Influence of Seeding Date and Growing Season Conditions on Forage Yield and Quality of Four Annual Crops in Northeastern Saskatchewan

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 on a Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) silty clay soil at Melfort, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of seeding date on forage dry-matter yield (DMY) and quality [protein and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents] of four annual crops [barley (Hordium vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), triticale (×?Triticosecale Wittmack L.), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv; hereafter called Golden German millet)] with various maturities as well as different growing-season temperature and moisture requirements. Seeding date had a significant effect on forage DMY of all four crops in each 2002 and 2003. In 2002, the greatest forage DMY for barley, oat, triticale, and Golden German millet was achieved on 3 July, 22 June, 3 July, and 24 May, respectively. In 2003, the greatest forage DMY was from the 24 May seeding date for all four crops. In both 2002 and 2003, protein content in forage tended to decrease as DMY increased in all crops. In 2002, protein content in forage tended to be greater for the cereals with the early seeding dates and lowest days to harvest. The greatest protein content in forage for Golden German millet occurred at the latest seeding date but the fewest days to harvest. In 2003, the greatest protein content in forage occurred at the latest seeding date and fewest days to maturity for all four crops. In both 2002 and 2003, ADF content in forage responded inversely to protein content in forage. The ADF content in forage tended to increase as DMY of all crops increased and days to harvest increased. The seeding date for maximum DMY of cool-season crops was greatly influenced by the growing-season conditions in this study whereas the seeding date of the one warm-season crop was not. In conclusion, the findings suggest that date of seeding of annual forage crops would affect forage yield, and rainfall distribution throughout the growing season also plays a significant role in annual crop forage yields. As long as there is adequate precipitation later in the growing season, late seeding can also result in good forage yields.     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤有机碳及水稻产量的影响

研究了直播稻田在不同耕作方式和秸秆还田下土壤有机碳(SOC)和水稻产量的变化。结果表明,秸秆还田能够显著增加SOC含量,耕作方式可显著影响土壤有机碳的垂直分布。SOC含量与水稻籽粒产量存在显著的正相关关系(R2=0.712 9**,n=6),SOC含量与土壤全氮(TSN)之间有显著的正相关性(R2=0.860 9**,n=43)。秸秆还田能够促进土壤有机碳的增加,稳定直播稻田系统的生产力,实现粮食安全和生态环境安全的双赢。     

不同耕作模式对小麦—玉米轮作下潮土养分和作物产量的影响

通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。     

耕作和施肥方式对土壤水分及饲用玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作和施肥方式对西北半干旱区饲用玉米(Zea may L.)土壤水分和产量的影响,以饲用玉米陇饲1号为材料,设置传统旋耕、立式深旋耕2种耕作方式以及单施化肥、有机肥替代化肥2种施肥方式组合,共4个处理,研究不同的耕作和施肥方式对饲用玉米土壤贮水量、花前花后耗水量、单株鲜重和干重以及产量的影响。结果表明,与传统旋耕相比,立式深旋耕能够降低饲用玉米0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量,提高花前耗水量,降低花后耗水量,增加生育期总耗水量,而有机肥替代化肥能够降低立式深旋耕方式下土壤总耗水量;立式深旋耕使成熟期单株干重增加1.3%~10.6%,单株鲜重增加4.9%~21.9%,而且不同程度增加了饲用玉米株高、穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒重、双穗率,降低了秃顶长,以上指标的变化均有利于高产试验形成。3年试验中立式深旋耕化肥处理较其他处理的籽粒产量增加1.8%~38.6%,丰水年生物量增加1.2%~15.1%,立式深旋耕有机肥处理较其他处理提高了干旱年生物量4.9%~21.9%、籽粒产量水分利用效率6.3%~34.8%、生物量水分利用效率7.1%~21.5%。综上,立式深旋耕能够改善作物生长土壤环境,有利于饲用玉米对土壤水分的吸收以及干物质量的积累,其组合化肥处理可以增加饲用玉米籽粒产量和丰水年生物量,组合有机肥替代处理可增加干旱年饲用玉米生物量和水分利用效率。本研究为西北半干旱区饲用玉米高产高效可持续生产提供了理论依据。     

