EDTA extractable phosphorus in soils as related to available and inorganic phosphorus forms

Abstract

Twenty surface soil samples, representing two major soil orders alfisols and vertisols were extracted with 0.01N Na₂ EDTA solution (pH 4.8) at a soil/solution ratio of 1:25. Phosphorus in the extract was determined following ammonium molybdate‐stannous chloride colorimetric method. The EDTA extractable P showed significant positive correlations with extractable P according to the Olsen, Morgan, Bray 1 and 2 and also with inorganic phosphorus fractions associated with Al, Ca and Fe.     

Comparison of extractable phosphorus from two sulfuric acid methods with the Mehlich phosphorus test number one

Abstract

All mineral phosphates in soil dissolve more completely when HCl is mixed with H₂SO₄ than with the HCl alone. It was hypothesized that a new extracting solution of H₂SO₄ alone with the same ionic strength or the same acidity as the Mehlich P1 extractant would extract similar amounts of soil phosphorus (P) as the Mehlich P1 soil test. Thirty six acid soils from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Colorado were used in this study. These acid soils reflect wide ranges in parent materials, texture, pH, organic matter, and available soil P. They were analyzed for available soil P with the Mehlich P1 soil test and with the two H₂SO₄ methods: Method A has an extracting solution of same ionic strength (0.0875M) as the Mehlich P1 extractant, and Method B was an extracting solution of the same acidity (0.0375M) as the Mehlich P1 extractant. Correlations between the results of Mehlich P1 with Method A and Method B were 0.994 and 0.997, respectively. The measured test precision was <3.5% for all three methods. The new H₂SO₄ methods are simple and faster to conduct under routine operations than the original Mehlich P1 extractant, and because of the high correlations, the H₂SO₄ methods should predict crop response to P as well as the original Mehlich P1 extractant for acid soils.     

Yield components and their relationship with total and extractable foliar phosphorus in soybean

Abstract

Six soybean cultivars (maturity group V) were sown in a Typic Argiudoll. Experimental plots were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Sampling dates were at different stages: R2, R4, and R5. Two foliar phosphorus (P) forms were determined: total P (TP) and dilute acetic acid‐extractable P (DAEP) which correlated with each other and with some yield components. At the R2 stage, there was a good correlation with node number in the R5 stage and TP, DAEP, and petioles‐DAEP. Weight of 1000 grains was asssociated with foliar P measured later in the R4 and R5 stages.     

Prediction of phosphorus requirements of Desmodium intortum cv. greenleaf using a phosphorus sorption index and extractable phosphorus

Abstract

The rates of applied phosphorus required for 90% maximum yield of Desmodiim intortum cv. Greenleaf were calculated from pot experiments using 24 fertilized and unfertilized soils from the Atherton Tableland, Queensland, Australia.

Phosphorus required was highly correlated (r² = 0.94) with the phosphorus sorbed (P sorbed) by the soils at a supernatant solution P concentration of 0.08 ppm. P sorbed was found to be a function of phosphorus buffer capacity at 0.08 ppm ("PBC") and phosphorus extractable by acid (0.005 M H₂S0₄) or bicarbonate (0.5 M NaHCO₃). PBC was highly correlated (r² = O.84) with a phosphorus sorption index ("PSI") derived from one addition of 500 μg P g^‐1 soil.

Combining PSI with acid or bicarbonate extractable P in a multiple regression equation allowed the estimation of phosphorus required with multiple correlation coefficients of R² = 0.80 and R² = 0.83 respectively.     

Interaction of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize with extractable soil phosphorus levels and nitrogen-potassium fertilizers

Summary A field experiment was conducted for 3 years to determine whether increasing extractable soil P levels would affect vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) of maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent uptake of P and production of dry matter. Five levels of extractable soil P were established on an Aquic Dystrochrept soil with high and low NK fertilization. The results show that as extractable soil-P levels increase the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of maize decrease, but P concentrations in both leaf and root tissue increase. There was a significant interaction between the extractable soil-P levels and NK treatment. At the low soil-P level NK fertilization increased mycorrhizae, while at the high soil-P levels NK fertilization reduced mycorrhizae. Dry-matter production generally paralleled extractable soil-P levels from 1.0 mg P kg^–1 to a maximum at 10 mg P kg^–1 soil (by ammonium acetate, pH 4.8). The reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae at the highest levels of extractable soil P apparently was not critical to either P uptake or dry-matter production.Scientific contribution No. 1196 Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station     

Economics of phosphorus fertilization of barley as influenced by concentration of extractable phosphorus in soil

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at 60 sites in central and north‐central Alberta to determine the yield response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilizer and economics of P application on soils with different concentrations of extractable P in the 0–15 cm soil layer. On the unfertilized plots, barley yield increased with increasing concentration of extractable P in the soil up to 22 mg P kg^‐1, but the yield response to applied P decreased. The net present value (NPV) of returns from P fertilization increased with increasing rate of P up to approximately 51 kg P₂O₅ ha^‐1. The NPV of applied P decreased with increasing concentration of extractable P in soil. On soils with extractable P more than 22 mg P kg^‐1, P application did not result in positive NPV.     

