Yield and Zinc,Copper, Manganese and Iron Concentration in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown on Vertisol as Influenced by Zinc Application from Various Zinc Fertilizers

Zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils and field crops is widespread across the world, including India, resulting in severe reduction in yield. Hence, soil application of Zn fertilizers is recommended for ameliorating Zn deficiency in soil and for obtaining higher crop yield and better crop quality. Zinc sulfate is commonly used Zn fertilizer in India because of its solubility and less cost. However, good quality and adequate quantity of zinc sulfate is not available in the market round the year for farmers' use. Field experiments were therefore conducted during rainy season of 2010 and 2011 at research farm of Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, India to assess the influence of Zn application through zinc sulfate monohydrate (33% Zn), zinc polyphosphate (21% Zn) and Zn ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) (12% Zn) on yield and micronutrient concentration and uptake by maize (Zea mays L.). In both the years, grain and vegetative tissue (stover) yield of maize increased significantly with successive application of Zn up to 1 kg ha^?1 added through zinc sulfate monohydrate and zinc polyphosphate. Addition of 2.5 kg Zn ha^?1 did not increase yield further but resulted in highest stover Zn concentration. Zinc, copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) concentration in maize grain varied from 22.2 to 27.6, 1.6 to 2.5, 3.5 to 4.7 and 19.9 to 24.5 mg kg^?1 respectively in both the years. Maize stover had 25.9 to 36.2, 7.9 to 9.8, 36.7 to 44.9 and 174 to 212 mg kg^?1 Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe, respectively. Zinc application did not influence Cu, Mn and Fe concentration in both grain and stover of maize. Transfer coefficients (TCs) of micronutrients varied from 0.72 to 0.95, 0.18 to 0.30, 0.08 to 0.13 and 0.10 to 0.15 for Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe respectively. Total Zn uptake significantly increased with Zn application from 0.5 to 2.5 kg ha^?1 supplied through zinc sulfate monohydrate and zinc polyphosphate. Recovery efficiency of Zn declined with increased Zn rates.     

不同植物对铅锌矿废弃地矿渣抗侵蚀性的影响

以废弃铅锌矿矿渣为同一基质,选择苗期光皮桦(Betulalum in iferaH.Winkl)、醉鱼草(Buddle jalind leyanaFort.)、芦竹Arundo donaxLinn.)及五节芒〔Miscanthus floridulus(Lab.)Warb.exSchumet Laut〕进行露天盆栽试验,并以生长200d后的4种植物根系及矿渣为研究对象,分析比较了4种植物的根系特征及其对矿渣紧实度、抗冲抗蚀性的影响。结果显示,4种植物的地下生物量大小为芦竹 > 醉鱼草 > 五节芒 > 苗期光皮桦,并且芦竹的根系总量明显大于其他3种植物;4种植物对矿渣的抗蚀性和抗冲性均有明显增强效应,芦竹对矿渣抗冲抗蚀性的增强效果最明显,其中芦竹对矿渣抗蚀增强系数达0.98,对矿渣抗冲性增强值为26.63。矿渣受侵蚀减缓率与植物根系生物量成显著正相关关系。     

重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响

采用温室盆栽土培方法,研究了土壤中不同浓度重金属铅（Pb,0-800 mg.kg^-1）、镉（Cd,0-50 mg.kg^-1）单一及其复合处理对玉米（Zea mays L.）生长及土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌、真菌）数量的影响。结果表明,在重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合处理下,玉米的株高、干重均低于对照,重金属Pb、Cd处理对玉米的生长存在负面影响。重金属Pb、Cd单一处理抑制细菌、真菌的生长,中低浓度Pb（≤300 mg.kg^-1）、Cd（≤10 mg.kg^-1）单一处理促进放线菌数量的增加,高浓度（Pb≥800 mg.kg^-1、Cd≥50 mg.kg^-1）则呈现抑制效应;Pb、Cd复合在高中低浓度下都抑制土壤微生物生长,减少微生物数量。玉米株高同土壤微生物之间相关性不显著;玉米干重同土壤细菌、真菌显著相关,同土壤放线菌之间相关性不显著。     

