福建甘薯氮磷钾施肥指标研究

根据近年来在甘薯主产区完成的118个氮磷钾肥效田间试验结果,建立甘薯氮磷钾施肥指标体系,包括甘薯施肥效应和土壤肥力分级、土壤速效氮磷钾丰缺指标、不同产量水平的氮磷钾最佳用量和比例、土测值与最佳施肥量关系式以及施肥时期和施肥方法等5个方面内容。结果表明,土壤对甘薯产量的平均贡献率为62.5%,氮磷钾平均增产效果是N>K>P,均达显著水平;土壤碱解氮、Olsen-P和速效钾的高产临界指标分别为176 mg kg-1、17 mg kg-1和106 mg kg-1;平均经济施肥量是N165kg hm-2、P2O5 63 kg hm-2、K2O 204 kg hm-2,比例为1∶0.38∶1.24,但不同土壤肥力等级的推荐施肥量存在较大差异;土壤速效氮磷钾土测值与最佳施肥量之间满足指数模型,该式实现了根据土测值预测具体地块推荐施肥量的目的。研究结果为福建甘薯高效施肥提供了科学依据。     

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield response to simulated hail damage

Yield loss in potato damaged by hail is mainly caused by reduced leaf area and plant stand. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of simulated hail damage on potato yield. The treatments were six levels of defoliation (control, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and five defoliation times (2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 weeks after emergence). The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four replications, and the treatments were arranged as a factorial. From the perspective of yield loss, the most important time of defoliation, for mild and intense defoliation, respectively, were 8–11 and 5–11 weeks after emergence. The period between 5 and 8 weeks includes the stages of tuber initiation and tuber growth; the stages most sensitive to removal of aerial parts. Regardless of defoliation intensity, the production of small potatoes mostly occurred when defoliation occurred at 2 and 5 weeks. Plants were able to recover from any level of defoliation if it occurred at an early stage. In summary, yield reduction was little influenced by intensity of defoliation, but the timing of defoliation was evidently the most important factor.     

Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Response to Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Rates

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) management are critical in optimizing potato yield, which is also influenced by environmental factors, and crop response to these factors may vary with cultivars. Application doses and times of NPK fertilizers and use of tolerant genotypes are the most commonly employed strategies for the amelioration of potato yield. The objective of this work was to assess the response of two potato cultivars distinct by their earliness characters concerning tuber maturation (mid-early and mid-late), to different NPK regimes. Experiments were carried out with Spunta and Daifla cultivars. The impact of deficiency, optimum and excess NPK rates was tested for different tuberization stages. This study has emphasized the importance of the cultivar in potato plants response to NPK fertilization doses. Spunta showed a higher production performance compared to Daifla. Daifla was distinguished by a good vegetation throughout the development cycle but gave a very low tuber yield.

Abbreviation: NPK: Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), DAP: Day after planting, I₂KI: Potassium Iodide, HCl: Hydrochloric acid, P₂O₅: Phosphorus pentoxide, K₂O: Potassium oxide, FW: Fresh weight, OM: Organic matter, C: Carbon, RS: Reducing sugar     

Soil and tuber calcium affecting tuber quality of processing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars grown in Hokkaido,Japan

Calcium (Ca) nutrition for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is important to increase tuber Ca concentration and improve potato tuber yield and quality. High tuber Ca content among other benefits mitigates incidence of blackspot bruise through maintenance of membrane health and regulation of biochemical reactions that leads to potato tuber discoloration. However, growers avoid application of Ca fertilizer in potato production in the belief that it causes potato common scab in Hokkaido, Japan. This study was conducted in Hokkaido to determine the current status of soil Ca and tuber Ca content levels, and its effect in mitigating incidence of potato bruise. Soil and tuber samples were collected from 90 and 80 fields in Tokachi and Kamikawa districts, respectively, in 2013 and 2014. Soil samples were analyzed for base saturation, Ca saturation, and exchangeable Al. Tuber Ca content and susceptibility of tubers to bruising were also evaluated. This study found that (1) 81% and 76% of soils collected from Tokachi and Kamikawa district, respectively, were deficient in Ca level, (2) tuber Ca content was lower than the reported value (250 mg kg^?1) considered to mitigate incidence of bruise, and (3) incidence of bruise were influenced by both tuber specific gravity and Ca content. There is urgent need to apply Ca fertilizer to attain increased soil Ca levels and improve quality of tubers.     

Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization Affect Apple Fruit Quality in Southern Brazil

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are usually found in higher concentrations than other macronutrients in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) fruits and are most frequently associated with changes in fruit quality. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of N and K fertilization on some fruit quality attributes of Fuji apple. The experiment was conducted at São Joaquim, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during 2004 and 2005. A factorial design was used with N and K annual fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha^?1 of N and K₂O) replicated in three orchards. Fifteen days prior to harvest, three fruit samples were collected from each treatment and site. One sample was used for total soluble solid content (TSS), titratable acidity, pulp firmness, and fruit color parameter analyses, and the other samples were refrigerated in a conventional atmosphere for 3 and 6 months for subsequent determination of fruit quality. Nitrogen fertilization negatively affected fruit color, flesh firmness, and TSS content. These same variables were positively affected by K fertilization, except for flesh firmness.     

Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilization for Production of White and Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato in Southeast Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were used in 2005–2006 to study the effects of nitrogen (N) on light interception, weed biomass, and yield of white and orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties in southeastern Nigeria. Treatments comprised four N levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha^?1) and four varieties of sweet potato (White-fleshed TIS 87/0087 and TIS 8164, orange-fleshed Ex-Igbariam and CIP Tanzania), arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen application up to 120 kg N ha^?1 increased light interception, leaf area index and shoot dry matter. Regardless of rate, N application reduced weed growth at 12 weeks after planting. On average, the storage root yield increased with N application up to 80 kg N ha^?1 when the background soil N was 0.056% in 2005, but not beyond the rate of 40 kg N ha^?1 when the background N was 0.104% in 2006. The white-fleshed TIS 87/0087 followed by orange-fleshed Ex-Igbariam out-yielded other varieties and intercepted over 70% of the incident radiation.     

Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium Supply on Contents of Acrylamide Precursors in Potato Tubers and on Acrylamide Accumulation in French Fries

Fried potato products may accumulate substantial amounts of acrylamide due to high precursor contents, namely reducing sugars and asparagine. In a two-factorial experiment increasing N supply, increased the contents of reducing sugars in most cases, and resulted in higher contents of free amino acids. α -amino-N, which was tightly correlated with the contents of free amino acids, can be regarded a suitable rapid test for free asparagine for a given variety. Increasing K addition always raised the citrate contents, but lessened the contents of reducing sugars. Selected treatments were processed into French fries. Highest acrylamide contents were observed in tubers grown with high N and inadequate K supply, which also contained the highest contents of precursors. The experiment clearly demonstrates that nutrient supply has significant impact on the contents of acrylamide precursors and thus for the acrylamide formation during frying.     

Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Jopung)

An antifungal protein, AFP-J, was purified from tubers of the potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. L Jopung) by various chromatographic columns. AFP-J strongly inhibited yeast fungal strains, including Candida albicans, Trichosporon beigelii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas it exhibited no activity against crop fungal pathogens. Automated Edman degradation determined the partial N-terminal sequence of AFP-J to be NH2-Leu-Pro-Ser-Asp-Ala-Thr-Leu-Val-Leu-Asp-Gln-Thr-Gly-Lys-G lu-Leu-Asp-Ala-Arg-Leu-. The partially sequence had 83% homology with a serine protease inhibitor belonging to the Kunitz family, and the protein inhibited chymotrypsin, pepsin, and trypsin. Mass spectrometry showed that its molecular mass was 13 500.5 Da. This protease inhibitor suppressed over 50% the proteolytic activity at 400 microg/mL. These results suggest that AFP-J is an excellent candidate as a lead compound for the development of novel antiinfective agents.     

