Chemical Characterization and Stability of Poultry Manure Tea and Its Influence on Phosphorus Sorption Indices of Tropical Soils

This study characterized poultry manure extract (tea) and investigated the effects of integrated use of tea and the sequence of phosphorus (P) application [P added before (PBT), after (TBP), or jointly (PT) with tea] on P-sorption characteristics on acidic, alkaline, and neutral tropical soils. Results indicated that diluted tea contained 400 mg nitrogen, 155.80 mg potassium, and 10.48 mg P L^?1 and the nutrients were greatest after 2 weeks. Soil P sorption conformed to the Freundlich model, indicating that soil P affinity was less than the aqueous solution at low solution P concentration. Freundlich index (k) in neutral soil was 78 and 94% greater than in acidic and alkaline soils, respectively. The lowest P sorption efficiency and greatest phosphate requirement were in acidic soil. Poultry manure tea could enhance P availability and reduce P fixation irrespective of the sequence of application of tea and P.     

Long-Term Dynamics of Labile and Stable Phosphorus Following Poultry Litter Application to Pasture Soils

A major source of runoff phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils is land-applied animal manure. Our work reports P levels in pasture soils in northern Alabama affected by long-term (0–20 years) application of poultry litter (PL). Sequential fractionation revealed different buildup patterns of labile and stable P fractions in these soils. Phosphorus built up in subsurface (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm deep) soils with lower application rates than P accumulated in surface (0–20 cm deep) soils, indicating a greater potential for surface runoff than leaching from these pasture fields. Correlation analysis of the surface soils showed levels of stable P extractable by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were related to the cumulative amount of PL applied. The level of water-extractable P increased because PL application was significantly related to the number of years the soil receiving PL, not the annual application rate or the cumulative amount of PL applied.     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

Impact of Poultry Manure Application on Phosphorus Desorption in Some Calcareous Soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the kinetics of phosphorus (P) desorption in different calcareous soils of Hamadan Province of Iran. Soils were fertilized with poultry manure at 50 ton ha^–1 and incubated at 25 ± 1 °C at 15% moisture for 6 months. The release rate of P was studied by successive extraction with 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) over a period of 1–1752 h. Also, available P was determined. The results showed that available P in fertilized and unfertilized soils ranged from 13.3 to 55.1 and 10.0 to 50.1 mg kg^–1, respectively. Phosphorus desorption from the fertilized and unfertilized soils began with a fast initial reaction, followed by a slow secondary reaction. The amount of P released after 1752 h in fertilized and unfertilized soils ranged from 319.2 to 623.9 and 309 to 586.7 mg kg^–1, respectively. The amount of P released was significantly correlated with available P. The kinetics of cumulative P release were evaluated using the five kinetic equations. Phosphorus desorption kinetics were best described by the parabolic diffusion law, first order, and power function equations. Rate constants of these equations different in fertilized and unfertilized soils.     

畜禽粪便中磷释放运移特征

随着畜禽粪便农田施用量的增加,畜禽粪便中磷流失也越来越引起人们的重视。采用取样分析和室内土柱模拟的方法,研究了猪粪和鸡粪中磷在水、0.5mol·L^-1NaHCO3和土体中的释放运移特点。结果表明,猪粪经H2O和NaHCO3连续提取后,H2O提取液中无机磷（P）i占猪粪全磷（TP）的21.58%,NaHCO3提取液中Pi占猪粪TP的28.92%;鸡粪经H2O和NaHCO3连续提取后,H2O提取液中Pi占鸡粪TP的18.09%,NaHCO3提取液中Pi占鸡粪TP的17.88%;施用猪粪和鸡粪处理土柱淋溶液中水溶性总磷（TDP）、水溶性无机磷（DRP）和水溶性有机磷（DOP）浓度均随着淋溶次数的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,施用猪粪处理磷释放速率比施用鸡粪处理快;大量施用猪粪和鸡粪后,0～30cm土体中土壤全磷（TP）和0～60cm土体中土壤速效磷（Olsen-P）的含量显著增加。     