干旱胁迫对玉米根系生长及根际养分的影响

通过盆栽模拟干旱试验,测定了干旱胁迫下玉米根系生长情况和根际土壤中速效N、P、K的含量。结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了玉米拔节期和抽雄-开花期玉米根系的生长,减弱了玉米根系的吸收能力。干旱胁追下玉米根际NH4^＋-N、NO3^--N、速效P和速效K均发生根际富集现象。其中有效N和速效K含量高于正常供水．而速效P却呈现低于正常供水的趋势。干旱胁追抑制玉米根系生长、减弱根系吸收能力是玉米减产的重要原因。     

玉米中植酸代谢及其育种

植酸及其代谢中间体具有重要的生物学功能.禾谷科和油料作物的种子中积累了丰富的植酸.植酸既是一种抗营养因子,也是一种重要的健康因子.然而自植酸被发现至今,人们对于其在植物中的合成过程仍然知之甚少,对其生物学功能更是缺乏全面的了解.近年来,有关于植酸代谢及其功能分析的研究逐渐引起了人们的关注.在玉米(Zea mays)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、大豆(Glycine max)中,人们发展、分离了一系列的低植酸突变体,以期降低种子中的植酸含量,从而获得可用于生产的、能够增强动物磷和矿质营养利用效率并能降低环境污染的新品种.早期的研究发现,植物中植酸的合成途径有两条:依赖于磷脂酰的合成途径和不依赖于磷脂酰的合成途径.有证据表明,作物种子中植酸的积累主要是不依赖于磷脂酰途径的贡献.玉米是中国主要的粮食和饲料作物,关注玉米中植酸代谢和育种的相关研究将有利于动物营养强化以及人类和环境健康.本文综述了植酸的生物学功能以及植酸代谢研究现状,分析并总结了植酸的代谢通路,评述了植酸在玉米中代谢的研究成果,为今后植酸代谢相关的研究提供参考.     

Effects of Distance and Depth on Total and Bioaccessible Lead Concentrations in Soils from Two Farmhouses in Beltsville,Maryland

Movement of soil lead (Pb) has been studied, but Pb bioaccessiblity as a function of distance and depth from houses with histories of lead paint use needs to be investigated. This study investigated the effect of distance and depth on total and bioaccessible Pb near two houses with histories of lead paint use. Soil samples were collected at four distances and four depths. Total and bioaccessible Pb were extracted using 1 N ammonia nitrate and 0.4 m glycine, respectively. Bioaccessible Pb ranged from 27 to 886 mg kg^?1 and from 187 to 4796 mg kg^?1 for houses 1 and 2, respectively. Total and bioaccessible Pb concentrations were greatest at the 0.5 m distance and 2.5 cm depth for both houses. Percentage of total Pb that was bioaccessible at lower horizons was greater than or equal to that of the surface soil. Soil Pb reduction with increasing distance and depth makes it amenable to soil remediation.     

Silicon Effects on Metal Tolerance and Structural Changes in Maize (Zea mays L.) Grown on a Cadmium and Zinc Enriched Soil

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The southern sector of the Guadiana River basin (GRB) drains the central-western part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, an area with many polymetallic sulfide deposits...     

