Evaluation of Cadmium,Copper, Lead,and Zinc Levels in Soil Samples near Locust Pods

The genus Prosopis is a tree or shrub in the leguminosae family, subfamily fabaceae (mimosaceae). Many plants of the genus Prosopis are known to have medicinal properties. Only one species of Prosopis is found in Jordan, Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F. Macbr. The local name is Yanbout, and the English name is locust pods.

The aim of this study was to investigate some selected heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in Prosopis farcta, an unexplored Jordanian species of the Prosopis genus, because no data are available about these levels in this medicinal plant. These metals were tested in different parts of Prosopis farcta including root, aerial, and fruit as ethanolic extract plant and dry plant. Moreover, these metals were investigated in soil samples collected from the same area in which Prosopis farcta was grown. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between root and fruit for all test elements (P < 0.05). Roots were found to contain high average concentrations of Pb (2.14 µg g^?1), Cu (18.56 µg g^?1), and Zn (13.74 µg g^?1). Copper and Zn concentrations in Prosopis farcta were within the permissible limits, whereas Pb concentration exceeded the permissible limit. Moreover, soil samples were analyzed for the metals. Results revealed that there was a positive correlation between the levels of Cu and Zn in medicinal plants and soils, whereas there was a negative correlation for Pb.

Two certified reference materials (tea leaves, NCSDC 73351; soil, GBW 07406) were analyzed to authenticate the accuracy of the method, and the precision was expressed by relative standard deviation.     

Copper,Chromium, Nickel,Lead and Zinc Levels and Pollution Degree in Firing Range Soils

Small‐arms firing ranges are an important source of metal contaminants in the ecosystems located near these facilities, owing to the constant fall and alteration of the ammunition remnants on the soil, particularly in nearby berms. The objectives of this study were to analyse the pollution of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in rifle/pistol shooting range soils, to estimate their availability and to evaluate the influence of the ammunition used. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni range from 55 to 6·309, 34 to 264, 19 to 98, 40 to 79 and 11 to 33 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The moderate acidity and organic matter content favour the availability of Pb, followed by Cu > Zn > Ni > Cr. The values of different contamination indexes (I_geo, pollution index and integrated pollution index) suggest that Pb soil contamination is moderate to heavy, especially in the berm area and moderate for Cu and Zn. Lead ammunition is the main source of pollution, but another one was identified owing to the concentrations of Fe, Cr and Ni detected. Further studies are needed to verify their long‐term potential adverse effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accumulation of Zinc and Copper in an Arable Field after Animal Manure Application

An experiment was conducted to examine the accumulation and mobility of heavy metals (Zn and Cu) at different depths in three types of arable soils (Brown Lowland soil, Andosol, and Brown Forest soil) amended with cattle and pig farmyard manures for 5 years. Nitric-perchloric acid digestion was performed for the determination of the total amounts of heavy metals, and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid extraction was performed for the determination of the amounts of soluble heavy metals. Results of the soil analysis indicated that pig farmyard manure application resulted in serious contamination of arable soils with Zn and potentially Cu. Especially, the Brown Forest soil displayed a high ability to accumulate heavy metals on the soil surface. Total-Zn concentration in surface soils was considerably affected by the holding capacity of soluble-Zn traction. Although the Andosol amended with pig farmyard manure showed higher concentrations of heavy metals related to the higher ability of retention on a weight basis, the soil did not contribute to high heavy metal accumulation because of its low bulk density. Heavy metals were easily leached in sandy soils such as Brown Lowland soil, and Cu was potentially stable compared with Zn. We suggest that long-term pig farmyard manure application to the Brown Lowland soil and Andosol with a light soil texture is associated with a higher risk of groundwater pollution than the application to the Brown Forest soil.     