不同用量包膜氯化钾对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤钾供应的影响

利用马铃薯盆栽试验,通过设置不施钾肥、普通氯化钾、30%、50%、70%以及全量(等量于普通氯化钾)包膜氯化钾的处理,研究不同用量包膜氯化钾对马铃薯产量、品质及土壤钾素供应的影响。结果表明:包膜氯化钾25℃静水浸泡的钾素日均释放量约为1.2%,符合控释肥行业标准,在土埋下的钾素释放率呈S型,于70~90天释放率达到最大值,与马铃薯块茎形成及膨大时期相吻合,有利于产量形成;较普通氯化钾,包膜氯化钾的马铃薯增产幅度为13.92%~36.54%;包膜氯化钾全量处理的Vc含量、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量显著高于普通氯化钾,而包膜氯化钾全量施用的马铃薯还原性糖含量显著低于其他处理,降低幅度为13.9%~36.2%;包膜氯化钾钾素缓慢释放,满足植株后期对钾的需求,在块茎形成期后,包膜氯化钾50%以上用量处理的植株吸钾量显著高于其他处理;包膜氯化钾50%以上用量的土壤速效钾含量在块茎形成期后显著高于通氯化钾,同时,土壤水溶性钾与非特殊吸附钾含量较普通氯化钾分别增加8.4%~25.1%和9.3%~36.1%,土壤钾素供应充足。综上,包膜氯化钾50%以上用量有利于提高马铃薯产量、商品薯率和品质,同时增加土壤钾素供应。     

SSR标记的彩色马铃薯遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

彩色马铃薯(指块茎的皮或肉为红、蓝、紫、橙色等)近年来日益为育种工作者所关注,很多彩色马铃薯品种(系)从形态学上难以鉴定是否为同一基因型,给育种工作带来诸多不便。本研究利用SSR标记对50份彩色马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumL.)材料进行了遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建。研究筛选出56对马铃薯SSR引物,对50份材料的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,共检测出236个等位位点,其中多态性位点230个,多态性比率达97.46%。分析显示,基因型间遗传相似性系数在0.50~1.00之间。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数0.63处可将全部材料分为3大类。利用5对核心引物构建了50份供试材料的指纹图谱,并证明其属于44个基因型的,为彩色马铃薯资源鉴定和利用提供了依据。     

Site-specific nutrient requirements of NPK for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Western Indo-gangetic plains of India based on QUEFTS

Abstract

Potato productivity in India is static due to unbalanced use of nutrients and intensive cropping system. Nutrient use efficiency and yield can be increased by application of nutrients based on quantitative approaches. We calibrated the quantitative evaluation of fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model for the estimation of NPK requirements for different targeted yields of potato. Published data sets were used to calibrate the model. The results of the study showed that to produce one ton of potato tubers, 18, 4, and 24?kg N, P, and K, respectively, would be needed with internal efficiencies of 55, 285, and 42?kg tuber dry yield/kg N, P, and K removed. The observed yields of potato with different amount of nutrients were in agreement with the values predicted by the model. Therefore, the QUEFTS model based NPK fertilizer recommendations can be adopted for site-specific nutrient management of potato.     

Effects Of Potassium,Phosphorus And Nitrogen Fertilization On Endogenous Ethylene And Quality Characteristics Of Apples (Malus Domestica L.)

Factor analysis of the data from experiment one with fertilization of ‘Spartan’ apples using various levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and their interactions showed significances between ethylene and potassium, soluble solids and potassium, acidity and phosphorus, ethylene and phosphorus, and between ethylene and nitrogen. Factor analysis of data from experiment two with twenty apple cultivars showed that maturation time and ethylene were positively associated, whereas ethylene was inversely related to acidity that is reduced during the apple fruit maturation, and soluble solids are produced during apple fruit maturation. The effects of potassium on ethylene could be through promotion of enzyme activation, promotion of protein synthesis and increased solute transport in the xylem and phloem. Production of ethylene through soluble solids could be due to increased synthesis of the amino acid cysteine that is precursor of ethylene that may be extended to synthesis of other amino acids. The decreasing concentration of malic acid during fruit maturation may be due to increasing rates of several enzymes involved in the citric acid and glyoxylate cycles that are delivering precursors to synthesis of amino acids and porphyrins. The significant relationships between soluble solids and potassium and between acidity and phosphorus may increase the synthesis of nucleic acids and improve energy supply through adenosine phosphates. The significance between ethylene and nitrogen may also increase synthesis of amino acids, proteins and enzymes. On this basis it may be concluded that the three major minerals nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are very important for apple fruit maturation because they may be involved in several biochemical processes.     

Phytoextraction of Cd and Pb and physiological effects in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum var. Spunta): importance of root temperature.

