石灰性土壤施用不同磷肥对玉米苗期生长和土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究旨在探讨不同磷肥品种对玉米生长发育和土壤无机磷组分的影响,以期为磷肥高效利用提供参考.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理:磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氮磷复合肥硝酸磷肥(NiP)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙混施(SA+P),试验60天后测定了玉米的生物学指标和玉米植株磷素含量,同时测定了土壤有效磷与土...     

山东石灰性潮土、褐土无机磷的形态、转化和有效性

应用蒋柏藩、顾益初提出的“石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法”研究了山东省石灰性潮土、褐土、砂姜黑土的无机磷组成、转化和对作物的有效性。结果表明,石灰性土壤无机磷中以Ca10-P占绝对优势,约占无机磷总量的54.52％,其次为O-P,占21.55％,Al-P、Fe-P,Ca8-P分别占5～10％,Ca2-P只有1.08％;在土壤剖面中各级无机磷皆随剖面深度增加而减少;水溶性磷肥施入土壤后,在作物一个生长季节内主要转化成Ca8-P,占全部转化量的50～70％,其次是Ca2-P,占10～30％,Al-P占11～13％,Fe-P很少,占5％左右;在各级无机磷中对作物有效性顺序是Ca2-P>Al-P、Fe-P>Ca8-P>O-P、Ca10-P。     

Soil Boron Fractions and Response of Green Gram in Calcareous Soils

A greenhouse experiment with green gram on boron (B) deficient calcareous soils was conducted for two years at Ludhiana (Punjab), India to study soil B fractions and response of green gram to B application. Three soils with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content 0.8 (Soil I), 2.1 (Soil II) and 4.6 (Soil III) percent were collected from different sites of Ludhiana and Bhatinda districts, Punjab, India. The treatments comprised of five levels of soil applied B (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mg B kg^?1). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) factorial design with three replications. Readily soluble B comprised 0.39 to 0.76 percent in Soil I, 0.32 to 0.54 percent in Soil II, and 0.21 to 0.34 percent in Soil III of the total B, taking into account of all the levels of B applied at both stages of crop growth. Readily soluble B increased with increasing application rates of B and decreased from grand growth stage (40 days after sowing) to maturity of the crop. Specifically adsorbed, oxide bound, residual, and total B was higher in Soil III as compared to Soil II or Soil I. At maturity, specifically adsorbed B converted into other fractions to maintain equilibrium in soil solution. Organically bound B was greater than oxide bound B. Among all fractions, the residual fraction accounted for the major fraction of the total B. Soil application of lowest level of B was adequate to cause significant increase in dry matter yield and seed yield of green gram regardless of type of soil.     

Distribution of Boron in Different Fractions in Some Alkaline Calcareous Soils

Distribution of boron (B) in different fractions is still not well defined when it is applied in B-deficient alkaline calcareous soil and after harvesting of the sown crop. In the present greenhouse experiment with green gram crop, three B-deficient soils with calcium carbonate contents of 0.8 (S I), 2.1 (S II), and 4.6 (S III) percent were collected from different sites in Ludhiana and Bhatinda Districts, Punjab, India. The treatments composed of five levels of soil-applied B (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mg B kg^?1) soil and the experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial design with three replications. Mean readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, and oxide-bound B fractions got increased significantly with increase in B applications. Distribution of readily soluble B was more in low calcareous soil than in high calcareous soil. Mean values of specifically adsorbed, oxide-bound, residual, and total B were significantly more in high calcareous soils as compared to low calcareous soils. At maturity, specifically adsorbed B converted into other fractions to maintain equilibrium in soil solution. Organically bound B was greater than the oxide-bound B fraction. Among all fractions, residual fraction accounted for the major portion of the total B. Available B was negatively and significantly correlated with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content of soil (r = ?0.99*). At the same time, specifically bound B was also negatively and significantly correlated with readily soluble B (r = ?0.99*) whereas organically bound B was positively correlated with organic carbon content of soil (r = ?0.99*).     

