Soil Solarization: Effects on Soil Microbiological Parameters

Soil solarization, obtained by covering soil with plastic films, is a useful practice able to reduce soil pathogen populations. Light plastic films (LPFs) are nowadays widely used especially in open and greenhouse vegetable crop cultivations in Southern Italy, as they are able to raise soil temperature more than 20°C above air temperature. The solarization treatment with LPFs is characterized by a low cost and low environmental impact.

The wide use of these technique causes a concern about the side effect of solarization on soil microbial populations, which are affected the same as plant pathogens by soil heating. As scientific literature pays scant attention to the effect of soil heating on soil microbial parameters, this paper studied the effects of solarization on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, and soil enzymatic activity in the presence of organic amendments and the soil fumigant dazomet.

Solarization appears to be an effective practice able to control nematodes, even though it may cause serious stress on the soil microbial biomass. In addition, it was demonstrated that the organic amendments exert a protective role keeping soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities protected from the detrimental effect of heating.     

土地利用方式变化对土壤养分与有机碳、氮的影响

对云南省双江县不同土地利用方式下的表层土壤进行的实地调查研究表明:随土地利用方式从自然林地(对照)变为灌丛草地、经济林地、农耕地,土壤自然含水量、pH值和水解N、速效P、速效K含量逐渐降低,且部分达到显著水平(p0.05),变化程度为农地经济林地灌草地自然林地,土壤SOC、TN含量也明显降低并达到显著水平(p0.05)(除灌草地SOC外),土壤碳密度相应减小。     

Application of Organic Wastes to Primary Saline-alkali Soil in Northeast China: Effects on Soil Available Nutrients and Salt Ions

ABSTRACT

Soil available nutrients and soil salt ions are considered to play a significant role in soil fertility. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different agricultural organic wastes on soil available nutrients and soil ions in a primary saline soil, located in the west of Jilin Province, China. The treatments were granular corn straw (GS), coarse corn straw (CS), sheep manure (SM), fodder grass (FG), and control (CK). The results showed that agricultural organic wastes effectively decreased soil pH by 1.28%-3.83%. The application of agricultural organic wastes also improved soil available nutrients, of which the available nitrogen (AN) increased by 23.64%-32.54%, the available phosphorus (AP) increased by 16% ?19.93%, and the available potassium (AK) increased by 2.78% – 8.42%. In contrast, the content of soil salt ions decreased significantly with the exception of potassium ions. Linear dependence suggests that, with the decrease of soil pH, the soil available nutrient content was higher. From the correlation analysis, the relationship between other salt ions and soil available nutrients showed an extremely significant negative correlation with the exception of potassium (K+). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺) are the main factor affecting soil available nutrient content in 2a (about 12 months after organic wastes were applied) and 3a (about 24 months after organic wastes were applied), respectively. In conclusion, treatment GS is recommended for improving soil available nutrients and decreasing the pH and content of soil salt ions in primary saline-alkali soils.     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤养分及活性有机碳组分研究

土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤质量的重要指标,在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用类型土壤养分及有机碳组分。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用类型土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用类型对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,而不同土地利用类型土壤全磷差异并不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地耕地草地未利用地。林地和草地EOC/SOC比例显著低于耕地和未利用地,说明林地和草地转变成耕地降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性;微生物商(MBC/SOC)基本表现为耕地林地草地未利用地,其中耕地和林地土壤MBC/SOC比例差异不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤活性有机碳各组分与SOC,TN,TK均具有极显著相关性关系,并且不同土地利用类型土壤EOC,POC,LFOC,WSOC和MBC含量之间均具有极显著相关性(p0.05),说明土壤活性有机碳很大程度上依赖于有机碳含量,活性有机碳各组分之间相互影响和密切联系,其中SOC,TN和TK是不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳变化的重要影响因子。     

农田生态系统杂草的养分和水分效应研究

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦田杂草的土壤养分和水分效应．发现田间保留一定量的杂草能够提高表层土壤水分含量，尤以0～20cm层次表现明显，显示出很好的土壤水分保持效应。同时在保留杂草的处理中，0～60cm土壤碱解氮储量消耗最少．速效P储量在增加．而速效K储量增加得最多。并且在冬小麦返青期不论土壤养分情况怎么样．在收获后都以保留杂草的处理土壤速效养分(碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾)储量最高．表现出较高的土壤养分供给能力。     

不同有机物投入对新垦耕地红壤肥力及蔬菜生长的影响

[目的]比较不同有机物对新垦山地土壤的培肥效果,为开展新垦耕地后续培肥管护提供科学依据。[方法]在新垦山地红壤地,以3种不同有机物投入为因素,以空白为对照,在一年三熟蔬菜种植模式下,经连续3年小区试验,比较其对新垦耕地红壤肥力及蔬菜生长的影响。[结果]在3种有机物中,商品有机肥无论是在土壤培肥方面还是在蔬菜作物生产方面,均能体现出最佳效果。[结论]商品有机肥可作为新垦红壤地区施用的外源有机物之一予以推荐。而食用菌废渣的效果次之,可作为替代物品,水稻秸秆效果较差。     

