不同化肥用量对土壤碳库的影响

根据长武县旱塬地小麦连作长期定位试验研究,耕作和长期单施化肥可以维持土壤有机质水平,但加速了土壤腐殖质的老化,影响了胡敏酸和富里酸间的相互转化和土壤中有效养分的利用。化肥种类和施用量的不同其影响结果也不相同,单施磷肥对土壤培肥作用不明显,单施氮肥则能达到增加土壤肥力的效果,施用量愈大,效果愈明显。     

不同开垦年限黑土有机质变化的研究

本试验研究了不同开垦年限黑土有机碳的数量、组成、结合形态的变化 ,试验研究结果表明 :垦后黑土 0～2 0cm土层土壤有机碳数量不断下降 ,年有机碳矿化速率为 1 72 % ,达到平衡后有机碳数量为 7 2 7g/kg ,土壤有机碳的H/F比升高 ,氧化稳定性增强 ,土壤有机—无机复合度升高 ,土壤有机碳松紧比下降。 2 0～ 40cm土层土壤有机碳在垦后 2 2年内升高 ,以后又下降 ,土壤H/F比无显著变化规律 ,土壤有机质氧化稳定性提高 ,土壤有机—无机复合度下降 ,土壤松紧比下降     

长期外源有机物料添加对川中丘陵区农田土壤养分和有机碳组分的影响

有机肥和秸秆等有机物料添加是调控土壤肥力的重要手段,可促进农田土壤有机碳的数量和质量发生变化。研究选取盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站长期（16a）6种不同施肥处理试验小区,探究两种形式的外源有机物料（猪粪堆肥和秸秆还田）添加对土壤有机碳及总氮、总磷、硝态氮和速效磷养分含量的影响,并基于固态13C核磁共振波谱技术(13C-NMR)分析其对土壤有机碳化学组分的影响。研究发现,添加有机物料可显著增加0~30 cm土壤有机碳和各养分含量;猪粪堆肥施用对土壤总磷、速效磷和硝态氮含量的影响大于秸秆还田。结果还表明两种有机物料添加改变了耕层土壤有机碳化学组成及其稳定性,有机物料添加增加了0~10 cm表层土壤有机碳中烷氧基碳和羧基碳的比例,降低了烷基碳的比例,同时降低了10~20 cm土层羧基碳比例,增加了烷基碳比例。本研究可为区域旱耕地有机碳库稳定性及其碳汇功能评估提供科学依据。     

土壤有机碳密度及储量的统计研究

阐明了土壤有机碳密度及储量统计的重要意义 ,介绍了国内外有关土壤有机碳储量研究的最新进展 ,探讨了一种较为精确的土壤有机碳密度计算方法并列举了计算实例 ,为全面而细致地统计我国土壤有机碳储量提供了一条可能途径     

有机肥增减施后红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳的变化特征

利用一个长达35 a水稻土长期定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将部分原化肥处理增施有机肥,部分原有机肥处理改施化肥或者增施有机肥,研究有机肥增减施后长期不同施肥红壤性水稻土团聚体有机碳变化特征及影响。结果显示:红壤性水稻土以0.25 mm团聚体为主;长期不同施肥下土壤团聚体有机碳含量高低排序均表现为:0.25 mm团聚体0.25～0.053 mm团聚体(0.053 mm)团聚体,长期施用有机肥可提高红壤水稻土各粒级有机碳含量和2mm团聚体有机碳的贡献率。施肥对红壤性水稻土各粒径团聚体有机碳影响的大小排序为:0.053 mm0.25～0.053 mm(2 mm)2～0.25 mm;游离氧化铁和络合态铝对2～0.25 mm粒径团聚体有机碳有着重要影响,游离氧化铁在2 mm团聚体的形成中发挥作用。增加有机肥施用量可提高2 mm各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,减施有机肥则显著降低各粒级团聚体有机碳含量。不管减施还是增施有机肥均导致2mm团聚体有机碳贡献率降低;同时,减施有机肥后2 mm的各级团聚体有机碳贡献率提高,而增施有机肥后2～0.25 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率提高。     