保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响

[目的]分析保护性耕作对黄壤坡耕地水土流失及作物产量的影响,为贵州省坡耕地水土流失治理及农业可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]在西南地区典型黄壤坡耕地设置不施肥+顺坡平作(TR_1)、常规施肥+顺坡平作(TR_2)、优化施肥+顺坡平作(TR_3)、优化施肥+横坡垄作(TR_4)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖(TR_5)、优化施肥+横坡垄作+秸秆覆盖+等高植物篱(TR_6)共6个不同试验处理的监测小区,于2017—2018年监测了不同处理间作物产量、地表径流量、氮磷流失量、土壤养分含量的差异,并分析其相关性。[结果]①TR_4,TR_5,TR_6较TR_3的径流量分别减少了59.72%,74.13%和89.18%,氮磷流失总量与径流量趋势相同;②TR_5,TR_6对全量养分含量影响最大,其中全氮比TR_4作高20.00%,23.67%,比TR_3高23.53%,27.31%;③TR_4,TR_5,TR_6处理下的玉米在保持较高产量的同时,作物产量稳定性(SI)和可持续性(SYI)最好;④玉米、油菜产量与全氮、全磷、有效磷、有机质呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与速效氮呈显著正相关(p0.05);玉米产量与氮素流失量、磷素流失量、径流量呈极显著负相关(p0.01)。[结论]在坡耕地实施保护性耕作能有效降低地表径流发生,减少氮磷流失,保持土壤养分肥力的同时促进作物高产,并实现稳产及可持续生产,且实施综合保护性耕作的效能大于单项保护性耕作。     

Tillage Effects on Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Sodic Soils

Tillage modifies soil structure and has been suggested as a practice to improve physical, hydrological and chemical properties of compacted soils. But little is known about effect of long‐term tillage on physicochemical soil properties and crop yield on sodic soils in India. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different tillage regimes on crop yield (wheat and paddy rice) and physicochemical properties of sodic soils. Two sodic sites under conventional tillage for 5 (5‐YT; 5‐year tillage) and 9 (9‐YT; 9‐year tillage) years were selected for this study. Changes in crop yield and physicochemical soil properties were compared with a control, sodic land without any till history, that is, 0‐year tillage/untilled (0‐YT). Five replicated samples at 0‐ to 10‐cm and 10‐ to 20‐cm soils depths were analysed from each site. In the top, 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth 5‐YT and 9‐YT sites had higher particle density (Pd), porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen (N_t), available nitrogen (N_avail), phosphorus (P_avail) and exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca⁺⁺) than 0‐YT, whereas bulk density (Bd), C : N ratio and CaCO₃ were significantly lower. Bd, pH, EC and CaCO₃ increased significantly with depth in all the lands, whereas Pd, porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, N_t, N_avail, P_avail and Exch. Ca⁺⁺ decreased. We conclude that continuous tillage and cropping can be useful for physical and chemical restoration of sodic soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤理化性质及其产量的影响

通过田间试验和土壤理化性质的分析,探讨秸秆还田和土壤耕作方式对直播稻田土壤理化性质和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田使土壤的容重和坚实度降低,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度升高,同时提高土壤各层的有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;深耕有利于培肥地力,增加土壤养分含量。不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高,同时,秸秆还田还能减少焚烧事件的发生,改善农村生态环境,实现农业清洁生产。     

耕作措施对黑龙江省风沙土区玉米生长发育及产量的影响

针对黑龙江省西部风沙土区干旱频繁发生,土壤风蚀严重的特点,采取打茬播种、旋耕播种、免耕三种不同的耕作措施,与当地传统耕作方式破垄种进行了对比试验,研究了耕作措施对玉米生育性状及产量的影响。结果表明,耕作方式对玉米生育前期影响较小,主要影响玉米中后期的生长发育。旋耕处理前期土壤水分储存较多,为后期玉米的生长发育提供了充足的水分供应。旋耕处理的玉米产量最高,与对照相比产量增加了31.2%。打茬播种处理的产量相比对照增加了13%。免耕处理的玉米产量最低,与对照相比产量降低了20.4%。     