施磷对滨海盐土无机磷组分的动态影响

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初提出的土壤无机磷组分测定方法,在50d的培养过程中对滨海盐土的各无机磷组分进行了跟踪测定。结果表明:施入盐土中的无机磷在短期内主要增加土壤中的Ca2-P和Ca8-P的含量,而对A1-P、Fe-P和O-P的影响较小;施入盐土的无机磷首先转化成Ca2-P,然后再向Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P转化;培养过程中,水分和温度的有利条件促进了土壤微生物的活动,加强了微生物对无机磷的固定。     

肥际微域土壤的室内培养法研究磷对石灰性潮土的影响

采用室内恒温培养试验法对施入不同量磷(P)肥的石灰性潮土的各种理化特性进行为期180d的模拟研究,结果表明,磷肥的加入使土壤pH值发生了显著的变化,由原来的8.76下降到最小值7.36。高施P量处理F1、F2、F3、F4和F5的Olsen-P浓度分别为2338.5、1576.7、713.6和316.9mgkg-1,0.01molL-1 KCl溶液提取P浓度分别为1226.3、1189.2、880.2和382.9mgkg-1。各处理Olsen-P和0.01molL-1KCl溶液提取P浓度在同一培养时间随施P量的增加而增大,而对同一施P量处理而言,随着培养时间的延长其值呈下降趋势,且随施P量增大下降幅度加大。培养土中有机磷含量随培养时间延长而增加。各处理的无机磷分级体系中,钙磷在无机磷中占绝对优势,Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Al-P含量随P肥加入量的增加而增大,Fe-P含量很小,O-P含量和Ca10-P含量变化不大,随着培养时间的延长,Ca2-P含量减少较多,而Ca8-P含量大量增加,且Ca8-P含量均大于Ca2-P含量。     

石灰性菜园土壤中各形态磷素的富集与变异特征

由于长期种植蔬菜，石灰性菜园土壤中的磷素在剖面中发生了分异，直接影响到其它营养元素的吸收和蔬菜的产量及品质。通过对不同植菜年限石灰性菜园土壤剖面磷素形态分级及其变异规律的研究，探讨了全磷、有效磷和无机磷不同形态的变异特征以及其磷素形态分布与其它土壤性质的关系。研究结果表明，石灰性菜园土壤耕层全磷、有效磷、无机磷与有机磷均比粮田富集强烈，有效磷源的无机磷形态含量与植菜年限呈明显的正相关，各形态无机磷含量的垂直分布与粮田存在显著关系，Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P含量为表层强烈富集，向下骤减的垂直分布特征。溶度较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P与有机质等养分呈极显著的正相关，而与CaCO3含量和pH值的降低呈显著的负相关，随植菜年限的延长，有机质及其它养分含量的提高以及CaCO3含量和pH值的降低也促进了难溶杰礁的有始化．     

黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷的形态

本文通过牧场试验，探讨了黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷形态，结果表明，四种草地土壤均以Ｃａ－Ｐ为主，约占无机磷总量的６０％左右，Ｏ－Ｐ含量少于Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ．草甸黑钙土无机磷总量最高，Ｃａ２－Ｐ、Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ都是草甸黑钙土重要的贮磷库；草甸风沙土无机磷总量最低，但Ｃａ８－Ｐ含量相对较高；草甸碱土无机磷总量、Ｃａ２－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量显著高于碱化草甸土．向草甸碱土和碱化草甸土施磷酸二铵能显著增加土壤无机磷的总量，尤其显著提高土壤中Ｃａ８－Ｐ和Ａｌ－Ｐ含量．     

Genotypic Responses of Corn to Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Calcareous Soils