外源Pb对不同水稻品种籽粒中Pb含量的基因型差异研究

采用田间小区试验方法,选用福建省大面积推广应用的7个水稻品种为试材,在外施PbCl2不同处理条件下,研究了不同基因型的水稻稻米对重金属元素Pb的吸收累积差异。结果表明,在不同浓度的Pb处理下,水稻糙米中Pb含量在品种间存在显著差异,而且不同水稻品种的籽粒对土壤中重金属Pb的敏感性不同,以此可找出适合污染地区种植的品种。     

玉米性分化调控机制的研究进展

玉米是雌雄同株异花植物，成为研究植物性分化的重要模式植物。玉米雄花着生在顶生分枝的雄穗上，雌花着生在腋生的不分枝穗上。雌花和雄花发育前期，含有雌，雄蕊原基，表现为两性花发育特征，只是后期雄花中雌蕊和雌花中雄蕊分别退化败育。雌蕊和雄蕊退化分别与雌性化功能基因和雄性化基因作用有关。     

Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant

In the current literature, the impact of nano-particles (NPs) on growth of higher plants has scantly been reported. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc oxide nano-particles (<100 nm) on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant, as one of the major agricultural crops, in a solution culture system. Various concentrations of zinc (Zn) were applied through nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (<100 nm) in suspension form and in ionic form through zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) salt in Hoagland solution culture. Experimental results showed that nano zinc oxide particles could enhance and maintain the growth of maize plant as well as conventional Zn fertilizer (as ZnSO₄). The plant parameters like plant height, root length, root volume, and dry matter weight were all improved due to application of zinc oxide nano-particle. These findings indicate that plant roots might have the unique mechanism of assimilating nano-Zn and using for its growth and development. Different enzymatic activities were also studied and experimental results revealed that nano-ZnO particles (<100 nm) also governed the enzymatic activity of maize plant. A separate laboratory experiment was also carried out to characterize the zinc oxide nano particle for its size, zeta potential, etc.     

Factors affecting shoot and root apical meristem tissue culture of Thai supersweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa)

During last recent years, in vitro propagation technic is widely used to produce plants with desirable traits. This experiment was conducted to produce an ideal protocol for in vitro propagation of Thai supersweet corn by using shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) as explants. Four-day-old germinating seedlings were used as the experimental materials on culture media supplemented with a range of auxin, kinetin, and carbohydrates. The primary establishment for SAM showed the highest percentage of survival (80%) while RAM showed the highest survival (67%) and in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented. Upon acclimatization, regenerated plantlets from shoot showed the highest survival rate (12%) with the production of 21 plantlets; however, the survival rate of plantlets from root was only 20% with the production of 9 plantlets. The efficient and economic protocol that is produced in this study can be applied as an alternative to conventional propagation method for the large-scale production of Thai supersweet corn throughout the year.     

微生物对土壤Cd Pb和Zn生物有效性的影响研究

采用土壤盆栽模拟试验方法,研究了接种不同微生物对重金属富集植物——印度芥菜修复土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn的作用效果。结果表明,接入菌株JA27、JC55、JC40不仅显著促进植物的生长,提高印度芥菜的生物量,降低了土壤pH,并且对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生活化作用,使土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态含量显著增加,增强印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量,显著提高了富集植物的修复效果。以上3个处理使印度芥菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn吸收量分别提高了117%～137%、37%～62%、9%～15.1%。接种JB37对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn产生钝化作用,并且抑制印度芥菜对土壤Cd、Pb、Zn的吸收。JB37处理印度芥菜地上部Pb、Zn吸收量分别降低了72.5%、27%,对Cd吸收量无显著影响。     

Waterlogging Induces High to Toxic Concentrations of Iron,Aluminum, and Manganese in Wheat Varieties on Acidic Soil

Six wheat varieties with different tolerance to waterlogging were studied in acidic soil (pH 4.5), neutral soil, and potting mix (pH 6.7–7.8) under controlled conditions. Waterlogging for 49 d reduced shoot dry weight by 48% to 85% compared with drained treatments. The ranking of varieties for waterlogging changed under different soils, and this change explains why waterlogging tolerance of these varieties may vary in different environments. In waterlogged acidic soil, shoot concentrations of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) increased by two- to 10-fold, and in some varieties they were above critical concentrations compared with plants in drained soil. These elements decreased or remained the same in shoots of plants grown in waterlogged neutral soil. Marginal nitrogen (N) deficiency was induced in most varieties in all soil types. The results support the importance of screening in soils from the target environment for accurate germplasm characterization for waterlogging tolerance.     