秸秆还田与耕作方式对麦后复种花生田土壤性质和产量的影响

小麦-花生一年两熟是解决粮油争地矛盾,实现粮油自给的重要途径,小麦收获后直播花生是麦油两熟的主要种植方式。试验在前茬小麦收获后设计秸秆还田与耕作方式2种处理因素,共6个处理:旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、旋耕秸秆还田(RTS)、免耕秸秆不还田(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、深耕秸秆不还田(DT)和深耕秸秆还田(DTS)。研究秸秆还田与耕作方式对土壤理化性质以及花生产量的影响。结果表明:不同耕作方式对土壤理化性质的影响不同,在0—10 cm土层中,与深耕处理和旋耕处理相比,免耕处理增加了大粒径团聚体的质量比例,提高了团聚体的稳定性,增加了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量。而深耕处理主要改善了10—20,20—30 cm土层土壤理化性质,深耕处理还增加了干物质积累量,提高了花生荚果产量和籽仁产量。在相同的耕作方式下,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田处理降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤孔隙度,增加了粗大团聚体的质量比例以及土壤有机碳和全氮含量,提高了团聚体的稳定性,增加了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量,增加了干物质积累量,提高了花生荚果产量和籽仁产量。DTS处理荚果产量和籽仁产量比DT处理分别增加了10.89%和14.65%,RTS处理荚果产量和籽仁产量比RT处理分别增加了10.00%和11.77%,NTS处理荚果产量和籽仁产量比NT处理分别增加了16.31%和19.82%。处理间比较,与其他5个处理相比,DTS处理不仅改良了土壤理化性质,而且提高了花生荚果产量和籽仁产量。     

Response of Sunflower to Sulfur Rate and Time of Application under Two Tillage Systems in a Silty Clay Soil of Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Sulfur (S) availability is a characteristic of conservation tillage. We studied the effects of S on sunflower yield and fatty acid profile under conventional and conservation tillage in silty clay soil of D.I. Khan, Pakistan. Conventional tillage consisted of disk plowing followed by tiller and rotavator, while conservation tillage comprises tiller and disc harrowing. Treatments comprise six sulfur levels (S₁ = 0, S₂ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing, S₃ = 10 kg S ha^?1 at sowing +10 kg S ha^?1 25 days after sowing (DAS), S₄ = 40 kg S ha^?1 at sowing, S₅ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing + 20 kg S ha^?1 25 DAS, and S₆ = 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing + 10 kg S ha^?1 25 DAS + 10 kg S ha^?1 50 DAS) replicated thrice. After 2 years of experimentation, soil samples were collected (from 0 to 0.30 m depth) for organic matter (OM), total soil N (TSN), and available sulfur analysis. Conservation tillage significantly increased OM, TSN, and S contents in 0–0.30 m soil compared to conventional tillage. Likewise, sunflower plants showed higher achene yield, better fatty acid profile, and net economic returns in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage. Application of 20 kg S ha^?1 at sowing and 10 kg S ha^?1 at each 25 and 50 DAS recorded significantly higher achene yield, higher oil, and linoleic acid contents; however, oleic and oleic/linoleic ratio did not increase with higher S rates. Conservation tillage was effective in increasing OM, TSN, and available S besides increasing yield and economics in silty clay soil.     

盐池县天然草场产草量与载畜量调查研究

由于近几年的连续干旱,盐池县天然草场植被呈现一定的退化趋势.从防止草地退化沙化的目的出发,在野外调查的基础上,对天然草场的产草量和载畜量进行了测算,结果表明,盐池县天然草场的合理载畜量为40.85万标准羊单位,实际超载23.39万羊单位,超载率为57.25%.     