沈阳市郊日光温室土壤有机碳组成特征研究

对沈阳市郊东陵、于洪、苏家屯、新城子四区蔬菜栽培15年左右的日光温室土壤有机碳组成特征进行了研究,以相应温室外的露地栽培土壤为对照,结果表明:日光温室蔬菜栽培的有机肥用量远远高于温室外露地栽培。随着有机肥用量增加,温室土壤水溶性碳、腐殖酸碳的增加比例小于胡敏素碳的增加比例。各区温室土壤总有机碳、非腐殖质碳、腐殖质碳数量的平均值分别是温室外露地的1.76～3.06倍、3.41～5.23倍、1.57～2.99倍。温室土壤中非腐殖质所占比例较对照露地的大,其水浮物碳占总有机碳比例是对照露地的1.80～2.63倍,温室和露地土壤水溶性物质碳占总有机碳的百分比大多低于2%。温室土壤胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳、胡敏素碳数量均高于对照露地,但有1/3以上的温室土壤H/F低于对照露地土壤。由于不同农户的水、肥管理水平差异较大,不同温室土壤的总有机碳及各组分的碳变异性较大。     

长期施肥对水稻根系有机酸分泌和土壤有机碳组分的影响

本研究以江西省红壤研究所水稻土长期定位试验田(始于1981年)为对象,分析了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机无机配施(NPKM)3种施肥措施对水稻根系有机酸分泌速率及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:NPK和NPKM处理水稻根系分泌有机酸总量均显著高于CK处理(P0.05,下同),其中NPKM处理最高,提高了54.78%;相对于CK处理,NPK处理水稻根系酒石酸分泌速率显著增加,提高了82.63%,NPKM处理的草酸与苹果酸分泌速率显著增加,分别增加了69.93%、110.98%,而NPK和NPKM处理的柠檬酸分泌速率分别降低了36.57%与40.57%。与CK处理相比,NPKM处理土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳与可溶性有机碳均显著增加,而NPK处理却无显著变化;可溶性有机碳结构的进一步分析表明,NPKM处理促进了可溶性有机碳中类胡敏酸和类富里酸物质的累积,在可溶性有机碳中所占比例分别为31%、44%,NPK处理可溶性有机碳结构无明显变化;CK和NPK处理中可溶性有机碳的有机物来源主要是植物与微生物的混合源,而NPKM处理主要是微生物代谢所分泌的产物。     

免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响

以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils

Pyrogenic carbon (biochar) amendment is increasingly discussed as a method to increase soil fertility while sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). However, both increased and decreased C mineralization has been observed following biochar additions to soils. In an effort to better understand the interaction of pyrogenic C and soil organic matter (OM), a range of Florida soils were incubated with a range of laboratory-produced biochars and CO₂ evolution was measured over more than one year. More C was released from biochar-amended than from non-amended soils and cumulative mineralized C generally increased with decreasing biomass combustion temperature and from hardwood to grass biochars, similar to the pattern of biochar lability previously determined from separate incubations of biochar alone.The interactive effects of biochar addition to soil on CO₂ evolution (priming) were evaluated by comparing the additive CO₂ release expected from separate incubations of soil and biochar with that actually measured from corresponding biochar and soil mixtures. Priming direction (positive or negative for C mineralization stimulation or suppression, respectively) and magnitude varied with soil and biochar type, ranging from −52 to 89% at the end of 1 year. In general, C mineralization was greater than expected (positive priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at low temperatures (250 and 400 °C) and from grasses, particularly during the early incubation stage (first 90 d) and in soils of lower organic C content. It contrast, C mineralization was generally less than expected (negative priming) for soils combined with biochars produced at high temperatures (525 and 650 °C) and from hard woods, particularly during the later incubation stage (250-500 d). Measurements of the stable isotopic signature of respired CO₂ indicated that, for grass biochars at least, it was predominantly pyrogenic C mineralization that was stimulated during early incubation and soil C mineralization that was suppressed during later incubation stages. It is hypothesized that the presence of soil OM stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term. The data strongly suggests, however, that over the long term, biochar-soil interaction will enhance soil C storage via the processes of OM sorption to biochar and physical protection.     