铅对水稻锰毒拮抗效应及对稻体营养的影响初探

通过水培试验，探讨了铅对生长在含过量锰溶液中的水稻生长及某些营养指标的影响。结果表明：铅对水稻锰毒有明显的拮抗作用，它能促进受锰毒害的水稻长高和分蘖，并提高水稻的生物产量；铅能促进受锰毒害的水稻对铁的吸收，提高稻叶铁、叶绿素含量以及过氧化氢酶活性，降低过氧化物酶活性；铅也会抑制水稻对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收，降低体内的含量。     

Zinc and Lead Accumulation by Two Contrasting Ecotypes of Sedum alfredii Hance at Different Zinc/Lead Complex Levels

The old mined ecotype (OME) was more tolerant to high zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) levels than the nonmined ecotype (NME) of Sedum alfredii H. The greatest stem values of Zn and Pb of the OME at Zn/Pb of 2.0/0.1 mM reached 19.9 and 0.460 g kg^?1 respectively, which was 15 times greater for Zn but similar for Pb as compared with the MNE. The greatest leaf values of Zn and Pb for the OME were about 67 and 400 times more than for the NME. At Zn/Pb level of 1.0/0.2 mM, the OME shoots achieved the maximum Zn and Pb accumulation. No antagonistic effect of Zn and Pb was noted in the OME grown below tolerable metal levels, and Zn addition could enhance Pb uptake by the roots. The extraordinary ability to tolerate and accumulate both Zn and Pb by the mined ecotype of Sedum alfredii H. could be valuable for phytoremediation of multimetal‐contaminated soils.     

玉米根际土壤芽胞杆菌的多样性

为了解玉米(Zea mays)不同品种根际芽胞杆菌种群多样性信息,本研究采用稀释平板法,对10个玉米品种根际的芽胞杆菌进行了分离,并对其进行16S r RNA序列分析。结果表明,从10个玉米品种根际共分离到69个形态差异的芽胞杆菌菌株;16S r RNA序列分析表明,69个菌株鉴定为23个种,归属于3个属,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)和嗜冷芽胞杆菌属(Psychrobacillus),其中芽胞杆菌属的种类和数量最多。玉米不同品种根际的芽胞杆菌的种类数量不同,QB662×QB2219和QB1013×QB446根际分离到的芽胞杆菌种类最多,均为8种;J106×QB572的芽胞杆菌菌落含量最高。玉米根际的优势种群主要为嗜气芽胞杆菌(B.aerophilus)、阿氏芽胞杆菌(B.aryabhattai)、简单芽胞杆菌(B.simplex)和苏云金芽胞杆菌(B.thuringiensis),其他芽胞杆菌种类仅在一种或少数的玉米品种出现。QB662×QB2219根际的芽胞杆菌种类香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数(H)最大;QB948×QB48根际的芽胞杆菌种群香农-威纳多样性指数次之,但均匀度指数最高;J106×QB572的多样性指数和均匀度指数皆最低。菌株FJAT-17411、FJAT-17472、FJAT-17430和FJAT-17442与Gen Bank中已报道16S r RNA基因序列的相似性为97%~98%,可能为芽胞杆菌的新种。本研究结果表明,玉米根际具有较为丰富的芽胞杆菌种群多样性,并存在一些潜在的新的微生物菌种资源。本研究对芽胞杆菌资源的开发和利用提供良好的实验材料和理论基础。     

Promoting deep-sowing germinability of corn (Zea mays) by seed soaking with gibberellic acid

