Role of soil organic matter in a desert soil on plant response to silver,tungsten, cobalt,and lead

Abstract

Barley plants grown in a soil very low in organic matter had higher concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo than when the plants were grown in soil considerably higher in soil organic matter. Application of some heavy metals (Co, W, Ag) resulted in much more severe phytotoxicity on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. FeDTPA (ferric diethylene triamine pentaacetate acid) increased Fe levels in plants much more on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. Low organic matter soil resulted in a lower Cs level from the applied Cs than from the high organic matter soil. Sulfur increased Mn concentration of plants even though all the soil was not neutralized.     

微量元素锌、铬、硒与动物繁殖性能

介绍了国内外学者关于微量元素锌、铬、硒对各种动物繁殖性能影响的研究成果，并着重回顾了这3种微量元素缺乏时繁殖动物的缺乏症和表现，以及繁殖动物饲养过程中添加这3种微量元素的必要性。     

Cr(Ⅲ)胁迫对大豆、小麦生长及铬吸收和转运的影响

利用系统发育和根系形态不同的大豆与小麦,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量铬对两种作物生长及铬吸收和转运的影响,并对两种作物铬耐受能力进行比较。结果表明,当土壤铬含量大于287.9 mg/kg(添加量为250 mg/kg)时,大豆植株生长变慢,无豆荚产生,且后期易枯萎死亡;大豆根系铬含量和富集系数超过小麦,而转移系数随铬添加量增加而逐渐降低,说明大豆对土壤中铬胁迫的耐性低于小麦;小麦籽粒铬含量超过规定的临界值。在土壤铬含量小于287.9 mg/kg时,小麦根系铬浓度和富集系数高于大豆,小麦根系比大豆具有更强的铬吸收能力;大豆茎叶富集系数高于小麦。     

The effect of cobalt stress on growth and physiological traits and its association with cobalt accumulation in barley genotypes differing in cobalt tolerance

Cobalt (Co) is beneficial for legume plants and not an essential element for most plants. There is no sufficient information about the effect of Co stress on barley growth. The current experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different Co levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on growth and physiological traits of three barley genotypes (B325, J36, and B340) differing in Co tolerance. The results showed that Co stress inhibited plant growth, decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and enhanced oxidative stress. However, the effects differed among genotypes, with B325 and B340 being the most and the least affected, respectively. Co stress caused decrease and increase of manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in both roots and shoots, respectively; iron (Fe) concentration had little change in shoots and a significant decrease in roots. The current results showed a close association of Co tolerance and its accumulation in plant tissues.     

Phytotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to willow trees

The toxicity of PAH to willow trees(Salix alba, S. viminalis, S. viminalis x schwerinii) was investigated. Willow cuttings were grown in PH-saturated hydroponic solution (naphthalene NAP, phenanthrene PHEN and benzo(a)pyrene BaP). Toxicity was related to aqueous solubility and was highest for NAP. PHEN did not show significant effects, except in one case. Exposure of trees to BaP showed no effect in two cases, but increased transpiration and growth in two others. High dosages of NAP were fatal for the trees, the lowest dosage significantly stimulated growth. Soil samples were taken from several PAH contaminated sites, among them gas works sites and a former sludge basin. The PAH contents ranged from 1.76 mg/kg to 1451 mg/kg. None of the soils was lethally toxic to the trees, and difference between growth in control soils and growth in PAH contaminated soils was not apparent. Growth and water use efficiency were positively, but not significantly correlated to the PAH content of the soils. Outdoor growth of willows and poplars on the former sludge basin in Valby was monitored, with willows growing faster than poplars(Fopulus trichocarpa). Phytotoxic effects could be observed at some willows at the Valby sludge basin, but it is not sure whether these effects can be contributed to PAH.     