薄层黑土土壤剖面微生物对外源碳氮添加的响应特征研究

剖面是研究土壤发生发育的模式体系,然而,剖面微生物的群落生理代谢及其碳固持潜力尚不清楚。针对典型黑土表层（0~10 cm）、中层（30~40 cm）和深层（90~100 cm）,利用13C标记葡萄糖与硝酸铵培养土壤,研究微生物生长繁殖合成的难溶解性有机碳（13C-SOC）、异化代谢产生的13C-CO2、激发效应、13C-碳利用效率及其氮素约束特征。结果表明：与对照水处理相比,外源13C-葡萄糖添加后,表层和中层土壤微生物数量增幅约为85.0%,底层增幅1.85倍;土壤呼吸强度增幅依次为表层（3.2倍）、中层（11.3倍）、底层（14.5倍）;相对激发效应分别为43.5% <150.5% <267.0%;碳利用效率分别为34.9%、37.3%和32.9%,大约44%~50%的葡萄糖被异化代谢为13CO2。同时,微生物利用葡萄糖合成的难溶解性细胞生物质13C-SOC分别为（111.6±11.7） mg·kg-1（表层）、（119.5±13.4）mg·kg-1（中层）、（105.2±21.6） mg·kg-1（底层）,但其占土壤有机碳总量的比例为：0.98%（表层）<1.70%（中层）<4.76%（深层）。氮素添加后13C-SOC呈增加趋势但未有统计差异性,且显著抑制了土壤相对激发效应。高通量测序发现,无论何种碳氮处理,表层、中层和深层土壤微生物群落分别独立聚类;葡萄糖添加条件下,表层土壤微球菌科显著增加,可能是难溶解性微生物源有机碳的主要贡献者,而类诺卡氏菌属则是中层和深层土壤微生物源有机碳的主要贡献者。尽管底层土壤微生物多样性和数量均较低,但可利用外源易利用碳快速繁殖并产生难溶解新碳,其输入总量与表层土壤几乎一致。黑土剖面土壤微生物群落差异显著但功能可塑性较强,维系了土壤生态系统稳定性。     

农田和果园土壤有机碳氧化稳定性和储量差异

不同土地利用方式下有机碳的含量和性质变化越来越受到人们的关注。以黄土高原南部高原沟壑区(长武地区)塬面上农田以及不同树龄的果园为对象,研究了土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和难氧化有机碳含量,比较了不同利用方式下土壤有机碳的氧化稳定系数(Kos)和有机碳密度差异。结果显示,该区域果园表层土壤总有机碳的整体水平与农田相当,但果园总有机碳、易氧化有机碳随果园年限增长有降低的趋势。在土壤剖面中,总有机碳、易氧化有机碳及难氧化有机碳都随深度下降而下降的趋势;而Kos值随剖面深度和果园年限增长而呈升高的趋势。0～2 m土壤剖面有机碳储量从高到底顺序是:农田>新果园(小于5年果园)>盛果期果园(10～15年果园)>老果园(15年以上果园)。以农田为基准,在0～200 cm厚度土层中,新果园有机碳储量下降了6.1%,盛果期果园下降了9.3%,老果园有机碳储量下降了22.4%。说明随着果园年限的增长,土壤有机碳储量降低。     

有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响

为探究有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响,采集北京市鹫峰国家森林公园土壤,进行室内培养,研究不覆盖(CK)、木片覆盖(M_w)、堆肥覆盖(M_c)、上层木片覆盖+下层堆肥覆盖(M_w+c) 4种条件下土壤有机碳矿化特征及氧化稳定组分变化。结果表明,不同有机覆盖方式均显著影响了土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化(P<0.05),M_c、M_w+c、M_w处理的有机碳累积矿化量分别是CK的1.77倍、2.93倍和3.98倍,M_w处理累积矿化量分配比和Cp/SOC值(土壤有机碳矿化潜能占土壤有机碳含量的比重)显著高于M_c和M_w+c处理(P<0.05),说明M_c和M_w+c处理的固碳潜力好于M_w处理。不同有机覆盖方式显著提升了土壤有机碳及其氧化稳定组分含量(P<0.05),M_w+c处理的增幅最明显...     