播期对浙东南地区直播晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响

为筛选适宜在浙东南地区作受灾补播的直播晚粳稻品种,选用3个籼粳杂交稻(甬优1540、甬优7850、嘉优中科3号)和2个常规粳稻(秀水519、秀水417),开展大田分期直播试验,研究不同播期对水稻产量及产量构成因素、生育期和温光资源利用的影响。结果表明,水稻产量表现为籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻,具体为甬优1540>甬优7850>嘉优中科3号>秀水519>秀水417,随着播期的推迟,产量均呈下降趋势,下降幅度为籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻,播期每推迟5 d,籼粳杂交稻平均产量下降0.71 t·hm^-2,常规粳稻下降0.30 t·hm^-2,主要与每穗粒数和结实率显著降低有关;水稻生育时期随播期推迟而相应顺延,且播种-齐穗期、齐穗-成熟期等生育阶段缩短,籼粳杂交稻全生育期缩短幅度大于常规粳稻;水稻全生育期的有效积温、日照时数及其利用率和有效积温生产效率随播期推迟基本呈下降趋势,同一播期内,籼粳杂交稻有效积温生产效率高于常规粳稻。产量与齐穗-成熟期的温光资源呈显著或极显著正相关。救灾品种若在7月15日前补播,籼粳杂交稻首选甬优1540,其次为甬优7850,而常规粳稻宜选用秀水519,且播期可推迟至7月20日。本研究结果可为浙东南地区受灾后,采用直播技术选择适宜救灾补播品种提供实践指导与科学依据。     

播期对水稻机械旱直播产量及稻米品质的影响

为探明机械旱直播水稻在长江中游地区较优的播种时期,本试验以广两优476(GLY476)和黄华占(HHZ)两个水稻品种为材料,采用机械旱整旱播模式,设置5个播期处理,即S1(5月10日)、S2(5月17日)、S3(5月24日)、S4(5月31日)、S5(6月7日),考察播期对水稻产量形成、光温资源利用率、稻米品质形成的影响。结果表明,广两优476和黄华占的产量均随着播期的延后呈先升高后降低的趋势,其中S4处理的产量最高,该处理下两水稻品种产量分别较S1高15.8%和27.4%。随着播期的延后,光能生产效率呈现逐渐增加的趋势,广两优476在S5处理下的光能生产效率最高,两年平均值为0.432 g·MJ^-1, 黄华占以S4处理最高,两年平均值为0.421 g·MJ^-1;且两品种积温利用率的变化趋势和光能生产效率类似,均以S4处理最高,两者平均值分别为3.72和3.61 kg·℃^-1·d^-1·hm^-2。两品种在S4和S5处理下的整精米率均高于其他播期处理;随着播期延后,两品种S5处理的垩白粒率和垩白度分别较各自的最高值下降14.1~17.1个百分点和4.6~7.8个百分点;营养品质变化趋势和外观品质一致,随播期延后呈显著下降趋势,两品种S5处理的平均直链淀粉含量较S1处理降低1.3~1.5个百分点,蛋白质含量降低2.0个百分点。综上所述,长江中游地区机械旱直播水稻5月中上旬播种期使水稻遭遇高温危害,产量和稻米外观品质降低。将播期延迟到5月底至6月上旬,可有效避免高温危害,对提高水稻稳产能力具有重要作用。本研究为明确水稻生产区高温发生规律,调整适宜播种期,提高机械旱直播水稻稳产能力提供了重要参考。     

Immediate Effects of Time and Method of Alfalfa Termination on Soil Mineral Nitrogen,Moisture, Weed Control,and Seed Yield,Quality, and Nitrogen Uptake