日粮中添加植酸酶对鸡粪中不同形态磷含量的影响

由于植物性饲料中大部分磷不能被动物吸收利用,生产上往往添加一定无机磷,容易造成禽畜粪中的磷累积,提高环境磷污染风险。为保证种鸡日粮磷需求前提下降低鸡粪磷排放量,设计0、300、500IU植酸酶用量与0．4％、0．3％、0．2％有效磷含量的不同组合日粮进行种鸡饲养试验,研究了不同日粮对鸡粪磷形态的影响。结果显示,添加植酸酶对鸡粪中总磷、有机磷和无机磷含量影响未达显著水平,但显著降低鸡粪植酸磷含量。鸡粪总磷、植酸磷、有机磷和无机磷含量则随日粮有效磷含量增加而显著提高。其中,以0．2％有效磷日粮处理鸡粪总磷、有机磷和无机磷含量最低,0．2％有效磷＋500IU植酸酶日粮处理鸡粪植酸磷含量最低。因此,在生产上降低有效磷含量的同时添加适量植酸酶可以降低鸡粪磷盈余。     

Effect of Poultry Manure on Yield and Nutrient Composition of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Poultry manure is one of the best organic fertilizers available and is an extremely valuable resource, organic matter content, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, and percent base saturation. Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) is an essential oil producing crop used in culinary and fragrance applications. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effects of organic poultry manure and conventional fertilization on plant growth, yield and inorganic matter content of sweet basil. In this context, the different doses of chicken and turkey manure (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 t ha^?1) with a control (no manure) and conventional fertilization were applied with sowing. The highest fresh and dry weights were obtained from the plants grown with turkey and chicken manure at a rate of 10–12.5 t ha^?1. The most of the nutrient content varied significantly with organic poultry manure applications. Overall, basil plants fertilized with turkey manure at a rate of 10–12.5 t ha^?1 and 7.5 t ha^?1 chicken manure dose accumulated greater concentrations of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). The results from this study demonstrated that organic or conventional fertilizer can alter fresh or dry weight, and the nutrient content.     

Potential of Fodder Soybean Genotypes for Phosphorus Removal in Poultry Manure-Enriched Soils

Plant-based phosphorus (P) remediation strategies have been suggested to reduce high P accumulation in soil. Eleven fodder soybean genotypes were evaluated to explore their potential for the removal of P from poultry manure-enriched soils. Field experiments were conducted at a site that had a history of heavy poultry manure applications. Green house experiments were conducted using the soils selected for field trials to confirm the results. Harvesting of whole plants, excluding roots of the genotypes, was done at the pod formation stages and plant samples were oven dried at 70°C for three days. The dry samples were ground and analyzed for total P content. Genotype 091734, provided the maximum P removal from amended and unamended soils. Fodder soybean genotypes could play an important role in the extraction of P from poultry manure-enriched soils, which are important from the ecological point of view.     

Effect Of The Sequential Application Of Liquid Organic Manure And Phosphorus On Maize Agronomic Traits And P Uptake In Some Tropical Soils

Improving phosphorus (P) fertility is challenging in tropical soils because of the fixation of P by soil components. The trial investigated the effect of the sequential application of poultry manure extract (tea) and P fertilizer on maize agronomy and P uptake, through screen house and field experiments. Results indicated that poultry manure tea is rich in nutrients but low in P and could be applied with phosphorus fertilizer to enhance P availability and reduce fixation. Application of P before manure tea produced taller maize plant on the field and the highest P uptake in the screen house and on the field. Manure tea also increased maize dry matter and grain yield. Combined application of poultry manure tea and P fertilizer had positive complementary and synergistic effects. It was concluded that manure tea enhances P availability and reduces P fixation by soil aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides irrespective of the sequence of application.     

安徽省畜禽养殖粪污土地承载力的时空分布特征

[目的]探明畜禽粪便资源对农田土壤和环境造成的潜在污染风险,为防治面源污染、畜禽粪污资源利用提供科学依据.[方法]以安徽省为研究区域,依据2009-2018年畜禽养殖、作物产量等数据资料,量化分析区域作物粪污养分需求量、畜禽粪污养分供应量,并结合已有研究成果,开展畜禽粪污土地承载力时空演化特征的分析研究.[结果]安徽省...     