The effects of seed soaking with gibberellic acid (GA₃) on germinability of conventional corn variety ‘Nongda 108’ and super sweet corn variety ‘Chaotian 3’ were investigated under deep-sowing condition. GA₃ soaking significantly improved seed germination and mesocotyl elongation of both varieties under 10 or 6 cm sowing depth. The most significant promotion occurred at 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Chaotian 3’. To further illustrate the physiological explanations, seed respiration was estimated from dehydrogenase activity test and oxygen-sensing test. Dehydrogenase activities of both varieties were dramatically promoted after GA₃ soaking. Compared with water soaking, the dehydrogenase activity in 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked seeds of ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked ones of ‘Chaotian 3’ was increased by 15.4% and 78.8%, respectively. Oxygen-sensing test showed that increased metabolism time (IMT) critical oxygen pressure (COP) and relative germination time (RGT) were decreased while oxygen metabolism rate (OMR) and relative germination rate (RGR) were increased in GA₃-soaked seeds, suggesting that exogenous GA-accelerated seed respiration. Our results suggested that seed soaking with exogenous GA₃ was a simple and practicable method to improve deep-sowing tolerance during corn seed germination, and the significant promotions were attributed to vigorous respiratory metabolism.     

Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.)

It is well established that increasing soil bulk density (SBD) above some threshold value reduces plant root growth and thus may reduce water and nutrient acquisition. However, formation and elongation of maize seminal roots and first order lateral (FOL) roots in various soil layers under the influence of SBD has not been documented. Two studies were conducted on a loamy sand soil at SBD ranging from 1.25 g cm^–3 to 1.66 g cm^–3. Rhizotrons with a soil layer 7 mm thick were used and pre‐germinated plants were grown for 15 days. Over the range of SBD tested, the shoot growth was not influenced whereas total root length was reduced by 30 % with increasing SBD. Absolute growth rate of seminal roots was highest in the top soil layer and decreased with increasing distance from the surface. Increasing SBD amplified this effect by 20 % and 50 % for the top soil layer and lower soil layers, respectively. At the end of the experiment, total seminal roots attributed to approximately 15 % of the total plant root length. Increasing SBD reduced seminal root growth in the lowest soil layer only, whereas FOL root length decreased with SBD in all but the uppermost soil layer. For FOL, there was a positive interaction of SBD with distance from the soil surface. Both, increasing SBD and soil depth reduced root length by a reduction of number of FOL roots formed while the length of individual FOL roots was not influenced. Hence, increasing SBD may reduce spatial access to nutrients and water by (i) reducing seminal root development in deeper soil layers, aggravated by (ii) the reduction of the number of FOL roots that originate from these seminal roots.     

Response of Wheat Plants to Zinc,Iron, and Manganese Applications and Uptake and Concentration of Zinc,Iron, and Manganese in Wheat Grains

This experiment was conducted at Zahak Agricultural Research Station in the Sistan region in southeast Iran. A factorial design with three replications was used to determine the effects of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) applications on wheat yield, Zn, Fe, and Mn uptakes and concentrations in grains. Four levels of Zn [soil applications of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha^?1 and foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution], two levels of iron sulfate (FeSO₄; 0 and 1%) as foliar application, and two levels of Mn (0 and 0.5%) also as foliar application were used in this study. Results showed that the interactive effects of Zn and Mn were significant on the number of grains in each spike. The highest number of grains resulted from the application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 and foliar Mn. The interactive effects of Zn and Fe were significant on weight of 1000 grains. The highest weight of 1000 grains resulted from application of 80 kg Zn and foliar Fe. Application of 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 alone and 80 kg ZnSO₄ ha^?1 with foliar application of Mn significantly increased grain yield in 2003. The 2‐year results showed that foliar application of Zn increased Zn concentration and Fe concentration in grains 99% and 8%, respectively. Foliar application of Fe resulted in a 21% increase in Fe concentration and a 13% increase in Zn concentration in grains. The foliar application of Mn resulted in a 7% increased in Mn concentration in grains.