In the Mediterranean region, much emphasis is placed on the role of fertilizers in enhancing crop production to achieve food security. Given the complex nature of phosphorus (P) reactions in soils, considerable research has dealt with fertilizer aspects related to efficient P use, but comparatively less emphasis has been given to plant variation with respect to P efficiency. In this study, selection and adaptation of P‐efficient corn genotypes was seen as one possible approach to enhancing P efficiency. Thus, a greenhouse experiment with 10 corn genotypes (traditional to modern), five P application rates (0–200 mg kg^?1), and four field trials with three genotypes for 2 years were carried out on various calcareous soils (Vertic Torrifluvent, Vertic Calciorthid, Entic Chromoxerert, and Typic Xerofluvent). Measurements were made of root characteristics. Treatments in the field trials were five P application rates as main plots (0–68 P ha^?1) and three corn genotypes as subplots. Genotypes were selected for the field trials from the greenhouse experiment as “efficient‐responsive,” “efficient‐nonresponsive,” and “inefficient‐responsive.” Dry‐matter (DM) yield and plant P uptake by plants increased with P application rates in the greenhouse experiment. Root length and mass were considerably increased by increasing P levels. Genotypes were classified for P efficiency. The studies indicated that because corn genotypes respond to P‐fertilizer application differently, this trait could be utilized to exploit native and applied P more efficiently, especially at low levels of available P and when P‐ fertilizer use is limited. This differential response derives from morphological, physiological, and genetic variability among the genotypes. Although genotypic efficiency is important for fertilizer management, the contribution of the efficiency is not a substitute for fertilizers, especially if high yields are required. Nevertheless, breeding for P‐use efficiency should be a component of any program to improve crop yield potential.     

Role of Phenolics and Organic Acids in Phosphorus Mobilization in Calcareous and Acidic Soils

Abstract

Phenolic acids (caffeic, CAF; protocatechuic, PCA; p-coumaric, COU; and vanillic, VAN), catechol (CAT), poly-galacturonic acid (PGA), and citric acid (CIT) were compared for their effectiveness in phosphorus (P) mobilization in three soils differing in chemical properties. The addition of organic ligands at 100 μmol g^{? 1} soil increased the concentrations of resin P (P_r), water-extractable P (P_w), and bicarbonate-extractable inorganic P (P_bi), thus improving the phosphorus availability. The magnitude of P mobilization in the calcareous soil can be expressed in the following order: CAF > CAT > PCA = CIT > VAN > COU > PGA, which was consistent with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups they contained and the position of carboxyl on the benzoic ring. In the two acid soils tested, the order of P mobilization was CIT > CAT > PCA > CAF after 24 h incubation, and CIT > PCA > CAF > CAT after a 14 d incubation. The mobilized P originated partly from the organic P fractions, which could be extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃. In addition, P_r decreased and P_w increased during incubation. The exceptions were that the CAF treatment increased P_r and the CIT treatment did not affect P_w. Calcium extraction from the soils after a 1 d or 14 d incubation could not fully account for the P mobilization. The results suggest that the inorganic P dissolution by the organic ligands was not the only mechanism of P mobilization in the calcareous soil, while in acid soils the chelation of metal cations by organic ligands is likely an important factor in P mobilization.     

冻融条件下黑土无机磷分级及有效性研究

土壤无机磷是生态系统中磷素的重要组成部分,而冻融作用是土壤无机磷赋存形态与转化的重要影响因素。本研究以黑土为试验土壤,在室内模拟冻融环境,研究冻融前后黑土无机磷各组分含量变化及其有效性。结果表明:冻融后无机磷各组分绝对含量总体呈现增加的趋势;冻融前后相对含量没有表现出明显差异,均呈现出O-PFe-PAl-PCa-P;相关分析和通径分析结果显示,Al-P、Fe-P为有效磷源,并且直接影响有效磷含量,而O-P、Ca-P与Al-P有较大的通径链系数,即O-P、Ca-P通过Al-P间接影响有效磷含量;冻融循环条件下Olsen-P(Y)与有效磷源Al-P(X1)、Fe-P(X2)间呈线性关系。     

Organic and Inorganic Amendments Affect Soil Concentration and Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead in Wheat in Calcareous Alkaline Soils

Irrigation with untreated effluent in periurban agriculture could result in accumulation and bioconcentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Different amendments were used to investigate their effect on availability, concentration, and uptake of metals by wheat in texturally different soils. Crop was irrigated with water containing Cd and Pb at 20 mg L^?1, thereby adding 260 mg pot^?1 of each metal. Amendments included calcium carbonate at 6 or 12%, gypsum at 50 or 100% of the soil gypsum requirement, farm manure at 7.50 or 15.00 g kg^?1 soil, and a control. Amendments decreased ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)–extractable Cd and Pb concentrations and uptake by wheat. Dry matter, concentration, uptake, and extractability of Cd and Pb were greater in sandy loam soil compared with those in sandy clay loam soil irrespective of amendments. Sequential extraction showed that more metals were extracted from the control in all fractions and that predominantly metals were found in the carbonate fraction.     