Crop uptake of cadmium from phosphorus fertilizers: II. Relationship with extractable soil cadmium

In a greenhouse experiment, effects of different phosphate fertilizer applications on soil Cd extracted by DTPA and NH₄NO₃ in relation to plant uptake of Cd were investigated. The soils used were a sand and a loam treated with lime to achieve three pHs ranging from 4.77 to 5.94 for the sandy soil and 4.97 to 6.80 for the loam soil. Oat (Avena sativa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), were used as test species. Application of the high-Cd NPK fertilizer (adding 12.5 μg Cd kg^?1 soil) significantly increased the extractable soil Cd, especially the DTPA-extractable Cd. Use of phosphate rock adding as much Cd as the high-Cd NPK fertilizer did not increase the extractable Cd in either of the soils. Both DTPA- and NH₄NO₃-extractable Cd decreased with the increases in soil pH. The Cd concentrations and total Cd uptake of plants were significantly correlated with the soil Cd extracted by DTPA and NH₄NO₃.     

Relationship of ryegrass growth to extractable phosphorus in acidic soil amended with phosphate rock,coal combustion by‐product,limestone, and cellulose

Abstract

An improved management of phosphorus (P) is crucial for increasing crop production and improving environmental quality of acid infertile soils. Laboratory analyses and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of phosphate rock (PR), coal combustion by‐product (BP), limestone, and cellulose application on the relationship between soil test P and crop growth in acidic soil. Application of PR, BP, limestone, and cellulose increased soil pH, exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and extractable P, and decreased free aluminum (Al) ion in the acid soil. Addition of BP or limestone increased P availability efficiency [PAE, mg dry matter yield (DMY) of plant per mg soil extractable P by Olsen‐P procedure] and P utilization efficiency (PUE, mg DMY of plant per mg P in the plant). There was significant positive correlation between the PAE and BP rates applied alone (r²=O.979, p<0.01) or with either PR (r²=0.972, p<0.01) or PR plus cellulose (r²=0.985, p<0.01). The PUE of ryegrass was significantly correlated with BP rates alone (r²=O.957, p<0.01) or with either PR (r²=0.906, p<0.01) or PR plus limestone (r²=O.699). The increase in PAE and PUE of ryegrass caused by BP and limestone reflected more plant root growth from increased availability of Ca and Mg and higher soil pH.     

Soil pH,extractable aluminum and tree growth on acid minesoils

Abstract

Paper birch and hybrid poplar were grown in acid minesoils amended with different rates and types of lime. Growth of the trees was correlated with soil pH, Ca, Mg, K, P and three measures of extractable Al ‐ 1 N KCl, 0.01 M CaCl₂ and H₂O extractable Al. Correlations between soil pH and extractable Al and between the three measures of extractable Al were also determined. Soil pH accounted for the largest share of the total variation in root and shoot growth of both species over all soils. Correlations between tree growth and extractable Al for all soils combined were low and generally non‐significant. Significant correlations were obtained between soil pH and extractable Al and between the three measures of extractable Al, however, the relationships varied among soils.     

Soil solution and extractable calcium in gypsumamended coastal plain soils used for peanut culture

Abstract

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fruits absorb Ca directly from the soil solution; therefore, the concentration of soil solution Ca in the fruiting zone (0–8 cm) is important in determining the availability of adequate Ca during fruit development. Since the critical period for Ca requirement for peanut fruit may extend from 25–65 d after flowering, a measure of extractable Ca (Quantity factor) is also important in determining the replenishment of soil solution Ca over the fruiting period. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying soil moisture regimes on soil solution and extractable Ca in gypsumamended Bonifay sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, grossarenic, Plinthic Paleudult) and Greenville sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudult) soils over a 70‐d period. Soil solution Ca increased in both soils with increasing soil moisture, 14 d after incubation of gypsum‐amended soils. Subsequently, the soil solution Ca decreased for all moisture regimes in the Bonifay soil, but only in the driest regime in the Greenville soil. Soil solution Ca concentrations were 1.0 and 3.2 cmolc/L in the Bonifay soil and 2.7 and 1.6 cmolc/L in the Greenville soil for the wettest and driest regimes, respectively, 70 d after incubation. Gypsum amendment also increased the concentrations of K and Mg in soil solution in both soils; therefore, leaching of excess K and Mg below the fruiting zone may be facilitated in field situations.     