Bioavailability and Accumulation of Cadmium and Zinc by Sedum plumbizincicola after Liming of an Agricultural Soil Subjected to Acid Mine Drainage

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of liming on plant growth and zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation by Sedum plumbizincicola in a heavy-metal-contaminated acidified paddy soil. Lime application significantly increased the soil pH, which reached a maximum of 5.53 after addition of 4.0 g kg^?1 lime to soil, about 1.4 units more than that of the control. Sedum plumbizincicola grew larger after lime application but aboveground biomass did not increase significantly with increasing soil pH. Liming significantly reduced shoot Zn and Cd concentrations and uptake except at the lowest lime application rate (0.5 g kg^?1 lime to soil). This indicates that S. plumbizincicola can grow well in acidic soil at a soil pH of 4.15, and application of lime did not increase plant heavy-metal extraction. Consequently, it is promising to use this plant for Cd and Zn phytoextraction from agricultural soils polluted with acid and metals.     

铜矿区土壤重金属污染与耐性植物累积特征

在铜陵矿区研究了4种植物:商陆(Phytolacca acinosa),鸭跖草(Commelina communis),菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries),农田紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)对重金属的富集特征及土壤重金属污染情况。采用ICP-MS分析了土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的重金属全量及植物对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的积累情况。并计算了四种植物对重金属的生物转移系数BTC(Biological Transfer Coefficient)。结果表明:铜陵狮子山铜矿废弃地鸭跖草(Commelina communis)、菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries)群落的土壤养分状况相对较好,农田紫云英的养分状况次之,杨冲山尾矿库分布商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)的土壤养分状况最差。商陆耐瘠薄土壤、尾矿区与附近农田土壤重金属全量分析表明,杨山冲尾矿库附近农田土壤(种植紫云英)铜、镉、铅、锌总量均超过国家农业用地土壤二级标准,尾矿废弃地分布鸭跖草、茵陈蒿的土壤全铜含量超过国家工业用地土壤二级标准,土壤受Cu污染最严重。菌陈蒿、鸭趾草对高含量的土壤铜表现出很好的耐性。鸭跖草对砷和铅的转移系数大于1,茵陈蒿对镉与锌的转移系数大于1。鸭跖草、茵陈蒿、商陆都可以作为矿区生态恢复的先锋植物。     

Copper,Zinc, and Manganese Mobilization in a Soil Contaminated by a Metallurgy Waste used as Micronutrient Source

Leaching of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) from a soil contaminated by metallurgy waste (used as a micronutrient source) was carried out in a column experiment. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of the chelates ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), and citrate at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mmol kg^?1. The two synthetic chelating agents increased metal contents in the lower part of the column, which was filled with an uncontaminated sample of the same soil. No Cu or Zn was present in the leachates. Although Mn could be detected, values were not related to treatments. Water by itself was also able to mobilize metal inside the soil column. The retention of metals by the uncontaminated soil layer was explained by its large adsorptive capacity, as demonstrated by the corresponding adsorption isotherms.     

Accumulations of Cadmium,Zinc, and Copper by Rice Plants Grown on Soils Amended with Composted Pig Manure

A pot experiment, in which composted pig manure was applied to soils at rates of 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (W/W) to simulate additions of different amounts of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) to soil, was conducted to assess accumulation of metals by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from soils treated with manure. Results indicated that Cd concentrations in rice grains were more than the limit of 0.2 mg kg^?1 when 0.14 mg kg^?1 or more Cd was loaded to Ferralsols by manure application, but it was not more than the limit in Calcaric Cambisols. Zinc contents in polished rice grains did not exceed the permissible limit of 50 mg kg^?1 in two soils. Copper concentrations in rice grain were slightly more than the limit of 10 mg kg^?1 in Ferralsols but not in Calcaric Cambisols. Results suggested greater risk of heavy‐metal contamination from manure to paddy rice in Ferralsols than in Calcaric Cambisols.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