Wastewater Chemistry and Fractionation of Bioactive Phosphorus in Dairy Manure

Abstract

Because manure organic phosphorus (P) is environmentally bioactive, a novel in situ enzyme hydrolysis assay was developed to identify water soluble‐ and labile complexed P and mechanisms controlling P solubilization in dairy manure. Water‐extractable P averaged 16% (±14.8%) of total P of 107 manures collected across five northeastern states of the USA. Adding a multidentate ligand solubilized inorganic complexed P (15±8.3%) primarily associated with calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). An additional organic fraction (35.9±15.6%) was hydrolyzable by fungal phytases. The assay was more revealing about on‐farm P management than just knowing total P; the water‐extractable P distribution was skewed to the left, and two thirds were <2500 mg kg^?1; bioactive and total P were normally distributed, differing extensively between farms with a range spanning an order of magnitude. The assay's simplicity and robustness over the wide range of manure characteristics may increase routine evaluation of whole‐farm accumulation of environmentally sensitive P forms.     

The Effect of Poultry Manure and P Fertilizer on Some Phosphorus Fractions in Some Soils of Southwestern Nigeria: An Incubation Study

An incubation experiment was conducted in the laboratory for 10 weeks to study the changes in some phosphorus (P) fractions in two soil series. Poultry manure was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha^?1 solely and in combination with single superphosphate (SSP) at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha^?1. Significant increases in all the P fractions were observed to the 6th week of incubation (WAI). Sole application of poultry manure was, however, effective in reducing P occlusion in the two soil series used. An increase in Fe–P which was the largest extractable inorganic P was observed with the application of 10 t ha^?1 of poultry manure and 30 kg P ha^?1 of SSP in the Iwo series and combination of 20 t ha^?1 of poultry manure and 45 kg P ha^?1 of SSP in the Alagba series.     

Nutrient Mineralization from Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Poultry Manure Compost in an Ultisol

The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg^?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha^?1) and P (30 kg P ha^?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R² = 0.24) and P (R² = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.     

Chemical Characterization of Cow Manure and Poultry Manure after Composting with Privet and Cypress Residues

ABSTRACT

Investigating available nutrients and non-essential elements in manures is important for safe management of animal and plant waste. Therefore, this study was carried out to chemically characterize cow manure (CM) and poultry manure (PM) after co-composting with privet and cypress residues. Results showed that heavy metals concentrations in manures varied as Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd. Addition of privet and cypress residues to both manures altered the extractability of heavy metals after composting. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were observed in manures at 1:0 ratio while lowest was noted in both CM and PM composted with plant residues at 1:2 ratio. Total K, Ca, and Mg significantly increased when CM and PM were co-composted with privet and cypress residues. There was an increase in the P content in co-composted CM with privet residual application whereas a reduction in total P was noticed with the addition of cypress plant residues in both manures. Manures amended with plant waste reduced N content. Both CM and PM retained higher NO₃ content without plant residues.     

Influence of Soil Properties and Manure Sources on Phosphorus in Runoff during Simulated Rainfall

Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff and characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P in runoff. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm h^?1 of simulated rainfall for 30 min. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg^?1. Sources of P included broiler litter, breeder manure, and breeder manure treated with three rates of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) 0, 3.9, and 7.8 kg m^?2, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and an un-amended control. All manure sources were surface applied at 66 kg P ha^?1 without incorporation. Water extractable P represented an average of 10 ± 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ significantly for low and high STP Coastal Plain soils. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all dissolved reactive P lost in runoff with dissolved reactive P correlating strongly with water extractable P concentration (r² = 0.9961). Overall, manures containing the highest water extractable P concentrations contributed to the largest amounts of dissolved reactive P in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m^?2 of Al₂(SO₄)₃ (alum) decreased dissolved reactive P in runoff by 29%. While this soil box runoff study represents a worst-case scenario for P loss, highly significant effects of soil properties and manure sources were obtained. Management based on these results should help ameliorate harmful effects of P in runoff.     

Chemical Fractionation and Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Soil Amended with Metal Salts or Metal-Spiked Poultry Manure

Chemical fractionation patterns and plant tissue concentrations were used to assess nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead phytoavailability to maize in a soil amended with metal salts or poultry manure. A sandy loam was treated with 80–400 mg kg^?1 doses of a quinternary mixture of the metal nitrates either directly or as spiked poultry manure. The European Communities Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure partitioned the metals among three operationally defined pools in the soil. Metal mobilities were lower in the poultry manure–amended than the metal salt–treated soil, indicating the manure's ability to fix the metals in soil. Pot experiments revealed high metal transferabilities with no apparent phytotoxic symptoms in maize at the doses applied, suggesting some degree of tolerance to the metals. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize increased linearly with metal doses in metal salt–treated soil, but were less phytoavailable in soil amended with poultry manure. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize were reasonably predicted from soil parameters using stepwise multivariate regression models. The findings are useful in the assessment and remediation of heavy metal–contaminated soils.     

