elements, transition metals, essential to plants; (d) tolerance limits to Cd and Pb with regard to production; and (e) chelating interaction of Cd and Pb with root substances. The absorption of Cd and Pb increased with increasing dosages in solution. Roots accumulated larger amounts of metals than shoots. Plants develop better with less than 0.025 mg L^?1 of Cd, with a damaging Cd concentration of 1 mg L^?1. The tolerable Pb concentration was up to 10 mg L^?1. Cadmium and Pb translocate poorly in plants and their deleterious effect is due to the deposit of very stable chelates in roots.     

Accumulation of Reserve Compounds in Common Bean Seeds under Drought Stress

To investigate the seed protein and major mineral nutrient (Fe, Zn, P, and N) contents and their accumulation procedure in the seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a biennial experiment was conducted under two contrasting moisture regimes (normal irrigation and water deficit). Seed reserves of eight genotypes (WA4502-1, WA4531-17, Akhtar, D81083, AND1007, KS21486, MCD4011, and COS16) were investigated at four stages of seed filling period (SFP). Split-plot experiments were performed as randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed significant differences in the evaluated characteristics in both factors, the genotypes and the moisture regimes. Fe content of the seeds was affected the most by drought stress and reduced in all stages, while seed nitrogen and protein contents were affected the least under stress condition. The percentages of reductions due to water deficit were higher in stage 1 for Fe, stage 2 for Zn, and stage 4 for P and N. In the stage 3, minerals had the least changes. Nitrogen content of the seeds at mid-stages of SFP increased slightly under drought stress. Drought stress also caused 39–69% reductions in the grain yield of the genotypes. Under drought stress condition, the concentrations of Fe and N in the white bean seeds were less than that of the red and the Chitti genotypes. However, the seed P contents of the white bean seeds were higher than that of the other genotypes.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Growth,Nutrient Accumulation,and Nitrogen Fixation of Common Bean Plants in Symbiosis with Isogenic Strains

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl)-salinity on growth responses and tissues organic solutes and mineral content was investigated in common bean plants inoculated with salt-tolerant Rhizobium tropici wild-type strain CIAT899 and four mutant derivatives having decreased salt-tolerance (DST). Under non-saline conditions two mutants formed partially effective (HB10, HB12) and another two almost ineffective (HB8, HB13) nodules. A great variation of NaCl tolerance in the different symbiosis tested was observed at harvest, 32 day after planting. Common bean plant responded to salinity by decreasing the content of dry plant biomass, nodule number and the nitrogen fixation, and increasing the root to shoot ratio. The salt dose of 25 mM produced an increase of total soluble sugar and free amino acids content. This result suggest that these metabolites might be related with a nodule osmotic adjustment response under saline conditions, however cannot be excluded that the increase of amino acids content could be a consequence of protein degradation. In the other hand, sodium, calcium and phosphorus contents in shoot increased under the saline treatments. Potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) contents, unlike phosphorus (P) content, in shoot were not related with the symbiotic efficiency of mutant, however the decrease of P content suggest that these symbioses have limited their P absorption process independently of the saline treatment. NaCl tolerance associated with a retention of sodium and maintenance of potassium selectivity seem to be a strategy used for the salt stressed common bean plants in symbiosis assayed here.     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

Investigations on the Relationship between Extracting (DTPA) Solutions and Plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Uptake of Cadmium and Lead from Latosols

Given the relationship between the contents of heavy metals extracted from contaminated soil samples and dilution of these samples in diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) solution, the goal of this work was to test three soil–extractant solution ratios, namely 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15. The extracted contents from each solution were compared to those extracted by bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in a greenhouse in two different soils: dystrophic red latosol (RLd) and humic red-yellow latosol (RYLh). Contents of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were greater in RYLh (lower amount of clay) for all soil–extractant ratios; 1:5 and 1:10 ratios differed negligibly from the plant result for the Cd extraction, while for Pb, the 1:15 soil–extractant ratio was the one that better correlated with the extractive behavior of sensitive indicator plants.     

Use of Treated Wastewater as Fertilization and Irrigation Amendment in Pot-grown Processing Tomatoes

ABSTRACT

Plants of tomato cultivar ‘TITANO M’ were grown under glasshouse conditions, in plastic pots filled with the upper (Ap, Soil A) and the underlying horizons (Bt, Soil B) of an Alfisol from central Greece in a randomized complete block design. Four treatments were utilized: no fertilization and irrigation with distilled water (C), irrigation with wastewater without fertilization (W), complete fertilization (110 kg N ha^?1, 150 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, 150 kg K₂O ha^?1) and irrigation with distilled water (CF), complete fertilization and irrigation with wastewater (WF) each replicated four times. The results showed that wastewater significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), exchangeable magnesium (Mg), and extractable zinc (Zn). A three-fold increase of above ground biomass (AGB) compared to C treatment was recorded in Soil A. Photosynthates allocation to AGB and water use efficiency (WUE) were promoted by effluent application. Wastewater could be a water source for agriculture under water limited conditions substituting partially for inorganic fertilization.     