Three consecutive years of field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of different root-zone temperatures, induced by the application of mulches, on the concentration and accumulation of Cd and Pb and on bioindicators (chlorophylls, catalase, peroxidase and cell wall fractions) in different organs of potato plants (roots, tubers, stems, and leaflets). Four different plastic covers were employed (T1, transparent polyethylene; T2, white polyethylene; T3, white and black coextruded polyethylene, and T4, black polyethylene), using uncovered plants as the control (T0). The different treatments had a significant effect on the mean root-zone temperatures (T0 = 16 degrees C, T1 = 20 degrees C, T2 = 23 degrees C, T3 = 27 degrees C, and T4 = 30 degrees C) and induced significantly different responses in the Cd and Pb concentrations and phytoaccumulation, with T2 (23 degrees C) and T3 (27 degrees C) giving high concentrations of Cd in the roots and low concentrations in other organs. In relation to Pb, T2 and T3 reached higher levels in the tubers and lower levels in the roots, stems, and leaves. In terms of phytoaccumulation, the roots and tubers were the most effective organs for Cd and Pb. On the other hand, the highest values of peroxidase and catalase activities were obtained for T3. In addition, most of the carbohydrate fractions in both the roots and the tubers were highest for T3. Meanwhile, the lowest pigment values were registered for T1 (20 degrees C). For phytoremediation, it is necessary to ascertain the relevance and control of the thermal regime of the soil to optimize the phytoextraction of pollutant elements (Cd and Pb).     

乌兰察布盟地区马铃薯优良品种气候区划

针对马铃薯主产区不同品种对光、热、水资源的不同需求,用数理统计的方法,确定对马铃薯生长起关键作用的因子,参照马铃薯品种特性,给出不同适宜区域的区划指标。依托地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用小网格资源推算方法,将区划指标所涉及到的气象因子插值到3″×3″网格点上,解决了气象资料分布不均匀的问题,同时进行了马铃薯不同品种空间适宜种植区域的区划与细化。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of Solarium brevidens and S. tuberosum cv. Pito

Abstract

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation procedure was developed for the non tuber-bearing, diploid wild potato species Solanum brevidens, and the tetraploid S. tuberosum cv. Pito. Cointegrative transformation vectors pGV2260 and pGV3850, and binary vector pGUS-INT were employed in transformation of S. brevidens and Pito, respectively. Leaf and stem explants of S. brevidens and microtuber discs of Pito were precultured 24 h, and cocultivated 48 h on solidified callus induction medium with a 24-h liquid culture of A. tumefaciens C58C1 diluted 1:10 with liquid MS medium. Explants were rinsed with cefotaxime solution (500 mg/1) to remove Agrobacterium, grown without the selective agent kanamycin on solified callus induction media for 14 days, and then exposed to kanamycin selection for the first seven days on callus induction medium and subsequently on shoot regeneration medium. Shoots regenerated faster from stem explants than from leaf explants. Up to 49% and 57% of the transformed leaf explants of S. brevidens and microtuber discs of Pito, respectively, produced transformed shoots.     

Potato tuber yield and quality in response to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates under two split doses in an irrigated sandy loam soil

Abstract

Management strategies to minimize nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere and water bodies from potato production fields while maintaining tuber yields and quality relies on good N management. A 2-year (2016–17 and 2017–18) field trial with ‘Symphonia’ potato was completed on a sandy loam soil irrigated with flood irrigation in Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the effect of N fertilizer rate on vegetative, yield and tuber quality parameters. The N fertilizer treatments comprising six N rates from 0 to 300?kg ha^?1 were applied at 50?kg N increments. Number of stems and tubers plant^?1 showed a quadratic response while other parameters revealed cubic trends in response to N fertilizer rates. Applying more than 250?kg ha^?1 of N fertilizer did not increase vegetative growth and yield. In conclusion, the optimal N-application rate of 250?Kg ha^?1 has great potential to improve yield and quality of potato in the sub-tropical region of Punjab, Pakistan. These findings, besides improving productivity can minimize the risk of N fertilizer loss to the atmosphere.     