Three field experiments were conducted on Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) soils in northeastern Saskatchewan to compare the effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Leyss) stand termination with tillage and herbicides at different times on mineral nitrogen (N) (ammonium-N and nitrate-N) and moisture content of soil in spring (experiments 1 and 2), soil moisture, volunteer alfalfa and dandelion control, plant density, seed yield, protein concentration and N uptake for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L), canola (Brassica rapa L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops (experiment 3). Termination treatments included combinations of times (in mid-June after cut 1, in mid-August after cut 2 and in mid-May during spring) and methods [tillage alone, herbicides alone (glyphosate + 2,4-D amine and also clopyralid + 2,4-D ester in experiment 3) and these herbicides + tillage]. Tillage alone significantly increased spring soil nitrate-N levels over herbicides alone or herbicides + tillage. Termination after cut 1 had the highest levels of soil nitrate-N. There was little effect of time and method of termination on soil ammonium-N and moisture content in spring. Herbicides + tillage generally provided better control of both volunteer alfalfa and dandelion in the four crops than tillage or herbicides alone. In general, alfalfa termination with herbicides alone significantly reduced plant density, seed yield, and N uptake of all crops and protein concentration of cereals only due to effects on levels of soil nitrate-N, dandelion control, and crop injury by clopyralid or 2,4-D residues in soil. Plant density, seed yield, N uptake and protein concentration of crops tended to decline with delay in termination time. The results of this study support the use of some tillage in alfalfa stand termination in helping to control volunteer alfalfa and dandelion and optimize annual crop yields and quality.     

耕作模式对黄土高原地区新增耕地土壤紧实度、养分含量及玉米产量的影响

[目的]探明不同耕作模式对以生土为构建材料的新增耕地的改良效应,为该类土地的高产高效利用提供科学依据。[方法]于2017年6—9月分别在免耕、深松、翻耕3种耕作处理模式下的玉米地开展定位监测试验,分析耕作模式对土壤紧实度、养分含量以及作物产量的影响。[结果] 0—20 cm土层紧实度在免耕模式下最低,分别较深松和翻耕低约37.49和38.48 kPa/cm~2,且各模式下0—20 cm土层均呈分层紧实的状态。玉米出苗期土壤紧实度最小,喇叭口期紧实度最高。0—40 cm土层有机质、全氮和有效磷含量在深松模式下均最高,分别为免耕的1.20,1.22,1.36倍,是翻耕的1.18,1.08,1.34倍。深松和翻耕模式下的速效钾含量相近,均为免耕的1.09倍。从出苗期到灌浆期,有机质和全氮含量增加,有效磷和速效钾含量减小。深松耕作模式下玉米产量最高,是免耕和翻耕条件下的1.30,1.19倍。[结论]深松耕作模式土壤紧实度适中,能有效增加土壤养分含量,提高作物产量,是新增耕地最理想的耕作改良方式。     

海拔和采种期对党参种子产量及其构成因素的影响

研究生态条件和采种期对党参种子产量及其构成因素的影响,可以确定党参种子生产适宜生态区域和采种期。我们以海拔为主区、采收期为副区采取裂区试验设计研究了不同海拔和采种期对党参种子产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,当海拔为1 920～2 200 m时党参采种量较高,当海拔2 200 m以上则不利于党参结种;低海拔区域1 922～2 000 m的果实成熟度高,成熟度受采集地生态条件影响明显。党参单株果实数、单株产种量随海拔升高呈增加趋势,当海拔达到2 000 m时党参单株果实数最多,为62.77个;单株产种量最高,为2.25 g。当海拔达到2 000 m、采种期为10月15日时,党参产种量最高,为481 kg/hm2。在高海拔下采种期可以适当提前至10月5日。因此,党参种子生产适宜的海拔区域为2 000～2 200 m范围的生态区,在此海拔下10月中旬是适宜的采种期。     

