Urea release from Osmocote® fertilizers in water and simulated wetland rice soil

Abstract

Average urea release (UR) from two Osmocote fertilizers (40–0–0 and 41–0–0) in water at 38°C and in a simulated wetland system using Crowley soil under greenhouse conditions has been studied. UR from the Osmocote granules in water seemed to be a diffusion process controlled by urea concentration gradients. It was faster when the swelling of granules was restricted than when swelling of granules was not restricted. The UR‐time curves for both Osmocote fertilizers placed at different depths (0–1, 5–10, and 10–15 cm) in simulated wetland soil were different from those placed in water. UR in the soil was rather slow; therefore, these fertilizers may not be suitable for short‐ to medium‐duration wetland rice varieties.     

Agronomic evaluation of controlled release of micro urea encapsulated in rosin maleic anhydride adduct

Abstract

Plant derived bio-based materials are environmental-friendly and provide a cheap and an attractive source for synthesis of controlled release urea fertilizers which have positive impact on plants’ health. In this work, application of rosin-maleic anhydride adduct encapsulated controlled release micro urea fertilizer (RA-mCRUF) was investigated for the optimization of its controlled urea release properties and evaluation of growth promoting effect on maize (Zea mays) plant under three different soil texture classes. Through response surface methodology, the independent response variables, were optimized for controlled release response of urea. Study found optimized coating repeats, 5.00 cycles; drying time, 11.71?h; and particle size, 41.82?µm; at urea release response of 331.62?mg L^?1 in distilled water. Optical microscopy images further demonstrated a more compact and homogeneous surface of RA-mCRUF without any coating defects. Besides, RA-mCRUF predicted a better growth performance of maize plant in clay loam soil. Moreover, RA-mCRUF treated maize plant showed 9.0–24.5?mg g^?1 increase in chlorophyll contents and 7.44–12.75?g rise in plant dry biomass. This work successfully produced a new type of RA-mCRUF which has applied role in soil nutrients conservation and addressing effectively food security through crops protection.     

Rice responses to single application of coated urea on yield,dry matter accumulation,and nitrogen uptake in Southern China

Nitrogen is the most important element for rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. However, excessive use of conventional urea leads to serious environmental problems in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release patterns of coated urea and response of rice to coated urea on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiencies on a clay soil. A two single-year experiment was carried out in southern China to evaluate two coated urea, polymer-coated urea (PCU) and polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU). Nitrogen (N) release patterns of PCU and PSCU were determined in the laboratory and in the field. The release rate of PSCU in the field was much higher than that in the laboratory. And PCU had a similar release pattern both in the field and laboratory. Compared with urea, rice fertilized with PCU and PSCU had similar dry matter accumulation, but higher grain yield and N use efficiencies. Recovery efficiency of PCU treatment reached 50% in 2012 and 60% in 2013, around 40% for PSCU, which was only 16% for single application of urea.     

磷酸氢钙包膜尿素的研制及其释放特性

以聚乙烯醇水溶液为粘结剂,以肥料级磷酸氢钙为包膜材料,采用喷雾包涂的方法制备一种新的、多营养的、不污染土壤的缓释/控释尿素。用水浸泡法和土壤培养法表征了包膜尿素的释放特性,用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面和截面形貌。讨论了涂层量对包膜尿素的缓释性能的影响。实验结果表明:涂层量是影响尿素释放的重要因素,磷酸氢钙包膜尿素在水中氮素的释放行为可用一级释放动力学方程来描述;CU-25和CU-30包膜尿素在水中溶出80%的氮素分别需要5.36.d和12.53.d,而在土壤中溶出80%的氮素所需要的时间大于110.d;包膜尿素的扫描电镜照片显示,包膜层中的缝隙小于1μm。     

Soil microbial biomass and activities in a Japanese Andisol as affected by controlled release and application depth of urea