Kinetics of Copper Desorption from Highly Calcareous Soils

Abstract

Desorption of copper (Cu) is an important factor in determining Cu availability in calcareous soils. Kinetics of native and added Cu desorption by DTPA (diethylene‐triaminepentaacetic‐acid) from 15 highly calcareous soils of southern Iran were studied in a laboratory experiment. Our results showed that two constant‐rate, Elovich, simple Elovich, and parabolic‐diffusion equations were the best‐fitted equations among eight kinetic models used. The copper desorption pattern based on the parabolic‐diffusion equation revealed that the rate of native Cu desorption was higher in the first 2 h followed by a slower release rate, which suggests that two different mechanisms are involved. The trend may describe why the DTPA soil test has been considerably successful in predicting Cu availability in calcareous soils. Stepwise multiple regression equations indicated that CCE (calcium carbonate equivalent), CEC (cation exchange capacity), and clay content are the most important soil characteristics that predict the rate constants of the kinetic models. Mean extractant recovery percentage (ERP) of the soils was only 20%, which indicated that after 20 days, DTPA extracted only one‐fifth of added Cu. Regression equations indicated that as soil OM (organic matter) content increased, the value of ERP decreased. From results reported herein it seems that CCE, CEC, and clay are the most important factors controlling Cu release from highly calcareous soils of southern Iran. However, the initial soil Cu desorption rate is probably controlled by CEC.     

石灰性土壤磷素的化学活化途径探讨

用草酸、草酸钠、柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠作为活化剂，加人不同含磷水平土壤中，通过室内培养试验和分析，结果表明：(1)0．1M草酸和0．1M柠檬酸都有一定的活化土壤磷素的作用，草酸作用最为显著。而相同浓度的草酸钠和柠檬酸钠未显示对土壤磷素的活化效果。(2)对土壤磷素的活化作用，草酸随其浓度的增加而增强，而柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力有限。(3)柠檬酸在加人的6h之内，对活化土壤速效磷作用明显；而草酸在加人的48h之内，对活化土壤速效磷有十分显著的作用。无论是柠檬酸还是草酸，在其对土壤速效磷发挥活化作用期间，均随加人时间的延长而减弱。     

Geochemical Fractionation and Adsorption Characteristics of Zinc in Thai Major Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) is a vital plant nutrient that is widely deficient in Thai cultivated calcareous soils. The chemical fractionation and adsorption of Zn are among the most important solid- and liquid-phase interactions that determine the retention of Zn in the soils. This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and adsorption isotherms of Zn in cultivated Thai calcareous soils. The results of sequential extractions showed that Zn is mainly distributed in residual fractions followed by organic-bound, iron and manganese oxides-bound, carbonate-bound, and exchangeable Zn, respectively. Zinc adsorption was well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thai calcareous soils had high Zn adsorption capacity. Soil pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, and extractable calcium were the major soil properties that affected the Zn adsorption isotherms in these soils. Zinc hydroxide was the solid precipitate and the Zn hydroxide ion (ZnOH⁺) was the dominant Zn ion in alkaline equilibrium solution.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响

无菌培养条件下,模拟缺磷胁迫时植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸种类和数量,采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究了低分子量有机酸对石灰性潮土无机磷形态转化的影响。结果表明:①在石灰性潮土中无机磷主要以有效性较低的磷酸钙盐(Ca10-P等)形式存在,而有效性较高的形式(Ca8-P等)含量较少,Ca2-P就更少。②有机酸通过结合土壤中可以使磷固定的Ca、Fe及Al,致使根际范围酸化,促进磷酸盐的形态转换,增加磷的有效性。这种促进能力因有机酸种类和性质的不同而异,其促进能力大小顺序为草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸。     

Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes Grown in Calcareous Soils

ABSTRACT

Phosphorus (P) deficiency and low P-use efficiency are induced by soil properties, especially in calcareous soils, which are dominant in semi-arid regions of the world such as the Mediterranean region. Alternative approaches to P fertilization involve exploiting plant genetics in order to achieve more efficient use of P by the growing crop. Accordingly, in a greenhouse pot experiment, we evaluated P-efficiency in wheat genotypes grown in typical calcareous soils in southern Turkey. Ten common local genotypes were grown in six soil series for eight weeks using five P application rates (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg P kg^?1). Dry matter (DM) yield and P content were significantly increased by increasing P rates, with significant differences between soils. Some genotypes performed better under P stress because of better P utilization efficiency. Shoot DM was the most sensitive indicator of genetic variability under P-deficient conditions. Genotypes classified as efficient-responsive (Adana-99, 1014, Golia, Balatilla) had above average DM yield when P was not added, and responded well to P applications; efficient-non-responsive genotypes (Firat-93, Seri-82, Genc-99, Panda) had below average DM yield, but responded to P applications; inefficient-non-responsive genotypes (Fuat Bey and Ceyhan-99) had below average DM yield; and no genotypes were in the inefficient responsive category. Such P response categorization is needed for better breeding programs for nutrient-use efficiency. The study may aid in selecting P-efficient genotypes in low-P soils, especially where little P is used. The use of P-efficient genotypes should be seen as complement to, rather than a substitute for, chemical P fertilization depending on local conditions.     

施加粪肥对潮土有机磷形态转化的影响

施加粪肥是提高土壤肥力的重要措施,为了解粪肥磷在潮土中的化学行为,通过室内培养试验,采用NaOH-EDTA 浸提和 31P 核磁共振技术分析比较了鸡粪、牛粪及施肥后土壤中的磷形态及含量,并研究了施肥对潮土有效磷的影响。结果表明,粪肥磷主要以无机态形式存在,2 种粪肥的有机磷形态及含量有明显不同,肌醇六磷酸在鸡粪中的含量明显高于牛粪。粪肥施加到潮土后丰富了土壤有机磷的形态。随时间延长,潮土中各形态磷发生相互转化,以肌醇六磷酸为主的正磷酸单酯含量明显降低,核酸等正磷酸双酯显著升高。鸡粪处理的土壤有效磷含量逐渐升高,牛粪处理则表现出相反的趋势。施加粪肥后,土壤有效磷呈现不同的变化规律可能是无机磷在土壤中固定或沉淀,有机磷矿化和无机磷被微生物固持这三方面综合作用的结果。     

Organic and Inorganic Forms of Phosphorus in a Calcareous Soil Planted with Four Species of Eucalyptus in Southern Iran

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of four eucalyptus species on (i) selected surface soil properties and (ii) the distribution of inorganic and organic phosphorus (P_i and P_o) fractions. Soil samples were collected from soil 0–20 cm deep beneath and between trees. The P_i forms were determined by sequential extraction with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃‐P), ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) (OAc‐P), ammonium fluoride (NH₄F‐P), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)–sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) (HC‐P), citrate dithionite (CD‐P), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) (H₂SO₄‐P). The P_o forms were sequentially extracted with NaHCO₃ (NaHCO₃‐P_o), NaOH (NaOH‐P_o), and H₂SO₄ (H₂SO4‐P_o). The NaOH‐P_o was subdivided into moderately stable (NaOH‐P_om) and highly stable P_o (NaOH‐P_os). Organic matter, clay and silt contents, total nitrogen, and available potassium of the soil beneath the trees increased. The OAc‐P and HC‐P forms beneath the trees were less than of that between them, which shows that these fractions probably are labile inorganic P pools. The NaHCO₃‐P_o and NaOH‐P_os forms were greater beneath the trees than those of interspaces, whereas NaOH‐P_om and H₂SO₄‐P_o were not affected by plantation.