耕作方式对旱地麦田土壤蓄水变化特征及小麦产量的影响

为探讨不同耕作方式对山西晋南旱地土壤蓄水变化特征及小麦产量的影响,以“晋麦92号”为试验材料,连续2年研究休闲期免耕+常规条播、休闲期免耕+探墒沟播、休闲期深松+常规条播和休闲期深翻+常规条播4种耕作模式对麦田土壤蓄水量及变化特征、小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:休闲期免耕条件下,沟播较常规条播更有利于提高100-200 cm土层蓄水量。沟播对旱地小麦产量的增加效果不明显或略有降低,2个年份水分利用效率分别降低3.6%和9.3%。休闲期深松和深翻比免耕均能提高旱地小麦播前和返青期0-200 cm土壤蓄水量,以深翻效果最佳,这种增加作用主要集中在0-100 cm土层。小麦产量在2个年度均表现为休闲期深翻+常规条播处理最高(较休闲期免耕+常规条播处理增产44.6%和147.2%)。产量增加与地上部干物重和穗粒数呈显著正相关。深松和深翻使2个年度水分利用效率分别增加12.7%和46.74%,53.70%和94.91%,且在较干旱年份(2018—2019年)增加效果越明显。可见,休闲期连续2年深松和深翻均能提高土壤蓄水量,提高旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率。免耕条件下,沟播对小麦产量影响因年份不同而异,仍需进一步探讨。     

有机肥施用量和耕作方式对旱地土壤水分利用效率及作物生产力的影响

为了探索旱地农业连作春玉米田不同保护性耕作措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果与不同施肥处理组合下春玉米的增产增收效应,在2014—2016年通过大田试验,研究了旱地农田冬闲期免耕、深松和翻耕3种耕作方式对玉米田冬闲期蓄水保墒效果及玉米生育期3种耕作处理与高、中、低有机肥3种施肥处理组合对春玉米生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,免耕和深松与翻耕相比,蓄水效果较好;2个试验年度冬闲期,免耕和深松较翻耕分别高1.3,0.9个百分点。免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层2年土壤平均贮水量分别增加20.8,22.1 mm;玉米生长生育期在高有机肥条件下,免耕、深松较翻耕处理0—200 cm土层土壤平均贮水量分别高44.2,34.6 mm;以高有机肥深松处理产量、WUE和纯收益最高。2年平均产量、WUE和纯收益分别为9 332.40 kg/hm^2,22.01 kg/(hm^2·mm)和5 104.1元/hm^2,高有机肥免耕处理次之,较高有机肥免耕处理增产和增收分别为7.4%和3.9%。综合考虑各处理土壤蓄水保墒效果和玉米增产增收效应,高有机肥深松是旱区连作玉米田最优的耕作和施肥处理组合。     

耕作方式对土壤水动态变化及夏玉米产量的影响

一个连续２年的田间耕作试验在夏玉米生长期内完成,分析对比３种不同耕作方式对土壤水动态变化过程及对作物产量的影响。耕作扰动对土壤水动态变化的影响是明显的,夏玉米生长初期免耕下的表层土壤持有较高的水分,这归因于土壤非耕扰动、冬小麦残茬覆盖以及耕层土壤孔隙尺度分布的变化;另一方面,深松土壤受到耕作活动的强烈干扰,苗期耕层土壤蓄水明显小于传统耕作。耕作方式对土壤水差异的影响伴随着作物的生长发育过程显著减弱。深松耕作对作物根系生长发育状况及作物增产效果的作用是十分显见的。     

草甸白浆土水解酶活性和动力学特性对保护性耕作方式的响应

在田间试验条件下,以传统耕作(CT)为对照,研究了免耕(NT)和少耕(RT)对黑龙江省八五三农场草甸白浆土土壤与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的九种水解酶(α—葡糖苷酶、β—葡糖苷酶、α—半乳糖苷酶、β半乳糖苷酶活性脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸醅酶)的影响,同时研究了保护性耕作对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β—葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作(RT,NT)降低土壤pH值,提高土壤养分(有效氮:42.0%,21.6%;总碳:26.6%,12.2%;总氮:16.6%,15.8%)含量,提高了土壤α—半乳糖苷酶、β—半乳糖苷酶和α—葡糖苷酶、蛋白酶活性活性,但脲酶活性却降低,参与土壤磷素及硫素转化的磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性差异不显著,传统耕作处理(CT)与免耕(NT)处理土壤中芳基硫酸酯酶活性著高于少耕(MT)处理。土壤水解酶动力学参数对耕作方式的反应与表观活性对耕作方式的反应不一致,草甸白浆土短期(三年)保护性耕作已经体现了一定程度的土壤改良效果。