Critical Toxic Ranges of Chromium in Spinach Plants and in Soil

ABSTRACT

Long-term irrigation with untreated industrial sewage effluents causes accumulation of high concentrations of chromium (Cr) and other heavy metals in soil and subsequently in crop plants (especially leafy vegetables), which can be phytotoxic to plants and/or a health hazard to animals and humans. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Cr application on the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracia L.) and to develop critical toxic ranges of Cr in plants and in soil. The study involved growing of spinach variety ‘Punjab Green’ in a greenhouse on silty clay loam and sandy soils equilibrated with different levels of applied Cr (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil). Plants were harvested at: three growth stages 45, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS). Critical toxic ranges were estimated by regressing and plotting data on ammoniumbicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable Cr in soil or Cr concentration in plants versus dry-matter yield (DMY) of spinach at the three growth stages. Toxic ranges, i.e., slightly toxic (80%–90%), moderately toxic (70%–80%), and extremely toxic (< 70%) in terms of DMY relative to the attainable maximum DMY, were established for both soils and for plants at all three growth stages. There was no germination of spinach with applied Cr at 320 mg Cr kg^{? 1} rate in silty clay loam soil and at 40 mg Cr kg^{? 1} rate in sandy soil due to Cr toxicity. Roots accumulated more Cr in comparison with shoots. Chromium concentrations of 0.47–1.93 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil in silty clay loam soil, 0.13–0.94 mg Cr kg^{? 1} soil in sandy soil, 1.08–5.40 mg Cr kg^{? 1} plant DM in silty clay loam soil and 0.54–11.7 mg Cr kg^{? 1} plant DM in sandy soil were found to be toxic. The critical toxicity ranges of Cr thus established in this study could help in demarcating Cr toxicity in soils and in plants such as spinach and other leafy vegetables due to irrigation of soils with untreated sewage water contaminated with chromium.     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium in rice plants suffering from different levels of chromium toxicity

The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of different heavy metals in rice are correlated with their bio‐toxicity. An experiment was conducted to investigate the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of chromium (Cr) in two rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 113 and cv. Dan K5) differing in Cr accumulation, to understand the mechanisms of Cr toxicity and resistance in rice plants. The results show that Cr in the roots of rice plants exposed to Cr stress was mainly localized in cell walls, whereas Cr in leaves and stems was mainly present in both cell walls and vacuoles, suggesting that both compartments act as important protective barriers against Cr toxicity in rice plants. Although Cr ions in all plant tissues exist predominantly in the forms extracted by 80% ethanol and distilled water, the amount of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues was significantly increased under the highest Cr level (100 μM Cr) compared to the plants grown under lower Cr levels. These results indicate that excess Cr accumulated in rice plants under Cr stress is bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, such as undissolved phosphate and oxalate, being beneficial for rice plants to alleviate Cr toxicity. In addition, under the highest Cr level (100 μM), Dan K5 had a higher percentage of Cr in the chemical forms extracted by 2% HAc, 0.6 M HCl, and in residues compared to Xiushui 113 in both stems and leaves, indicating that more Cr ions in shoots of Dan K5 were bound to undissolved or low‐bioavailable compounds, in comparison with those of Xiushui 113. It is evident that the low bioavailability of Cr in the shoots of Dan K5 is related to a high Cr accumulation.     

铬Cr^6＋对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度的铬(Cr6 )对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,六价铬对水稻种子的萌发及出苗都有不良影响;幼苗随着铬(Cr6 )浓度的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降,但水培较土培所引起铬的危害起始浓度更小,失绿症状更严重。     