江苏表层土壤有机碳密度和储量估算和空间分布分析

基于1:50万的江苏土壤图和江苏土壤的数据,运用地理信息系统技术,对江苏表层土壤有机碳密度及储量做出估算,并且分析了土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异。结果表明:土壤有机碳密度介于4.2kgm-2到20.32kgm-2之间,土壤有机碳储量为673892.8×106kg;土壤有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,兴化、南通和无锡的有机碳密度最高,沿海地区的有机碳密度比较高,最低的为淮阴及其附近地区。     

长期定位施肥对潮土有机氮组分和有机碳的影响

利用河南封丘潮土的13年长期施肥试验,采用Bremner法研究了潮土耕层有机氮组成的变化,分析了长期施肥对土壤有机氮组份和有机碳含量的影响。与不施肥和单施化肥相比,施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施显著提高了土壤全氮、酸解有机氮、酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮、非酸解有机氮和有机碳的含量。有机氮主要由酸解铵态氮和氨基酸态氮组成,其次为酸解未知态氮和非酸解有机氮,氨基糖态氮含量最小。施有机肥尤其利于氨基酸态氮和非酸解有机氮的形成。施肥处理的酸解有机氮占全氮的比例减小,主要是由氨基酸态氮、酸解铵态氮占全氮的比例减小所致。与1989年试验开始时的土壤初始值相比,施有机肥能提高土壤全氮含量和有机质含量。在供应等氮磷钾的情况下,有机无机配施增加了土壤供氮能力、有机质含量和作物产量,是维持土壤肥力和保护环境最优的施肥方式。     

臭氧污染对麦田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响

近年来大气臭氧危害加剧,臭氧浓度升高影响植物—土壤系统进而影响土壤有机碳库周转。本研究在开放条件下,采用Chan修订的Walkley-Black方法,研究了连续5年增加稻—麦轮作系统大气臭氧浓度(较周围大气高50%)对麦季农田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果表明,大气臭氧浓度升高致使0~3 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量显著降低,累积导致耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量下降18.4%(p0.05)。臭氧浓度升高显著降低了0~3、3~10、10~20 cm 3个土层中的活性有机碳含量;臭氧升高使0~3 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量增加了10.8%(p0.05),并使未受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.7%(p0.05);臭氧升高条件下10~20 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.6%(p0.05)。臭氧升高对不同活性碳占总有机碳比例的影响受活性碳类型和土壤层次的制约,显著降低了3~10 cm土层活性有机碳所占比例(p0.05),未对耕层各层次上的稳定有机碳含量及其分配产生显著影响。臭氧升高导致土壤中占土壤有机碳比重59.3%~69.8%的活性碳库的库容变小,应是土壤有机碳库下降的直接原因。本研究表明长期大气臭氧浓度增加具有降低土壤有机碳含量并改变不同活性有机碳库分配与周转的态势。     

Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter

Characterization of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for determining the overall quality of soils, and cover crop system may change SOM characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cover crops on the chemical and structural composition of SOM. We isolated humic substances (HS) from soils with the following cover crop treatments: (a) vetch (Vicia Villosa Roth.)/rye (Sesale cereale L.), (b) rye alone, and (c) check (no cover crops) that were treated with various nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. CPMAS-TOSS (cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning and total sideband suppression) ¹³C NMR results indicated that humic acids (HA) from soils under rye only were more aromatic and less aliphatic in character than the other two cover crop systems without fertilizer N treatment. Based on the DRIFT (diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared) spectra peak O/R ratios, the intensities of oxygen-containing functional groups to aliphatic and aromatic (referred to as recalcitrant) groups, the highest ratio was found in the HA from the vetch/rye system with fertilizer N. The lowest ratio occurred at the vetch/rye system without fertilizer N treatment. The O/R ratio of fulvic acids (FA) can be ranked as: vetch/rye without fertilizer>vetch/rye with fertilizer>no cover crop without fertilizer>rye alone (with or without fertilizer) soils. Both organic carbon (OC) and light fraction (LF) contents were higher in soils under cover crop treatments with and without fertilizer N than soils with no cover crop. These chemical and spectroscopic data show that cover crops had a profound influence on the SOM and LF characteristics.     

Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia, USA

Maintaining and/or conserving organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in the soil using management practices can improve its fertility and productivity and help to reduce global warming by sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ and N₂. We examined the influence of 6 years of tillage (no-till, NT; chisel plowing, CP; and moldboard plowing, MP), cover crop (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) vs. winter weeds), and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil organic C and N concentrations in a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) under tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and silage corn (Zea mays L.). In a second experiment, we compared the effects of 7 years of non-legume (rye (Secale cereale L.)) and legume (hairy vetch and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)) cover crops and N fertilization (HN (90 kg N ha⁻¹ for tomato and 80 kg N ha⁻¹ for eggplant)) and FN (180 kg N ha⁻¹ for tomato and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for eggplant)) on soil organic C and N in a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) under tomato and eggplant (Solanum melogena L.). Both experiments were conducted from 1994 to 2000 in Fort Valley, GA. Carbon concentration in cover crops ranged from 704 kg ha⁻¹ in hairy vetch to 3704 kg ha⁻¹ in rye in 1999 and N concentration ranged from 77 kg ha⁻¹ in rye in 1996 to 299 kg ha⁻¹ in crimson clover in 1997. With or without N fertilization, concentrations of soil organic C and N were greater in NT with hairy vetch than in MP with or without hairy vetch (23.5–24.9 vs. 19.9–21.4 Mg ha⁻¹ and 1.92–2.05 vs. 1.58–1.76 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of organic C and N were also greater with rye, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and FN than with the control without a cover crop or N fertilization (17.5–18.4 vs. 16.5 Mg ha⁻¹ and 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.31 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). From 1994 to 1999, concentrations of soil organic C and N decreased by 8–16% in NT and 15–25% in CP and MP. From 1994 to 2000, concentrations of organic C and N decreased by 1% with hairy vetch and crimson clover, 2–6% with HN and FN, and 6–18% with the control. With rye, organic C and N increased by 3–4%. Soil organic C and N concentrations can be conserved and/or maintained by reducing their loss through mineralization and erosion, and by sequestering atmospheric CO₂ and N₂ in the soil using NT with cover crops and N fertilization. These changes in soil management improved soil quality and productivity. Non-legume (rye) was better than legumes (hairy vetch and crimson clover) and N fertilization in increasing concentrations of soil organic C and N.     

高浓度CO2对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤气体CO₂浓度常高于大气,目前土壤有机碳矿化相关研究多在大气或模拟大气CO₂浓度增加条件下展开,可能导致研究结果与土壤剖面实际有机碳矿化过程有所偏差,土壤中高浓度CO₂如何影响有机碳矿化尚不清楚。采用室内培养试验,设置CK(400μmol·mol^-1,大气水平)、800、2 000、4 000、6 000和8 000μmol·mol^-1 6个CO₂浓度梯度,研究不同浓度CO₂对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明：1)土壤中高浓度CO₂(2 000～8 000μmol·mol^-1)显著抑制土壤有机碳矿化,矿化速率降低6.27%～45.61%,累积矿化量降低1.72%～40.82%;2)土壤中较低浓度的CO₂(800μmol·mol^-1)显著促进土壤有机碳矿化,矿化速率增加4.26%～16.75%,累积矿化量增加17.37%～48.43%;3)土壤中CO₂浓度影响了活性有机碳组分的含量,在一定CO₂浓度范围内,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）含量较CK显著增加,可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量较CK显著降低,易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化不显著;4)CO₂浓度与有机碳矿化特征、EOC显著负相关,与DOC显著正相关,与MBC无显著相关性;5)在温湿度适宜条件下,CO₂浓度对土壤有机碳累积矿化量贡献率达22.93%。综上,高浓度CO₂通过影响土壤有机碳易利用性碳源,显著抑制了土壤有机碳矿化,可能是维持土壤有机碳稳定的重要因素之一。