供氮方式对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及氮素去向的影响

以马铃薯费乌瑞它为试材,采用田间微区~(15)N示踪技术,研究施N量160kg·hm~(-2)全部基施(T1)、55%基施+45%在齐苗期追施(T2)、55%基施+30%在齐苗期追施+15%在现蕾期追施(T3)3种方式,对冬马铃薯氮肥利用效率及去向的影响。结果表明:马铃薯吸收的N约46%~52%来源于当季施用的氮肥,48%~54%来自土壤和种薯;肥料N利用率为35.16%~39.99%,残留率为47.71%~51.78%,损失率为8.23%~15.50%。3种施氮方式下,肥料N主要残留在0~15cm土层。随施氮时间后移,肥料N残留在0~15cm土层呈上升趋势,在15~45cm土层呈下降趋势。施氮方式对马铃薯干物质积累总量和块茎干物质积累量影响不明显,但T3肥料N利用率、肥料N残留率明显大于T1、T2。因此,综合经济效益和环境效益,T3施氮方式的效果较为理想。本研究为马铃薯氮素养分的有效管理提供了指导依据。     

马铃薯田线虫病害发生及防治

近些年马铃薯土传病害发生严重,除了真菌、细菌等病原物引起的病害外,线虫病成为威胁马铃薯生产的又一大病害.危害马铃薯的植物寄生线虫主要有马铃薯腐烂茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)、鳞球茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsaci)、马铃薯孢囊线虫(马铃薯白线虫(Globodera rostochi...     

Systematic Measurement Methods for the Determination of the SPAD Values of Maize (Zea mays L.) Canopy and Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Based on Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values, nitrogen (N) deficiency, nutrient need, and the effect of fertilizer treatments on crop conditions can be quickly estimated, but the method of SPAD measurement significantly affects the accuracy of estimation. In field experiments near Debrecen, Hungary, we measured the reliability and accuracy of SPAD measurements in maize and potato populations using a Minolta SPAD-502 meter (Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). The aim of our study was to determine which SPAD measurement methods are capable of detecting small differences in the SPAD values. During the examination of maize ear leaves, we determined the distribution of SPAD values along the leaf blade and then identified single- and multipoint measurement methods. By comparing the results of the measurement methods we established that the single-point-based measurements are less suitable for the determination of the average SPAD value of the leaf blade than the multipoint-based measurements. Also, we showed that the increase in the number of measurement points does not influence the accuracy of the measurement in the case of systematic measurement methods based on the distribution of SPAD values. Thus we recommend five-point measurements to obtain the average SPAD values of the ear leaves: the tip of the leaf blade and at one quarter and one half of the leaf blade from the base on both the right and left sides. From the measurements conducted in potato, we showed that the SPAD values change at every foliar level and that the measurements carried out on the middle foliar level provide the closest correlation with the average SPAD values of the leaf canopy. Based on these results, we recommend making measurements at different foliar levels or on the middle foliar level to determine the average SPAD value of the potato leaf canopy.     

Plant Responses of Ultra Narrow Row Cotton to Nitrogen Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Recent developments in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production technology in the Mississippi River Delta region include drill planting cotton. Production systems that include drill planting cotton are referred to as ultra narrow row (UNR). Ultra narrow row cotton production is a low input system designed to maximize economic returns. Cotton grown under UNR systems is generally lower yielding and lower returning than conventionally spaced cotton, but the inputs and input costs are also generally reduced compared to conventionally spaced cotton production systems. Studies were conducted for five location-years in southeastern and northeastern Arkansas to determine the optimum N-fertilizer rate for UNR cotton. Plant maturity was estimated using nodes above white flower (NAWF) measurements. The NAWF indicated that greater nitrogen (N)-rates delayed maturity of the crop, although differences were not always significant. Lint yields were significantly different in only three of five location-years. Yield responses of UNR cotton tended to maximize with N-treatments between 56 and 84 kg N ha^{? 1} when significant differences were observed. Plant height, similar to lint yield, was significantly different due to N-treatments in three out of five location-years, and generally increased with increasing N-fertilization up to 112 kg N ha^{? 1}. Boll load was significantly influenced by N-fertilization in only two of five location years. In these two instances, 84 kg N ha^{? 1} was sufficient to maximize boll load. Boll weight, a component of yield, was determined in the southern Arkansas location only. Significant differences in boll weight due to N-fertilization were found in only two of four years. Boll weight generally increased with increasing N-fertilization.