不同土壤对Cr吸附的动力学特征

该文采用振荡平衡法比较了来自中国15 个省区16 种土壤对Cr（VI）的吸附及其动力学特性,并探讨了土壤pH值、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量和有机质对Cr（VI）吸附及其动力学参数的影响。结果表明：具有较低土壤pH值和较高物理黏粒含量的土壤对Cr（VI）具有较大的表观吸附量,而土壤阳离子交换量和有机质因素对土壤Cr（VI）的表观吸附量影响较小。酸性土壤对Cr（VI）吸附能力较强,可以采用一级动力学方程和抛物线方程描述Cr（VI）在酸性土壤中的动力学行为,且土壤的表观吸附速率和平衡时的吸附量与土壤的pH值呈显著（p＜0.05）负相关关系,而与物理黏粒含量呈显著（p＜0.01）正相关关系;而碱性土壤对Cr（VI）吸附能力较小,很难用动力学方程描述其吸附动力学特性。可见,土壤pH值不仅影响土壤对Cr（VI）的表观吸附量,并且对Cr（VI）表观吸附动力学特征产生了较大影响。     

水稻－土壤系统中铬和苯酚的复合污染下的食物安全指数

The pot-culture method combined with chemical and staistical analyses was used to get basic data for determination of the food-seurity indexes related to combined pollution of Cr and phenol in soil-rice systems. Regression analyses accordig to the experimental result indicated that the critical concentrations of Cr and phenol in brown rice were 0.37 and 0.33 mg kg^-1 ,respectively,under the condition of Cr-phenol combined pollution.     

Effect of titanium on the activity of lipoxygenase

Lipoxygenase was extracted from untreated tomato fruits and those treated with titanium ascorbate (TITAVIT) at the last stage of ripening. It was found that titanium (Ti) had a activating effect on lipoxygenase so that the development of red pigments was inhibited to some extent. The addition of Titavit to the reaction mixture resulted in a lag period of about 1 minute to lipoxygenase‐catalyzed linoleic acid oxidation, whereas, incubation of this complex with enzyme extract for 10 minutes significantly increased enzyme activity. Activation of lipoxygenase by Ti was confirmed when addition of titanium chloride also increased the enzyme activity. Titanium also increased the stability of lipoxygenase preparations when kept under refrigeration.     

Origin of extractable titanium and vanadium in the a horizons of scottish podzols

The A horizons of Scottish podzols often contain unusually high amounts of EDTA-extractable Ti and V. Five such soils developed on different parent materials were studied, total and EDTA-extractable Ti, V and Fe being determined in the samples and their particle size fractions. The fine sand accounts for 50–80% of the total and extractable amounts of all three elements in the total soil although, in general, both the total and extractable Ti and V concentrations increase with decreasing particle size. Thus the clays contain up to 420 ppm Ti and 27 ppm V extractable with EDTA. The main Ti minerals in the samples are anatase, rutile and ilmenite. Observations by scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces of the minerals show clear evidence of chemical, and possibly physical weathering, processes that may lead to the accumulation of Ti in fine fractions, but not to downward translocation. Vanadium is probably associated with iron oxides and ferromagnesian minerals, from which it is released by weathering and subsequently adsorbed by the clay fraction. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra confirm that most of the V extracted from the samples and their clay fractions is in the vanadyl, (VO)²⁺, form.     

钛的氧化还原特性及其在植物生化过程中的作用

在综述钛对植物生长作用的基础上,提出了钛有益于植物生化过程的机制。证实在阳光照射下,柠檬酸钛发生了钛在Ti+4和Ti+3之间的化合价变化,表明在阳光照射下,钛具有很强的氧化还原性和得失电子的能力。这一特性可被农作物利用于增强某些重要的生化过程,为这些过程提供和传递电子。     

Effect of chromium VI on mineral element composition of bush beans

Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Contender) were grown on perlite with nutrient solution and 0, 1, 2.5 and 5 ppm levels of Na₂CrO₄ Significant decrease of top growth and chlorosis in trifoliated leaves were observed for 2.5 and 5 ppm Cr, with Cr concentrations (μg/g) in tops:≥ 12.1, in roots:≥ 509.9. Cr decreased K, Na, Mg and Fe concentrations, and increased P and Mn concentrations in roots. In tops decreased N, K, Na and Fe concentrations and increased Mn and Ca concentrations were observed, Translocation of P, Zn, Cu and Fe was inhibited; Ca and Mn translocation was generally enhanced. P/Fe ratio was increased up to 60% in chlorotic plants, indicating a shift from Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺.     