拱坝河流域5种森林类型土壤有机碳的分布特征

[目的]研究拱坝河流域典型森林土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度的分布特征,为深入推进森林多目标经营工作提供科学依据。[方法]通过实地调查取样和室内实验测定。[结果](1)人工云杉林SOC含量平均为(32.5±21.82)g/kg,0—60cm SOCD为(13.85±6.98)kg/m2;(2)不同土壤深度,土壤密度差异显著;随土壤深度增加,5种森林类型的土壤有机质,全N,全P,全K,有效P及速效K含量呈递减趋势。(3)0—60cm土层含量与自然含水量,全N,全K,速效K均呈极显著或显著正相关,与土壤密度呈极显著负相关;SOCD与土壤理化性质表现出一致的相关性。[结论]研究区不同森林类型土壌有机碳含量和有机碳密度受多种因素的影响,在林分结构、土壤理化特性、树种特性等多种因素的共同影响下,土壤有机碳和有机碳密度表现出明显的差异性。     

典型黑土区农业流域土壤侵蚀-沉积对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

研究农业流域土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤养分和酶活性的影响可为土壤侵蚀退化评价提供重要科学依据。选择典型薄层黑土区的宾州河流域为研究区,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个代表性坡面,基于¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀—沉积速率,分析流域和坡面尺度土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤养分(有机质、全氮和速效磷)和土壤酶活性(转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶)的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀速率在流域上游最大,分别是流域中游和下游的1.9,11.2倍;坡面尺度上土壤侵蚀速率在坡中部最大,分别是坡上部和坡下部的1.3~2.6,2.8~12.2倍。(2)在流域尺度上,土壤有机质空间分布与土壤侵蚀速率空间分布呈相反的变化趋势,土壤全氮和速效磷含量在流域下游皆大于流域中游;坡面尺度上土壤有机质、速效磷含量、转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为坡下部>坡中部,说明农地土壤侵蚀降低土壤养分含量和酶活性。(3)流域沉积区土壤沉积速率对土壤有机质、速效磷含量、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响。(4)土壤有机质和速效磷含量对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响,表明土壤侵蚀—沉积引起的土壤养分再分布是造成土壤酶活性空间分异的重要原因。     

Spatial Variation in Soil Organic Matter,Available Phosphorus,and Potassium under Semi-arid Conditions: Research Station Management Implications

Natural ecosystems are characterized by variability in space and, to a lesser extent, in time. Soil types and properties vary on landscape and field scales. Such variability is either inherent or human-induced and influences crop management. Variability at the plot level impinges on field experimentation. In this study at the main station, Tel Hadya, of the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), we intensively sampled four large field plots and analyzed the samples for soil organic matter (SOM), available Olsen phosphorus (P), and extractable potassium (K). Variability parameters were established for each property, as well as semivariograms. Contour maps for each plot were drawn by kriging. Despite the history of uniform management in each plot, large residual spatial variability was evident for each parameter. Although such variability is generally disregarded by agronomists and crop scientists and is generally believed to be eliminated by an alternate year of uniform cropping (i.e., “homogenization”), the residual persistent variability in these parameters cause variation in crop growth and need to be considered in designing experimental treatments, especially with regard to plot size and orientation. Although P and K variability can be masked by uniform fertilizer application, the effects of SOM persist for several years and thus can influence nutrient availability and soil moisture under such dryland conditions. Systematic soil sampling can help in reducing variability at trial sites, but background variability cannot be eliminated completely in natural bodies such as soils.     

生物炭与强还原处理对设施蔬菜土壤可溶性有机质的影响

利用田间试验,探讨生物炭与强还原处理(RSD)对退化设施蔬菜土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的影响.处理为对照(CK)、生物炭修复(BC)、淹水(SF)、淹水覆膜(SFF)、强还原修复(RSD)、RSD与生物炭联合修复(RSD+BC),对比研究不同处理对0-20,20-40 cm 土壤DOM含量及光谱特征的影响.结果表明:0...     