This experiment was conducted in maize field plots to study the effects of controlled release and application depth of urea on soil microbial biomass and activities at two depths of surface soil of a Japanese Andisol from June to September, 2001. Three N amendment treatments and a Control were included in this experiment: deep application (8 cm) of controlled release urea; deep application (8 cm) of conventional urea; surface application of conventional urea; Control, without N application. Prior to this experiment, the field plots received the same N fertilizer treatments for two consecutive years under maize/barley rotation. Soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase and nitrification activities exhibited great vertical and temporal variations during the maize growth season, and the microbial biomass was significantly correlated to soil water-filled pore space (p<0.01). N fertilization did not significantly affect the microbial biomass, but greatly increased the dehydrogenase and nitrification activities. The increase in the microbial activities following N fertilization was not attributed to the increase in microbial biomass but to the increase in intrinsic microbial activities. Controlled release urea was found to continuously affect the dehydrogenase activity over a shorter distance, while conventional urea could greatly increase the enzyme activity for a shorter period of time. Both controlled release and deep application of urea had potentials to reduce the nitrification activity and suggested that the nitrate production might be decreased in 0–10 cm surface soil. Deep application of urea increased aboveground N uptake by maize and then the recovery rate of N fertilizer, whereas controlled release of urea greatly increased grain yield and N uptake by grain.     

延迟释放型包衣尿素对水稻生长和氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验比较研究了普通尿素和延迟释放型包衣尿素在不同施用量、不同施肥方式(普通尿素为基肥+两次追肥;延迟释放型包衣尿素为接触施肥方式)条件下对移栽稻生长过程和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,延迟释放型包衣尿素在比普通尿素施氮量(N150kg/hm2)减少30%(N105kg/hm2)和50%(N75kg/hm2)时,对水稻生长不会产生任何不良影响;由于包衣尿素在田间的养分释放动态与水稻对氮素的吸收规律吻合,施用包衣尿素的水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率均显著高于普通尿素处理,其中水稻产量增加12.7%～14.4%,吸氮量增加27.5%～32.7%;普通尿素和氮肥用量减少30%和50%的包衣尿素3个处理的氮肥利用率分别为19.9%、58.8%和89.9%。此外,施用包衣尿素比普通尿素水稻的子粒粗蛋白质含量提高9.2%～12.2%。     

Ammonia loss following surface application of urea fertilizers to a calcareous soil

Abstract

N loss by volatilization was measured for surface‐applied granular urea and ammonium nitrate, liquid urea‐ammonium nitrate and liquid acid urea in closed containers. Urea‐containing fertilizers lost between 10 and 451 of the N added within 10 days. The presence of a straw mulch accentuated the losses. N volatilization losses from acid urea solutions were significantly less than from granular urea. Addition of water following surface application of granular urea significantly reduced the loss of N as ammonia from the soil. The results of this laboratory study indicate that use of acid urea for surface application of N fertilizers may reduce N volatilization losses relative to granular urea, but losses still exceed those from ammonium nitrate.     

含硫尿素养分缓释释放测定方法的研究

包膜尿素肥料是提高肥料利用率，解决环境污染问题的一种新型肥料。针对目前对缓释肥料释放特性的研究集中在化工制作领域这一现状，采用不同的测定方法，阐明含硫尿素中的养分氮在水及土壤中的转化特点，确定养分的释放速率，以求找出适合农业生产应用的方法。研究表明，可以用电导率法快速准确地定性评价缓释肥料的供肥特性和供肥速度，用土壤培养法和水培法定量测定其供肥性能。     

新型缓释尿素肥效与功能材料添加量的关系

本研究利用煤汽化尿素生产工艺制备6种改性缓释尿素(功能性吸附材料添加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%和6%),通过砂柱淋溶、氨挥发气室试验和田间玉米试验,以普通尿素为对照,分析功能性吸附材料添加量与尿素缓释特征和田间肥效的关系,探讨适于玉米生产的改性缓释尿素功能性吸附材料最优添加量,为基质缓释肥的研发与农业应用提供借鉴。结果表明:缓释尿素中氮素释放特征可用一级动力学方程N_t=N_0(1-e~(-bx))拟合,其氮素释放速率常数(b)比普通尿素下降67.4%~82.6%,累积氨挥发损失比普通尿素下降15.8%~39.3%。玉米栽培试验中,耕层土壤速效氮含量随功能性吸附材料添加量的提高呈增加趋势,同时玉米叶片中叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性呈增加趋势。借助一元三次模型拟合玉米产量性状与功能性吸附材料添加量的关系发现,功能性吸附材料添加量为5.28%、4.80%、5.24%和4.76%的缓释尿素可分别获得理论最高玉米生物学产量(15 829 kg·hm~(-2))、地上部生物量(164.0 g·plant~(-1))、根系生物量(26.9 g·plant~(–1))和籽粒产量(6 769 kg·hm~(–2))。综上,基质型缓释尿素的功能性吸附材料具有较好的减少氮素淋溶和氨挥发、改善玉米氮素营养、提高玉米产量的作用,5%的添加量更有利于玉米生物量和产量提高。     