Phosphorus fractionation in lowland tropical rainforest soils in central Panama

Phosphorus availability is commonly assumed to limit productivity in lowland tropical rainforests, yet there is relatively little information on the chemical forms of soil phosphorus in such ecosystems. We used the Hedley sequential fractionation scheme to assess phosphorus chemistry in five soils supporting tropical rainforest on Barro Colorado Island, Republic of Panama. The soils represented a range of orders (Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Oxisols) formed on contrasting geological substrates and topography, but under uniform climate and vegetation. Total phosphorus in surface horizons ranged between 315 and 1114 mg P kg^− 1, being lowest on a soil derived from marine sediments and highest on soils derived from andesite. The majority of the phosphorus occurred in recalcitrant forms, although between 14% and 39% occurred as organic phosphorus. Readily-available phosphate, as extracted by anion-exchange membranes, occurred in small concentrations (4–13 mg P kg^− 1), although labile phosphorus, defined as phosphate extracted by anion-exchange membrane plus inorganic and organic phosphorus extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, accounted for between 4.7% and 11.4% of the total soil phosphorus. Our results indicate a strong control of geology and topography on soil phosphorus in tropical rainforests, which may have important implications for understanding the diversity and distribution of plant species in such ecosystems. Further, some of the most common soils on Barro Colorado Island, including those on the 50 ha forest dynamics plot, are rich in phosphorus despite their relatively advanced stage of pedogenesis.     

Developing an Environmental Manure Test for the Phosphorus Index

Abstract

Widespread implementation of the phosphorus (P) index has focused attention on environmental manure tests that can be used to estimate the relative availability of P in manure to runoff water. This article describes the development and use of a water extractable P (WEP) test to assess the capacity of land‐applied manure to enrich P in runoff water. WEP of surface‐applied manure has been shown to be strongly correlated to dissolved P concentrations in runoff from agricultural soils. WEP tests that have a defined water‐to‐manure‐solids ratio and involve extraction times of 30 to 120 min provide the best prediction of dissolved P in runoff across a wide range of manures. Consistent measurement of manure WEP can be achieved with manure sample storage times of up to 22 days (4°C), acidified extract holding times of 18 days, and solid separation by either centrifugation or paper filtration. Reproducibility of WEP tests is comparable to that of other common manure tests (e.g., total P), as verified by within‐laboratory and inter laboratory evaluations. A survey of 140 livestock manures revealed significant differences in mean WEP among different livestock manures, with swine greater than poultry (turkey, broiler and layer chickens) and dairy cattle greater than beef cattle. Such results support the use of WEP‐based coefficients to modify the source component of the P index.     

鸡粪快速烘干工艺及成套设备

通过对国内外几种主要鸡粪处理工艺的分析对比,说明了鸡粪快速烘干工艺的优越性,介绍了中国农业工程研究设计院研究设计的鸡粪快速烘干工艺与成套设备及其经济效益。 关键技术及采取的相应措施:(1)适当减少滚筒长度,提高破碎轴转速,加强物料破碎效果,从而提高了烘干效率。(2)适宜的电气控制及结构设计保证了设备使用的可靠性,顺流快速烘干工艺和无级调速给料保证了产品质量。(3)水浴或土壤吸附可使废气达到排放标准,适量施用烘干鸡粪不会造成再污染。     

鸡粪快速烘干工艺及成套设备

通过对国内外几种主要鸡粪处理工艺的分析对比,说明了鸡粪快速烘干工艺的优越性,介绍了中国农业工程研究设计院研究设计的鸡粪快速烘干工艺与成套设备及其经济效益。关键技术及采取的相应措施:(1)适当减少滚筒长度,提高破碎轴转速,加强物料破碎效果,从而提高了烘干效率。(2)适宜的电气控制及结构设计保证了设备使用的可靠性,顺流快速烘干工艺和无级调速给料保证了产品质量。(3)水浴或土壤吸附可使废气达到排放标准,适量施用烘干鸡粪不会造成再污染。