Effect of liming central European loess soils on soil extractable phosphorus and potassium as determined by electro-ultrafiltration

The benefits of liming acidic or calcium (Ca)-deficient soils for soil structure and fertility are well documented. However, little is known about the effect of liming nearly neutral loess soils – lacking Ca – on interactions between soil nutrients. Over a 2-year period, 62 field trials were conducted in Germany and Austria with three treatments (0, 3 and 12 t CaO ha^?1) on slightly acidic loess soils. Soil samples from the top soil layer were taken 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks after liming. In addition to the pH_CaCl2, the phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ca contents were analysed using electro-ultrafiltration (EUF). The application of lime increased the pH in average from 6.6 up to 7.0 and 7.2, but did not decrease EUF extractable P and K below the level of untreated control. Contrary to our expectations, EUF extractable P increased 4 weeks after liming in the treatment with 3 t CaO ha^?1. At the end of incubation period, 24 weeks after liming, the EUF extractable K in treatment 12 t CaO ha^?1 remained still 1.3 mg K 100 g^?1 soil above the untreated control.     

Effect of soil solution phosphorus on seedling growth of the pejibaye palm in an oxisol 1

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and soil solution phosphorus (P) concentration on the growth of pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) seedling progenies from two Amazonian populations in a Hawaiian Oxisol. Mycorrhizal colonization and effectiveness were insignificant, perhaps because of residual fumigant toxicity and apparent water stress. Soil solution P concentration had highly significant effects on seedling leaf number, leaf area, plant biomass, anthracnose damage to leaves, and growth and physiological parameters in both experiments. Genotype effects were significant in the experiment involving progenies from two different populations, but not in the experiment involving two progenies from the same population. Native soil solution P concentration in this Oxisol was insufficient for acceptable pejibaye growth, while 0.2 mg/L soil P gave very good growth.     

不同磷水平土壤上磷启动肥对玉米生长效应的研究

探究不同磷水平土壤施用磷启动肥对玉米生长和磷吸收的影响,为玉米生产中合理施用磷启动肥提供理论依据。通过两因素盆栽试验,人工设置3个土壤磷肥力水平,分别为低磷土壤(LP,P 2.47     

Calculating changes of legume rhizosphere soil pH and soil solution phosphorus from phosphorus uptake

Abstract

Some legumes are known to reduce rhizosphere soil pH which in turn usually increases soil solution P, P_li and therefore increases P uptake. In an initial experiment with a nonlegume [corn (Zea mays L.)], observed P uptake agreed closely with predicted P uptake while with a legume [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], observed P uptake was greater than predicted P because the rhizosphere was acidified, P_li increased, and more P was absorbed. Using a pot experiment, this investigation calculates the change in rhizosphere pH and P_li necessary to have predicted P uptake obtained with a mechanistic uptake model agree with observed P uptake. The pot experiment was conducted with alfalfa, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and Austrian winter pea (Lathyrus hirsutus) grown on Chalmers silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls) limed to pH levels of 5.72, 6.30, 7.22 and 8.30. Predicted phosphorus uptake at each pH level was calculated with the uptake model using the data for bulk soil. The relation of predicted P uptake to initial soil pH was determined, then this relation was used with observed P uptake to calculate rhizosphere pH. Subsequently, P_li as a function of pH was determined and used to calculate rhizosphere P_li. In this study, the calculations indicate that legumes reduced rhizosphere soil pH by 0.39 to 0.77 units and increased P availability by 20.8 to 241.7%.     

Soil solution and extractable soil nitrogen response to climate change in two boreal forest ecosystems

Several studies show that increases in soil temperature result in higher N mineralization rates in soils. It is, however, unclear if additional N is taken up by the vegetation or accumulates in the soil. To address this question two small, forested catchments in southern Norway were experimentally manipulated by increasing air temperature (+3°C in summer to +5°C in winter) and CO₂ concentrations (+200 ppmv) in one catchment (CO₂T-T) and soil temperature (+3°C in summer to +5°C in winter) using heating cables in a second catchment (T-T). During the first treatment year, the climate treatments caused significant increases in soil extractable NH₄ under Vaccinium in CO₂T-T. In the second treatment year extractable NH₄ in CO₂T-T and NO₃ in T-T significantly increased. Soil solution NH₄ concentrations did not follow patterns in extractable NH₄ but changes in soil NO₃ pools were reflected by changes in dissolved NO₃. The anomalous behavior of soil solution NH₄ compared to NO₃ was most likely due to the higher NH₄ adsorption capacity of the soil. The data from this study showed that after 2 years of treatment soil inorganic N pools increased indicating that increases in mineralization, as observed in previous studies, exceeded plant demand and leaching losses.     