不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分、养分及棉花产量的影响

为了分析比较不同有机肥对盐渍化土壤盐分及养分改良效果,通过田间试验研究了不同有机肥对盐渍化耕地土壤盐分含量、土壤肥力指标及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:各有机肥处理对土壤盐分的影响在吐絮期效果最好,其中30—90 cm土层中油渣处理表现最为明显,较对照低了69.55%。等量供肥条件下,不同有机肥与化肥对棉花产量的贡献无明显差异。施用不同有机肥对土壤各肥力指标有不同程度的提升,施用油渣能促进盐渍化棉田土壤有机质的积累,尤其在耕层（0—30 cm）较对照处理高出了18.78%～36.85%;同时,油渣对土壤碱解氮提升也有促进作用,苗期时较对照增幅最大,达到32.70%～35.90%;各有机肥处理土壤速效磷含量较对照有不同程度的增加,其中在0—30 cm土层中羊粪和油渣在不同生育期较对照增幅分别为27.20%～47.14%,4.80%～38.57%;羊粪对于土壤速效钾的释放在苗期有良好的效果,较对照提高了5.20%～70.94%。     

Quality Control in Soil Testing using the Internal Standards: Temporal Variability in Organic Carbon and Extractable Nutrient Elements

Internal soil standards are used in an analytical laboratory as one of the tools for providing feedback on the quality of soil-testing service provided. The objective of this study is to provide results on the temporal variability in soil-test values of the internal soil standards used for soil organic carbon and extractable phosphorus (P), potassium, sulfur, boron, and zinc determination in our analytical service laboratory. The range, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation values for the internal standards for various fertility parameters varied according to the parameter and were generally of acceptable quality, except for the extractable P (Olsen P) in the lower range of extractable P. Our results show that the use of internal soil standards in an analytical service laboratory is a simple, inexpensive, and effective tool for providing feedback on the quality of soil-testing service.     

短期免耕对黑土有机碳、全氮和速效养分的影响

对中层黑土上连续监测了6年的玉米免耕和秋翻两种耕作处理下的耕层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾进行了分析。结果表明:耕作处理对土壤养分的影响主要表现在不同的土壤深度上,免耕造成了土壤有机碳和全氮的分层化,即表层0~5 cm有机碳和全氮含量明显高于亚表层,而秋翻土壤有机碳和全氮分布则比较均匀。免耕处理的速效养分均表现为表层与亚表层存在明显差异。免耕处理下有机碳、全氮和速效氮、磷、钾在土壤表层发生明显富集。     

长期外源有机物料添加对川中丘陵区农田土壤养分和有机碳组分的影响

有机肥和秸秆等有机物料添加是调控土壤肥力的重要手段，可促进农田土壤有机碳的数量和质量发生变化。研究选取盐亭紫色土农业生态试验站长期（16a）6种不同施肥处理试验小区，探究两种形式的外源有机物料（猪粪堆肥和秸秆还田）添加对土壤有机碳及总氮、总磷、硝态氮和速效磷养分含量的影响，并基于固态13C核磁共振波谱技术(13C-NMR)分析其对土壤有机碳化学组分的影响。研究发现，添加有机物料可显著增加0~30 cm土壤有机碳和各养分含量；猪粪堆肥施用对土壤总磷、速效磷和硝态氮含量的影响大于秸秆还田。结果还表明两种有机物料添加改变了耕层土壤有机碳化学组成及其稳定性，有机物料添加增加了0~10 cm表层土壤有机碳中烷氧基碳和羧基碳的比例，降低了烷基碳的比例，同时降低了10~20 cm土层羧基碳比例，增加了烷基碳比例。本研究可为区域旱耕地有机碳库稳定性及其碳汇功能评估提供科学依据。     

Soil Nutrient Evolution during the First Rotation in Organic and Conventional Farming Systems

Since 2008, a 5-year crop rotation experiment (winter wheat, pea, potato, barley undersown with red clover, and red clover) has been run in Tartu, Estonia, to evaluate the changes in soil chemical parameters under four fertilizer managements: (1) unfertilized conventional plots (conventional I), (2) conventional plots with addition of mineral fertilizers (conventional II), (3) organic plots with cover crops during the winter period (organic I), and (4) organic plots with the same cover crops plus a yearly amendment of 40 t ha^–1 of cattle manure (organic II). After the first rotation, results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in soil acidity dependent on the system with mean values ranging between 5.67 (conventional II) and 6.10 (organic II). In the organic II system, manure had a significant effect on the system, increasing the organic carbon (C) content by 0.34%, but in both organic systems, both cover crops and cattle manure were insufficient for maintaining a constant level of plant-available phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in the soil. In the conventional II system, mineral fertilizers provided a sufficient amount of nitrogen (N) to the system and increased the concentration of P to 8.7 mg per kg. The yearly mineral or organic amendments did not counteract the significant decrease in soil-available K after the first rotation. Lastly, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) availability, strongly influenced by the soil pH local conditions, decreased with time for all systems even though organic ones presented greater concentrations of both compounds. In conclusion, the four fertilization systems managed independently would not guarantee a constant soil nutrient concentration after the first rotation.     