矿山及周边地区多金属污染土壤修复研究进展

本文阐述了矿区多金属污染土壤植物修复的研究现状及其修复实践。结合国内外多金属污染土壤修复技术与机理研究动态,指出当前相关领域研究中存在的主要问题及未来的研究方向;同时考虑矿山及周边地区重金属污染土壤的不同特点,提出今后的重点是开展分别以植物稳定和植物提取为核心的植物-微生物-化学联合修复机理研究及修复体系建设。     

根际溶铁细菌与AM真菌协同提高石灰性土壤铁有效性的机制研究

石灰性土壤普遍存在铁有效性低导致的植物缺铁黄化现象,严重影响农业可持续发展。筛选高效溶铁细菌并探讨其与菌根真菌（AMF）协同提高土壤有效铁含量、改善植物铁营养机制具有重要意义。以石灰性土壤和番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum）为试材进行盆栽试验,分别接种Advenella kashmirensis（B1）、Arthrobacter cupressi（B2）、Klebsiella variicola（B3）、Variovorax guangxiensis（B4）和Enterobacter ludwigii（B5）5株细菌,以不接菌处理为对照（CK）,筛选出高效溶铁菌株B1、B2和B3。将其与纯培养得到的AM真菌孢子（Rhizoshagu irregularis, Ri）组合,设置单独接种AM真菌（Ri）、单菌与Ri（B1+Ri、B2+Ri和B3+Ri）、菌群与Ri（B1+B2+B3+Ri）共接种处理,进一步探究单菌及菌群与AMF协同促进石灰性土壤难溶性铁的活化和促进植物铁吸收的机制。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,接种B1、B2和B3能够显著促进番茄生长,根系和地上部全铁积累量分别提高6.48倍和2.61倍（B1）、4.11倍和2.03倍（B2）、4.37倍和2.25倍（B3）;新叶活性铁含量分别提高74.21%、1.33倍和1.75倍。（2）与单接AMF相比,不同共接种组合显著增加番茄生物量,各部位平均全铁积累量显著提高58.32%~119.43%,其中B3+Ri处理、B1+B2+B3+Ri处理下番茄根系活性铁含量分别提高41.47%和44.30%、新叶活性铁含量分别提高12.61%和12.77%。不同共接种组合处理显著提高AM真菌的菌根侵染率,较单接AM真菌处理提高13.35%~30.99%;根系铁还原酶活性增加9.86%~22.07%,根系LeFIT1、LeFRO2和LeMYB72基因表达显著上调。与单接AM真菌相比,B3+Ri和B1+B2+B3+Ri处理下根际土壤pH分别降低0.21和0.09,土壤有效铁含量分别提高15.78%和55.23%。综上,AM真菌与3株高效溶铁细菌的协同作用可显著提高石灰性土壤铁有效性并改善植物铁营养,不同类型溶铁细菌与AMF的协同作用机制不同,为解决石灰性土壤铁有效性低的问题提供了微生物途径。     

株洲霞湾港域乡土植物及其根际土壤重金属蓄积特性

通过采样调查,对株洲霞湾港域9种乡土植物及其根际土壤的重金属含量进行研究,并对比分析植物对Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收、转运和富集特征.结果表明:该港域土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn的含量均超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,存在严重的复合污染.采集的9种植物均对污染表现出一定的耐受性,且不同植物对重金属的吸收和转运表现出较大差异性,根据其生物富集系数和转运系数,大致可分为三类.广玉兰、何首乌、珊瑚树和野芋为富集型植物,适合种植于港堤附近的农田边、厂区;小叶女贞为根部囤积型植物,黄独、蓖麻、小构树和薏米为规避型植物,适合种植于荒地等利用价值低的地区.     