控释尿素在水及不同类型土壤中的养分释放特征

试验采用静水培养和土壤培养研究控释尿素的养分释放特征,比较其在不同类型土壤和静水中的养分释放差异, 探讨土壤类型对其养分释放的影响。结果表明,试验选用的控释尿素在250.5℃静水条件下, 初期养分溶出率为1.7%, 28 d养分累积释放率为59.2%, 释放期为50 d, 控释尿素在土壤培养的前50 d, 水稻土中的氮素表观释放率显著低于潮土和黄棕壤中, 50~140 d在水稻土中的氮素表观释放率最高,140 d之后在三种类型土壤中的氮素表观释放率无显著差异。控释尿素在不同类型土壤中的养分表观释放率均与在静水中的显著相关。     

桐油包膜尿素养分释放机理的研究

以桐油为包膜材料,采用土壤盆栽试验和水中静置试验,对控释肥料养分释放动态进行了研究。结果表明,以桐油为包膜材料的包膜尿素,在土壤中养分初期溶出率为12.6%,在水中养分初期溶出率为20.1%,是比较理想的包膜材料。在水中与土壤中养分释放期为1∶1.2;N素的释放可用LOGISTIC动力学方程描述,释放常数k值可用来判断控释尿素的N素释放速率大小。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量及氮素平衡和氮素利用率的影响

【目的】控释尿素已被证明对于提高氮素利用率、减少氮素损失和增产有积极意义,且不同包膜的控释尿素由于包膜材料的不同,对于氮素的释放和供应强度有所不同。本文在黄淮海区域采用玉米田间试验,探讨硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素在氮素供应和减少氮素损失等方面的效应,以期为黄淮海区域夏玉米在高温多雨的种植条件下两种控释尿素的选择和应用提供依据。【方法】以硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素为研究对象,采用田间试验研究0—100 cm土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量,玉米整个生育期的土壤氮素平衡和玉米产量以及氮素利用率。【结果】与相同施氮量的普通尿素相比,硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素均具有"前控后保"的特性,使玉米苗期0—100 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低了11.7%~56.7%和28.8%~68.2%,玉米灌浆期和收获期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了16.3%~46.7%、0.5%~60.7%;两种控释尿素均能有效降低玉米整个生育期土壤残留的无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量,降幅分别为12.0%~18.4%、13.2%~66.4%和15.6%~30.9%,使玉米产量提高14.6%~37.5%,氮素利用率提高12.3~20.8个百分点。在N 210 kg/hm2、N 300 kg/hm2两种施氮量条件下,与相同施氮量的硫膜控释尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素处理的玉米苗期0—60 cm土层的硝态氮含量降低了26.4%~39.1%,灌浆期0—40 cm土层和收获期0—20 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了10%~21.8%和9.6%~16.4%,土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别降低了2.3%~6.0%、44.6%~61.3%和17.0%~17.7%,玉米产量提高了6.8%~8.3%,氮素利用率提高了7.1~8.4个百分点,说明树脂膜控释尿素的效果优于硫膜控释尿素。树脂膜控释尿素和硫膜控释尿素在施氮量N 300 kg/hm2时均比N 210 kg/hm2条件下玉米整个生育期不同土层的硝态氮含量提高了1.2%~90.9%和2.0%~56.7%,玉米整个生育期土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别提高了42.1%~47.6%、66.2%~137.9%、52.5%~53.8%,玉米产量和氮素利用率分别提高了20.8%和22.5%、6.5和5.2个百分点,施氮量N 300 kg/hm2优于N 210 kg/hm2。【结论】树脂膜控释尿素在减少夏玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮残留、维持土壤氮素平衡和提高氮素利用率等方面的效果优于硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素。综合考虑保证土壤氮素供应、减少氮素损失、提高玉米产量及氮素利用率等因素,在黄淮海区域高温多雨气候条件下种植夏玉米,以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2的树脂膜控释尿素或者硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素二者配合施用效果最佳。     