Selection of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria with biocontrol potential for growth in phosphorus rich animal bone charcoal

Bacteria with the ability to solubilize phosphorus (P) and to improve plant health were selected and tested for growth and survival in P-rich animal bone charcoal (ABC). ABC is suggested to be suitable as a carrier for biocontrol agents, offering them a protected niche as well as delivering phosphate to plants, meanwhile re-using P from waste of the food chain. Ninety-seven bacterial isolates from different soils were tested for their potential to dissolve P from ABC. Of these isolates, 60% showed positive scores; they belonged to the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Collimonas, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Streptomyces. Twelve isolates from different taxonomic groups were selected for further research on growth ability and survival in ABC, and on their potential to control plant pathogens. The highest concentrations of P were dissolved by Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Bacillus pumilus, followed by Paenibacillus polymyxa, Burkholderia pyrrocinia and three Streptomyces isolates. P. chlororaphis and P. polymyxa showed strongest growth inhibition of plant pathogenic Pythium and Fusarium sp., followed by the Streptomyces spp. isolates.     

Response of legumes and cereals to phosphorus in solution culture

Phosphorus deficiency is one of the Important growth limiting factors in crop production in many regions of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifoilum pratense L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) to concentrations of P in nutrient solution. The P treatments applied were 5, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM P. All crop species significantly responded to an increase in external P concentrations. The optimum P concentration for maximum growth varied with crop species, but it was higher for legumes than for cereals. Rice needs minimum as red clover maximum P concentration for maximum growth in nutrient solution as compared to other crops species. Concentrations of K, Zn and Mn were significantly affected in all crop species with P addition. Suggesting positive effects of P in ameliorating Mn toxicity if this element is present in growth medium. Increasing concentrations of P in growth medium produce negative effect on K and Zn nutrition. Growth parameters and plant nutrients concentration and uptake correlation studies showed that legumes are more responsive to P fertilization as compared to cereals.     

Root growth and phosphorus efficiency among sweet potato genotypes under low phosphorus

Abstract

A column experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of root growth and phosphorus (P) efficiency among sweet potatoes—JiHei1 (JH1), NingZi2 (NZ2), SuShu11 (S11) and SuShu17 (S17)—under low P and normal P conditions. Root growth was inhibited by low P in root length and surface area across diameter classes, except for in S17. The P absorption was influenced and led to variations in P content among organs. A high correlation was observed in root dry matter (DM) and P uptake. The tuber DM declined among genotypes under low P, and different P efficiencies were determined. A higher phosphorus utilization efficiency was observed in S11 and S17, suggesting that more P was needed to maintain their normal growth. Physiological efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were significantly positively correlated with the tuber DM, indicating that low P limited the growth of sweet potatoes. These results benefit the production and breeding of sweet potatoes in response to P deficiency.     

Variation in protein and nitrate content of vegetative growth of winged beans

Abstract

The 68 winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) accessions evaluated showed considerable variability In protein and nitrate % and vigor of second year vegetative growth. Protein content of vegetative growth ranged from 11 to 32% with a mean of 22%. Nitrate content ranged from 0.01 to 1.02%. The 3 Psophocarpus scandens accessions evaluated tended to have about the same protein %, lower nitrate % and greater vegetative growth than P. tetragonolobus.     

Extraction of soil phosphorus with calcium chloride solution for prediction of plant availability

Abstract

Soil and vegetative samples of ley and cereals were collected four times during the growing season from field and pot trials with different phosphorus (P) fertilisation levels. The soil samples, dried and of field moisture condition, respectively, were extracted by 0.01M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) at two different soil:extractant ratios (1:2 and 1:10), and analysed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) for content of P. The plant samples were digested in concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and the P content determined by ICP. Calcium chloride‐extractable P content was lowest in the middle of the growing season, while plant P was highest in the beginning of the season. Phosphorus extracted by CaCl₂ solution was higher at a soil:extractant ratio of 1:10 than at 1:2, and also when drying the soil before extraction. A soil:extractant ratio of 1:2 minimizes the risk of coming too near the limit of determination. However, if organic soils are also to be included, a ratio of 1:10 has to be used in order not to have all the solution absorbed by some types of soils. The solution of ammonium lactate/acetic acid (AL) extracted nearly two powers of ten more P than CaCl₂ solution. There was a good relationship between the methods. If calcareous or very acid soils had been included, a less good relation would have been expected. Plant P content varied more in straw than in grain between different treatments. Measuring CaCl₂‐extractable P with ICP might be able to predict plant uptake of P by plants. This would be a great advantage when using 0.01M CaCl₂ as a universal extradant.