Cu Cd Pb Zn对酸性耕作土壤3种酶活性的影响

采用添加外源重金属和室内培养的方法,研究了Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对1个酸性耕作土壤中脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。Cu添加浓度为50、100、200、400、600mg·kg^-1,Cd添加浓度为1、5、10、15、20mg·kg^-1,Pb添加浓度为100、300、500、800、1200mg·kg^-1,Zn添加浓度为50、100、200、400、800mg·kg^-1。结果表明,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn对脲酶以抑制作用为主,4种重金属对酶毒性大小依次为Cu〉Cd〉Zn≥Pb,但在培养末期抑制作用都趋于减弱。Ph、Cu、Cd、Zn在前17d的培养中使蛋白酶酶活性急剧降低,以后蛋白酶活性维持在此较低水平上。短时间内（3d）Zn对过氧化物酶具有强烈的抑制作用,但总体看来4种重金属对过氧化物酶活性的影响均较小。上述结果表明,脲酶对农田土壤Cu污染具有指示作用,蛋白酶对农田土壤4种重金属污染都具有指示作用,过氧化物酶仅对土壤Zn的短期污染具有指示作用。     

Comparative Analyses of Lead and Copper in Metal-Accumulating Plants with and without Mycorrhizae

Absolute and relative concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in plant tissue (C_p) and substrate leachate (C_p ^lix) are required for phytoremediation and ecophysiology. We report the interlaboratory comparison of the absolute and relative C_p and C_p ^lix for copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) for different soil/substrate HM concentrations (C_s) for Tagetes erecta L.–Glomus intraradices and Aldama dentata using atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and polarized x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, utilizing standard statistical validation. The intertechnique absolute concentration differences at each C_s were statistically significant with the global average relative deviations being 0.5 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.9. However, the intertechnique C_p correlations across the C_s, were excellent. Therefore, the relative concentration variation is a robust index, reliably measured by all analytical methods as long as the techniques are applied self-consistently. The absolute concentration exactitudes are discussed with respect to the measurement aspects of each technique, sample presentation, and sample matrix effects. The findings also suggest the need for standard reference materials for complex/symbiotic systems.     

木醋液对不同品种小麦富集转运Cd以及根际土壤Cd形态转化的影响

为探讨木醋液在重金属污染农田土壤修复应用的可行性,采用田间小区试验,研究木醋液施用对Cd污染农田中当地3个普遍种植品种小麦的生长及对重金属镉(Cd)的富集、转运及根际土壤Cd含量和形态等指标的影响。结果表明：施用木醋液显著提高各品种小麦籽粒和秸秆的生物量(p<0.05),各品种小麦秸秆Cd分布系数提高8.91%～20.44%,而籽粒和根的分布系数分别降低13.93%～35.93%,4.76%～18.76%;各品种小麦秸秆和根的Cd富集系数显著提高(p<0.05),表现为C品种>A品种>B品种;各品种小麦Cd在根—秸秆转运系数(TF_根—秸秆)显著提高(p<0.05),而Cd在秸秆—籽粒转运系数(TF_{秸秆—籽粒})除C品种外均显著降低(p<0.05)。各品种小麦根际土Cd含量比种植前分别降低0.26,0.23,0.21 mg/kg,施加木醋液处理根际土Cd含量比种植前降低13.11%～16.97%。小麦种植前后土壤Cd的赋存形态差异显著(p<0.05),可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态显著提高(p<0.05...     

5种草本植物对土壤重金属铅的吸收、富集及转运

以临汾西山煤矿周边的5种优势种植物苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）、灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum）、早熟禾（Poa annua）为试验材料,研究植物修复土壤重金属铅的污染,分析比较其对铅的吸收、转运和富集的能力。结果表明:在铅处理下早熟禾的生物量最大;5种植物地上部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时均达到1 000 mg/kg以上,其中夏至草的吸收量最高,达5 447.25 mg/kg;地下部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时也达到1 000 mg/kg以上,以苍耳最高,达13 448.5 mg/kg。夏至草的转运系数和富集系数最高,为铅超富集植物,其余4种植物对重金属铅也有很好的吸收富集作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。     