Urea Uptake and Release by Novel Macrogels from Dimethylacrylamide

ABSTRACT

A novel macrogels poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide) (p(DMAAm)) and its derivatives were synthesized from DMAAm for use in urea uptake and release. p(DMAAm) surface was modified by NaOH and HCl to obtain p(DMAAm)/NaOH and p(DMAAm)/HCl, which are negatively and positively charged, respectively. The dynamic swelling behaviors, water retention and pH sensitivities of the macrogels were studied. It was found that all macrogels exhibited the equilibrium swelling ratio (SR) in the range 1068–1451%. Swelling kinetics showed that the macrogels possessed Fickian diffusion behavior while the diffusion coefficient of the macrogels varied from 1.41.10^–5 to 2.53.10^–5 cm²/min. Furthermore, urea uptake capacity and controlled release properties of the macrogels were studied. The maximum urea uptake capacity at pH 6 for p(DMAAm), p(DMAAm)/HCl, p(DMAAm)/NaOH macrogels were obtained to be 76.7 mg/g, 88.2 mg/g, 110.5 mg/g, respectively. It was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm fits quite well the experimental data. To describe the urea release kinetics, experimental data recorded at different pH solutions were computed through common release models. At pH 8, the p(DMAAm)/NaOH showed the highest release among the three prepared macrogel. Consequently, the results demonstrated that synthesized novel macrogels had high swelling rate and ability of absorbing and releasing of urea at different medium conditions.     

热塑性包膜尿素微观结构特征及养分释放机理研究

采用扫描电镜、水中溶出法、饱和盐溶液蒸汽压法和土壤培养法,探讨了热塑性包膜尿素微观结构特性及养分释放机理。结果表明,热塑性包膜尿素膜表面光滑,膜上存在纤维状孔隙,膜厚度53.8～65.2 μm。氮素释放速率随温度的升高而增大,在25、30、40、50、60℃水中,尿素累积释放80％的时间分别为96、80、12、8、4 d。在不同培养温度条件下,氮素释放率与时间的关系可用一级动力学方程:Nt=No(1-e-kt)、Elovich方程:Nt=a+blnt和抛物线方程:Nt=a+bt0.5表征;在25和40℃时,以一级动力学方程拟合效果最好。包膜尿素的氮素释放率随着水蒸气压差的增大而增加,并且随水分含量降低而降低。定量描述氮素养分释放的动力学方程中,以一级动力学方程更具有实效性。包膜控释肥料膜内外水蒸气压差是控制养分释放的主要因素。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、光合特性及氮肥利用率的影响

本试验以控释期为90d的硫膜（SPCU）和树脂膜（PCU）控释尿素为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、 光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与普通尿素（U）一次基施相比,控释尿素各处理均能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥表观利用率和农学效率,增幅分别达15.1%~51.4%、 64.5%~14.11%和5.4~18.2 kg/kg;显著提高水稻生育中后期叶片净光合速率;提高水稻生育中后期的SPAD值。与普通尿素分次施用相比,树脂膜控释尿素及硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素以7∶3比例一次性施入的处理能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥农学效率以及水稻收获后的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量,其增幅分别为7.9%~31.7%、 3.3~13.0 kg/kg、 2.2%~17.6%和13.2%~22.0%;显著提高叶片中后期的净光合速率,且以树脂膜控释尿素100%一次基施的处理最高。施用树脂膜控释尿素的各处理较普通尿素均能显著提高水稻的氮肥生理效率。树脂膜控释尿素比硫膜控释尿素表现出更好的水稻增产效应和氮肥利用效率,更能有效延缓叶片衰老,实现水稻氮素的高效利用。     

Effect of blending urea with pyrite or coating urea with polymer on ammonia volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea

Laboratory studies on a sandy clay loam (Typic Ustochrept) alkaline soil showed that NH₃ volatilization loss from surface-applied prilled urea during an 8-dya incubation under aerobic conditions was 27.5% of applied N (400 kg N ha^-1) and was reduced to 8.9% when the urea was blended physically with pyrite in a 1:2 ratio; under anaerobic conditions the values for urea and pyrite-urea were 19.3 and 16.9%, respectively. Other treatments tested were urea-gypsum, neemcake-coated urea and polymer-coated urea. A 6% polymer coating showed the least NH₃ volatilization under anaerobic conditions and was next best to pyrite-urea under aerobic conditions. A 3% polymer coating was slightly inferior to the 6% coating. Urea-gypsum and neemcake-coated urea did not differ very much from urea alone under anaerobic conditions, but under aerobic conditions neemcake-urea showed a significantly lower total NH₃ loss compared to prilled urea alone and urea-gypsum.     