The influence of N concentration and NO3/NH4 ratio on the growth of lima and snap bean and southern field pea seedlings

Abstract

Lima and snap beans and southern field peas were cultured in a modified Hoagland's solution for 14 days with N supplied as Ca(NO₃)₂ and/or (NH₄)₂SO₄ at three N concentrations and five ratios of NO₃ to NH₄. The ratio of NO₃/NH₄, rather than the N concentrations influenced seedling growth of these vegetable legumes. Maximum seedling growth of lima bean was generally obtained with all combinations of NO₃ and NH₄. A preference for 75% NO₃ and 25% NH₄ was observed for snap bean. Southern field pea growth was reduced only when all of the N was supplied as 100% NH₄. Ammonium toxicity symptoms, lesions and severe wilting, developed with snap bean and southern field pea within 14 days when cultured with 100% NH₄. Lima bean, though reduced in growth, exhibited a tolerance to the 100% NH₄ treatment.     

Interaction Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi and Soil Applied Herbicides on Plant Growth

Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and herbicide application and their effects on plant growth are issues around which there is little information. Therefore, to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus in alleviating the effects of herbicide stress on growth of maize and barley, two pot experiments were conducted in Shahrood University of Technology in 2009 and 2010. Factorial experiments were arranged in completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were a combination of two factors: (1) non-mycorrhiza (control) and Glommusmosseae, Glommusintraradices and Glommusfasciculatum as mycorrhizal inoculums; (2) herbicide treatments, which included three levels of metribuzin (0, 175 and 350 g a.i. ha^?1). In the second experiment, factors examined were inoculated soil with mycorrhiza fungi at two levels (with and without Glommusintraradices) and four rates of metribuzin (0, 175, 350 and 525 g a.i. ha^?1) and two levels of iron (0 (control) and 20 mg pot^?1). The results showed that soil inoculated with mycorrhiza had significantly increased dry weight, height and chlorophyll content of maize and barley in the low herbicide concentrations (175 g a.i. ha^?1) compared to non-inoculated treatments. Based on our results, mycorrhiza fungi can alleviate crop stress due to low doses of metribuzin injury through increase in plant growth.     

Potassium and calcium distribution patterns along the leaf insertion gradient of bean plants grown in nutrient solutions

Potassium and calcium distribution patterns along the leaf insertion gradient of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tacarigua) were analyzed in plants grown in different K and Ca concentrations in the nutrient solution. The plants were sampled at the early flowering stage and the leaves analyzed following the helix or genetic spiral which follows leaves in the order of their origin at the shoot tip. Different canopy profiles for K and Ca showed that “critical concentration limits”; could be established for K but not for Ca, due perhaps to the non‐phloem mobile nature of this element. Besides, sampling procedures based on a “representative”; leaf (or leaves) were compared to those based on the sampling of the whole canopy in order to obtain reference nutrient concentration values.     

Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Photosynthesis Activator,Traditional Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in Arid Climatic Conditions

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I₅₀ irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I₃₀ irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I₅₀, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I₃₀, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I₁₀₀ and I₅₀ irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da^?1) in I₁₀₀, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da^?1) in I₃₀ irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I₃₀ irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I₃₀ and I₅₀ irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant^?1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant^?1; 26.30 g plant^?1) in I₅₀ and I₃₀ irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant^?1, 6.40 g plant^?1, 10.26 g plant^?1), respectively.     

Effect of manganese on concentrations of Zn,K, Ca and Mg in two bush bean cultivars grown in solution culture

Two bush bean cultivars [Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘Wonder Crop 2’ (WC‐2) and ‘Green Lord’ (GL)], differing in Mn toxicity, were grown in a growth chamber for 12 days in Hoagland No. 2 nutrient solution containing 0.05 to 1 ppm Mn as MnCl₂4H₂O with 1 ppm Fe as Fe‐EDTA, at an initial pH 5.00. Concentrations of Zn, K, Ca and Mg in the tissues of two bush bean cultivars were examined in relation to Mn toxicity.

The concentration of Zn in the leaves of Mn‐sensitive WC‐2 increased significantly with increasing Mn concentration in the solution, but such levels were not toxic to the plants.

The percent distribution of Zn and K in Mn‐sensitive WC‐2 plants (% of total uptake) significantly increased in the tops and decreased in the roots with increasing Mn concentration in the nutrient solution; however, Mn treatment had no effect on distribution of either Ca or Mg in WC‐2. External Mn concentration had little or no effect on the K, Ca, or Mg concentration in the tops of Mn‐tolerant GL.     