Cadmium,Lead, Copper,Zinc, and Nickel in Lettuce and Dry Beans as Related to Mehlich-3 Extraction in Three Brazilian Latossols

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in three Brazilian Red-Yellow Latossols (Oxisols) in greenhouse conditions with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) applied to soils in treatments arranged as a randomized complete block design. Plant metals were analyzed in lettuce shoots and dry beans roots, stems, leaves, and seeds. After plant growth, soil samples from the pots were extracted with Mehlich-3 (M-3) for metal availability evaluation. The release of Ni in the M-3 extraction was dependent on the soil exchangeable aluminum (Al^{3 +}). Mehlich-3 was efficient for determination of availability of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni for dry beans and availability of Cd and Ni for lettuce. The dry bean leaves Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni were highly correlated with their recovering from soils with M-3. The same was observed for Cd and Ni in lettuce shoots and the M-3 recovered metals from soils.     

我国南方红壤矿山复垦土壤的微生物特征研究

通过对浙江哩铺铜矿废弃地复垦土壤的微生物特征研究表明 :与对照土壤相比 ,矿区复垦土壤微生物区系发生明显改变 ,微生物总数下降了 6 8.4 %～ 80 .3 2 %。微生物特征发生了显著的改变 ,微生物基础呼吸作用增强 ,但微生物生物量却显著降低 ,微生物生理生态参数 Cmic/Corg、q CO2 值明显升高。矿区土壤在重金属胁迫下 ,削弱了土壤中 C,N营养元素循环速率和能量流动     

华北农田小麦-玉米轮作体系下土壤重金属积累特征研究

通过文献查阅和采样分析,建立华北农田小麦-玉米轮作体系下土壤重金属输入、输出数据库,分析不同重金属输入源所占比例;通过模型计算不同情景下土壤中不同重金属元素累积速率和累积速率的频率分布,分析土壤不同重金属的积累特征。结果表明,本轮作体系和条件下,Cu、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr 6种重金属元素的主要输入源为畜禽粪便有机肥,其占总输入量的比例分别是:86.1%、83.8%、76.6%、72.5%、64.3%和46.3%;Hg、As的主要输入源为磷肥,其分别占总输入量的比例是52.6%和49.5%;大气沉降也是农田土壤中Hg的重要输入源之一。华北农田小麦-玉米轮作体系秸秆还田和地下水灌溉条件下土壤重金属元素累积速率的中位值分别为:Cd0.00238mg·kg-1·a-1,As 0.0298mg·kg-1·a-1,Hg 0.001 09 mg·kg-1·a-1,Pb 0.050 7mg·kg-1·a-1,Cr0.0502 mg·kg-1·a-1,Cu 0.110 mg·kg-1·a-1,Zn0.348mg·kg-1·a-1,Ni0.0393 mg·kg-1·a-1。根据我国土壤环境质量II级标准(GB 15618—1995),本体系和条件下土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni最易超标,在农田土壤重金属污染防治中应重点关注。     

土壤因子对西藏高原草地植物AM真菌的影响

于西藏高原中部地区就土壤因子对草地植物AM真菌的影响进行的研究表明：AM真菌孢子密度与菌根侵染率、菌根侵染强度无相关性；土壤质地对AM真菌孢子密度的影响明显大于土壤类型，壤土、粉砂土中AM真菌对植物根系的侵染率高于砂壤土；土壤pH与植物根围土壤孢子密度、菌根侵染率分别呈显著正相关和正相关，与菌根侵染强度则呈负相关；土壤有机质与AM真菌孢子密度呈负相关，菌根侵染效果则随土壤有机质含量的增加而提高；高磷土壤环境对AM真菌产孢和侵染均具不同程度的抑制作用，其中植物菌根侵染率随土壤有效磷含量的提高而呈显著下降；AM真菌对莎草科植物矮生嵩草、扁穗莎草根系具有良好的侵染效应。