Assessment of urea coated with pomegranate fruit powder as N slow-release fertilizer in maize

It has been hypothesized that plant polyphenol plus lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses can immobilize/remineralize inorganic fertilizers, such as urea, better than polyphenol alone. To test this hypothesis, urea was coated with pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit powder (containing polyphenol+lignin+cellulose) at rates of 0%, 30%, 70%, and 100% (w/w) of fertilizer urea. Fertilizer nitrogen was applied at 100 and 200 mg kg^?1 soil in a clay loam soil. This natural coating material, particularly at the rate of 100% (w/w), improved the distribution of mineral nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) in soil during both early and advanced growth stages of maize and significantly increased total crop N and P uptake at both rates of fertilizer nitrogen compared to urea alone. The results suggest that urea coated with the powder of pomegranate fruit could potentially be an N slow-release fertilizer for use in better synchronizing crop N demand with soil N supply.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用"静态吸收法"和"土壤培养法",研究了缓释尿素与普通尿素混施条件下,氨挥发和土壤中氮素的动态变化特征。结果表明:缓释掺混肥处理能减少氨挥发损失氮量;与普通尿素处理(SRU0)相比,25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(SRU25)、45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素(SRU45)、65%缓释尿素+35%普通尿素(SRU65)、100%缓释尿素(SRU100)处理的氨挥发量分别降低19.88%、25.94%、42.84%和46.13%。在培养前期,普通尿素处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于缓释尿素处理,随着培养时间延长,普通尿素处理降低幅度最大,缓释掺混肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于普通尿素处理;而硝态氮含量随培养时间延长逐渐升高。其中,以45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素配比最佳,既能满足植物全生育期对养分的需求,又能减少氨挥发损失,节省经济成本。     

华北平原农田生态系统土壤C、N净矿化及尿素转化研究

以华北平原区4个农田生态系统[京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)和河北栾城(LF)、河北南皮(NF)、山东惠民(HF)3个粮田]为研究对象,采用室内好气、恒温、避光条件下培养30.d,对比研究了不同海拔和不同农业扰动强度下的农田生态系统中耕层(020.cm)土壤的净N矿化、净硝化、净C矿化以及尿素的转化,旨在探索人类农业扰动强度和地理海拔对土壤供N潜力和尿素N转化的影响。结果表明,4个地区的土壤供N潜力分别为:14.4、13.2,17.7和16.5.mg/kg,说明高度熟化的华北区农田土壤供N潜力相对稳定。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚和以施用化肥为主的粮田对土壤供N没有显著影响。农田土壤净矿化后的供N形式主要是NO3--N。以施用有机肥为主的蔬菜大棚积累了较高的土壤有机质和全N,但是土壤净C矿化以及施用尿素后CO2的排放量均低于以施用化肥为主的粮田。尿素在各区域农田土壤中水解转化后均主要以NO3--N形式存在,NO3--N占尿素水解后无机N增量的98%9～9%;华北平原农田生态系统施入尿素态N.30d后,水解成有效态无机N的转化率为63.4%8～3.2%,即每克尿素态N在京郊蔬菜大棚(GH)、栾城高产农田(LF)、南皮农田(NF)和惠民农田(HF)土壤中转化为NO3--N的量分别为0.69、0.82、0.64和0.63.g/kg,同时可使相应区域农田的CO2排放量分别增加CO21.20、1.360、.67和1.58.g/kg。     

Increasing urea-N efficiency in transplanted lowland rice by urea solution band placement

Alternative N fertiliser management strategies are needed to increase N-use efficiency in wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the wet season of 1993–1994, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the band placement of urea solution in comparison with broadcast prilled urea, neem-coated urea, or point-placement of urea supergranules. Both grain yield and N-use efficiency were higher with band placement of urea solution (50 or 100 kg N ha^-1) compared to a conventional split application of prilled urea at 100 kg N ha^-1. The total ¹⁵N recovery was 58.7 and 51.7% with band placement of urea solution at 50 and 100 kg N ha^-1, respectively, compared with 47.8% for neem-coated urea and 28.5% for a conventional split application of prilled urea. Current address: Training Division, KVK, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Pin 641 003