Phosphorus,potassium and calcium concentration limits in bean plants grown under deficiency after a period of sufficiency

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Tacacarigua) were grown under deficient P, K or Ca nutrient solutions after seven days in sufficiency and relative growth rate, root weight ratio, specific leaf area, leaf area development and nutrient concentration profiles in the dry matter of succesive leaves, analyzed throughout ontogeny. Acute Deficiency Concentration Limits (ADCL) were defined for P (0.14%) and K (1.20%) as the concentration in the leaves able to sustain a state of marginal growth, and may indicate the physiological condition in which restoration of optimal supply may not be followed by a recovery of the plants. The continuation of growth, dry matter dilution and retranslocation within the plant are suggested as major determinants of ADCL.     

不同装土量对玉米植株全量养分含量及吸收量的影响研究

以松辽平原玉米带黑土区现行耕作制度下产生的两种不同的剖面构型“波浪型”和“平面型”导致有效土量差异为背景,采用室外盆栽模拟实验,研究了不同装土量对苗期、抽雄期和成熟期玉米植株全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及吸收量的影响。结果表明：随装土量增加,苗期、抽雄期和成熟期玉米植株全量养分吸收量增加,并且全量养分含量苗期最高,随着时间的推移含量逐渐递减,苗期到抽雄期下降速率最快,而抽雄期以后降幅不大。     

Effect of Mn on growth,modulation, and nitrogen fixation by soybeans grown in the greenhouse

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv Bragg) plants were grown in the greenhouse using a low‐Mn Leefield sand amended with 0, 2.5, 5, 20 and 50 yg Mn/g. The plants were inoculated and were primarily dependent on symbiotically fixed N. Measurements of DTPA‐extractable soil Mn, soil pH, leaf tissue Mn, top weight, top N content, and nodule weight, volume and number were made at 27, 42, 56, 63 and 69 days after planting. The DTPA extrac‐tant was a good predictor of leaf tissue Mn giving a highly significant (P = 0.01) overall correlation coefficient of 0.704 for this comparison. Because of an unexpected decline in soil pH from 6.8 to 6.0 and an associated increase in DTPA‐extractable Mn from 0.14 to 0.24 yg/g during preparation and handling prior to the first harvest time, Mn in the leaf tissue of the controls was never less than 21 yg/g. Since this concentration of Mn is above the deficient level, no significant responses in top growth, nitrogen fixation or nodule measurements were obtained from the addition of low rates of Mn. The highest Mn rate was only mildly toxic in terms of top growth and top N content, producing leaf tissue having Mn concentrations ranging from 171 to 180 yg/g at the last three harvest periods.     

Effects of Lead,EDTA, and IAA on Nutrient Uptake by Alfalfa Plants

ABSTRACT

The element concentrations of alfalfa plants exposed for 10 d to 40 mg lead (Pb) L^{? 1} from lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] alone, or combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Indole-3-acetic acid at 10 μ M and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 10 μ M increased potassium (K) concentration in roots by 87% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, IAA at 100 μ M decreased K concentration in leaves (P < 0.05). Plants exposed to 100 μ M IAA, Pb/IAA at 100 μ M, and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 100 μ M had, respectively, 30%, 55%, and 40% more sulfur (S) in leaves than control plants (P < 0.05). Lead and Pb/IAA reduced Ca concentration in stems and leaves (P < 0.05). Conversely, Pb and Pb/EDTA increased Cu concentration in roots and stems. IAA at 100 μ M, Pb, and Pb/EDTA/IAA decreased Zn concentration in roots (P < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) concentration in roots and stems was lower in plants treated with Pb and Pb/IAA (P < 0.05). Pb and Pb/IAA reduced (P < 0.05) the iron (Fe) concentration in roots. However, the addition of EDTA and IAA at 10 μ M reduced the negative effects of Pb on Fe absorption.     

Yield and Nutritional Status of Cucumis sativus under Different Growing Conditions in the Pacific Coast of Ecuador

The growth of cucumber under open field conditions in the coast of Ecuador results in low yields being the growth under protected conditions a tentative solution, but there is little information about the nutritional status of this crop in this region. The objectives were to determine the yield, nutritional status as well as the water and nutrient use efficiencies. The different growing conditions were: multitunnel greenhouse with soilless system (GSL), multitunnel greenhouse with soil system (GS) and open field conditions with soil system (OFS). Cucumber plants grown under GSL had the highest yield. The nutrient concentration in leaf showed different trends: nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) remained unchanged. Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) showed variations according to the growing conditions and phenological stages. The highest values of water and nutrient use efficiencies under GSL were related to the highest yield.