Assessing Soil Properties Controlling Interrill Erosion: An Empirical Approach under Mediterranean Conditions

Soil erodibility is a complex phenomenon that comprises a number of different soil properties. However, most current (empirical) erodibility indices are based on only a few soil properties. A feasible soil characterization of interrill erosion (IE) prediction at large scale should be based on simple, quick and inexpensive tests to perform. The objective of this work was to identify and assess those soil properties that best reflect soil vulnerability to IE. Twenty‐three agricultural soil samples located in Spain and Italy were studied. Forty‐nine different physical and chemical soil properties that presumably underpin IE were defined. Experiments were carried out in the field (in microplots using simulated rainfall) and in the lab. The most relevant variables were detected using multivariate analysis. Six key variables were finally identified: RUSLE K factor, a granulometric/organic matter content index, exchangeable sodium percentage, shear strength, penetration resistance and permeability of soil seal. The latter is proposed as a useful technique to evaluate soil susceptibility to crusting even when the crust is not present at the time of the field survey. The selected variables represented a wide range of soil properties, and they could also be successfully applied to different soils with different characteristics than those evaluated in our experiments. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic Fertilisation Increases C and N Stocks and Reduces Soil Organic Matter Stability in Mediterranean Vegetable Gardens

Given their organic matter (OM) depletion, agricultural soils can act as carbon (C) sinks if adequate management practices are implemented. OM stabilisation in highly OM‐depleted agricultural soils may depend upon the allocation of OM inputs among particle size fractions that differ in their capacity to stabilise OM. In a set of vegetable garden fields, we determined the magnitude of the differences in soil C and N content between organically and conventionally managed fields and the incorporation of the increased C and N pools to the fine fractions as an indication of the stability of the soil OM accrual. It was carried out in a stockless scenario in which exogenous OM was only used in organically managed fields for the last 20 years (as opposed to conventional management only using mineral fertilisers). Organic fertilisation caused a notable increase in soil organic C and N stocks compared with mineral‐fertilised soils. Such increase remained significant below the plough depth. C and N content increased at all fractions, but the relative contribution of the fine‐silt‐plus‐clay fraction to total C and N decreased at all depths. We concluded that organic management increases soil OM storage, but overall, the stability of the increased OM stocks decreases slightly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有机物料长期施用对稻田土壤养分的影响

通过2010—2021年连续12年的长期定位试验，研究了紫云英、水稻秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料还田施用对稻田土壤养分的影响。结果表明：施用有机物料可以有效提高稻田土壤氮磷钾和有机质等含量。与单施化肥处理相比，紫云英还田土壤碱解氮含量增加6.97%，商品有机肥配施土壤有效磷含量增加49.30%，水稻秸秆还田土壤速效钾含量增加49.32%。3种有机物料处理土壤有机质增加相近(6.0%～7.5%)，可以改善土壤酸性但差异不显著。不同有机物料对土壤基础养分的增加差异显著，紫云英还田土壤固氮能力最强，商品有机肥配施土壤磷素增加最明显，秸秆还田土壤钾素提高最显著。可见，有机物料长期还田施用是一种培肥土壤的有效措施，有助于稻田土壤的可持续利用。     

不同利用年限菜地土壤有机碳矿化动态和酶活性变化

通过田间采样分析并结合室内培育试验,观测了不同利用年限菜地土壤有机碳矿化和酶活性变化特征。结果表明,蔬菜地土壤由于大量化肥的施用,导致NO3--N的积累。即使大量施用有机肥,NO3--N的积累也较明显。随着利用年限延长,培养前期的菜地土壤有机碳矿化率有下降趋势;脲酶和转化酶活性下降,磷酸酶活性因大量P肥使用造成P的积累而呈上升趋势。土壤磷酸酶和转化酶活性与土壤有机C和全N含量呈显著相关关系。不同利用年限菜地土壤酶活性变化幅度较大,能够更为敏感的指示土壤质量的变化。     

海伦黑土有机碳和速效养分空间异质性分析

应用地统计学的方法结合GIS空间分析技术,对海伦市黑土农田区域采集的65个耕层(0~20cm)土壤样本进行了数据处理,并对其全碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间分异特征进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,海伦黑土全碳、碱解氮和速效钾半变量函数曲线的理论模型符合高斯模型,速效磷的理论最佳模型为球状模型。全碳、碱解氮和速效磷表现为中度空间相关,其空间变异受结构性因子和随机因子的影响各占一半。速效钾属于高度空间相关,其变化主要受结构性因子的影响。土壤全碳与碱解氮具有显著的正相关,二者在空间分布上吻合度较高。全碳和碱解氮都与速效钾呈显著负相关。地统计学分析土壤养分的空间变异特征和1978年海伦县自然资源综合考察对黑土农田土壤肥力调查的结果具有相同的异质性。利用地统计学分析的方法,对区域农业生产合理布局、综合治理水土流失都具有重要的意义。