风干白鲢的热风干燥模型及内部水分扩散特性（简报）

白鲢(Hypophthalmichthyx mortitrix)鱼块经腌制后,用热风干燥制成风干鱼,研究鱼块干燥曲线及内部水分扩散特性,为风干白鲢的工业化生产提供理论参数.结果表明,提高热风温度和风速能明显加快鱼块的干燥速率、缩短干燥时间.基于Fick扩散定律建立的风干白鲢的干燥模型具有较高的拟合精度.干燥过程中鱼块的有效水分扩散系数随含水率的降低先减小后增大,随热风温度和风速的提高而增大.平均有效水分扩散系数为1.3×10-11-4.3×10-11m2/s.     

Biodegradation and Phytotoxicity of Biodiesel,Diesel, and Petroleum in Soil

Biogas must be pretreated before its use; thus, both physical and chemical methods have been implemented to remove the fuel’s principal pollutants (CO₂ and H₂S). Additional removal methods that use microorganisms’ biological processes to eliminate pollutants have also emerged. A selection was made from six bacterial isolates to obtain consortia that removed CO₂ and eventually H₂S through the enrichment of cultures and the construction of clone libraries of gene 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The results indicate that the principal differences between consortia were determined in the culture medium. C5 and C6 consortia had photosynthetic biomass 1.42 and 1.52 μg/ml, respectively, and concentration of dissolved CO₂ 100.6 and 99.1 mg/l, respectively. The clone libraries showed that Rhodopseudomonas sp. had percentages 46.6, 42.5, and 86.8 % in C4, C5, and C6, respectively; Xanthobacter sp., 24.5 %, Castellaniella sp., 18 % in C5, and Sphingobium sp., 39.2 % in C4.     

Glycinebetaine mediates chromium tolerance in mung bean through lowering of Cr uptake and improved antioxidant system

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of glycinebetaine (GB) in chromium (Cr) tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown in Cr-stressed soil. Three concentrations of Cr (0, 250 and 500 µM) were tested with three (0, 50 and 100 mM) concentrations of foliar-applied GB. Cr alone led to a significant decrease in plant growth, biomass, and concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Cr concentration and electrolyte leakage significantly increased in plants with increasing Cr levels in the soil. Lower Cr stress enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD) and catalase (CAT), while higher Cr concentrations decreased the activities of these enzymes. Foliar application of GB successfully alleviated toxic effects of Cr on mung bean and increased plant growth, biomass and chlorophyll contents under Cr stress. GB application reduced Cr accumulation and electrolyte leakage in plants and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots as compared with Cr treatments alone. These findings suggest that foliar-applied GB alleviated Cr-induced oxidative stress in mung bean by reducing Cr uptake. The protective effect of GB against Cr stress varies with the concentrations of GB and Cr stress applied. Thus, further studies are still needed to specify the concentrations of GB required for detoxification of specific Cr concentrations under various climatic conditions.     

Alleviation of Soil Aluminum Phytotoxicity in a Typical Paddy Soil in Southern China by Using Weak Organic Acids

Weak organic acids including tartaric and citric acids were applied to a typical paddy soil in southern China to test their effects on rice in the field for three years. Their effects were also compared with top dressings of the two acids, basal application of diammonium acid phosphate, calcium carbonate, and the control. The results showed that rice grain yield of the citric acid treatment was significantly higher than that of the control and the same difference was also observed for the filled spikelets per panicle. There were no significant difference among all the treatments and the control on the accumulation of above ground dry matter. However the root dry matter, length, peroxidase activity, and white root number of citric acid treatment were significantly higher than that of the control, while no significant differences among other treatments were observed. Basal application of citric acid played a positive role on this soil.