Non-Composted Municipal Solid Waste Processing Byproduct Effect on Soil Reclamation

ABSTRACT

A new garbage processing technology has been developed that sterilizes and separates inorganic and organic components of municipal solid waste. The non-composted byproduct of this process, Fluff®, has the potential to be utilized as a soil amendment to improve soil conditions in highly degraded soils. A study was initiated to evaluate Fluff as a soil amendment for establishing native grasses on disturbed US Army training lands. The Fluff was incorporated into a sandy loam soil at Fort Benning Military Reservation, GA on two sites: a moderately degraded and a highly degraded soil. The Fluff was incorporated at rates of 0, 18, 36, 72, and 143 Mg ha^{? 1} to assess the effects on soil properties for two growing seasons. The addition of Fluff improved available plant nutrients and soil pH levels at both sites. Also, Fluff reduced the level of soil bulk density and increased soil concentration of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Because no adverse environmental effects were detected and Fluff improved soil physical and nutrient conditions as well as improving perennial grass establishment with increasing application rates, land application of Fluff to degraded US Army training grounds could be considered a viable and beneficial alternative to current waste management practices.     

农村生活垃圾生物稳定预处理对渗滤液产生及污染潜力的影响

为从源头控制垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染,以广州市番禺区猛涌村生活垃圾处理示范基地为研究对象,以猛涌村中转站分选得到的有机垃圾为试验材料,采用生物稳定和淋溶试验研究方法,以未经生物稳定处理的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为对照（CK）,以生物稳定预处理36d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理1（T1）,以生物稳定预处理12d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理2（T2）。通过分析渗滤液pH、氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳等指标的变化,考察生物预处理方法对渗滤液的污染控制效果。结果表明,在10d淋溶试验过程中,T1、T2渗滤液产量比CK分别减少33、28;CK渗滤液pH一直呈酸性,而T1、T2介于在7.0～8.5;T1、T2渗滤液氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳平均浓度分别比CK降低77、63,75、69,73、66,74、69,明显降低了垃圾的污染潜力,垃圾生物稳定程度越高,污染潜力越低。研究成果从生态控制的角度为垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染防治提供了理论依据。     

除草剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

试验设对照、尿素、尿素＋草甘膦和尿素＋丁草胺4个处理,尿素氮用量为200mg·kg-1干土,除草剂用量为10mg有效成分·kg-1干土。在实验室恒温培养条件下,研究除草剂对菜田土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,菜田土壤中施用氮肥显著增加了温室气体N2O、CO2和CH4的排放。尿素氮肥中添加草甘膦显著抑制N2O、CO2的排放,分别比尿素处理降低48.4%和20.2%;添加丁草胺显著抑制N2O排放,比尿素处理降低23.2%,对CO2排放略有减少但不显著;草甘膦和丁草胺对CH4排放都无明显影响。这说明除草剂对土壤温室气体的排放具有显著影响,但不同除草剂品种的效应也存在明显差异。因此,在农田温室气体排放估算时应考虑除草剂的施用对温室气体减排所产生的效果。     

畜牧业温室气体排放影响因素及其减排研究

全球变暖是人类共同关注的话题,其中仅由畜牧业引起的温室气体排放量占全球总排放量的18%,成为导致全球变暖的主要因素之一,因而对畜牧业温室气体排放机制及其影响因子的研究具有十分重要的意义。本文对动物肠道甲烷排放、动物粪便管理系统甲烷及氧化亚氮排放研究进展进行了综述,并在分析不同方法估算我国畜牧业温室气体排放量的基础上,针对各排放因子提出了相应的减排措施。     

Above and Below Ground Measurements of Greenhouse Gases from Swine Effluent Amended Soil

Abstract

As a means of economic disposal and to reduce need for chemical fertilizer, waste generated from swine production is often applied to agricultural land. However, there remain many environmental concerns about this practice. Two such concerns, contribution to the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion by gases emitted from waste‐amended soils, have not been thoroughly investigated. An intact core study at Auburn University (32 36′N, 85 36′W) was conducted to determine the source‐sink relationship of three greenhouse gases in three Alabama soils (Black Belt, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions) amended with swine waste effluent. Soil cores were arranged in a completely random design, and treatments used for each soil type consisted of a control, a swine effluent amendment (112 kg N ha^?1), and an ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) fertilizer amendment (112 kg N ha^?1). During a 2‐year period, a closed‐chamber technique was used to determine rates of emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O)–nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO₂)–carbon (C), and methane (CH₄)–C from the soil surface. Gas probes inserted into the soil cores were used to determine concentrations of N₂O‐N and CO₂‐C from depths of 5, 15, and 25 cm. Soil water was collected from each depth using microlysimeters at the time of gas collection to determine soil‐solution N status. Application of swine effluent had an immediate effect on emissions of N₂O‐N, CO₂‐C, and CH₄‐C from all soil textures. However, greatest cumulative emissions and highest peak rates of emission of all three trace gases, directly following effluent applications, were most commonly observed from sandier textured Coastal Plain and Appalachian Plateau soils, as compared to heavier textured Black Belt soil. When considering greenhouse gas emission potential, soil type should be a determining factor for selection of swine effluent waste disposal sites in Alabama.     

Redistribution and Availability of Iron,Manganese, Zinc,and Copper in Four Malian Agricultural Soils Amended with Solid Municipal Waste Compost

Abstract

Municipal waste compost can improve the fertility status of tropical soils. The redistribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in tropical soils after amendment with solid municipal waste compost was investigated. Four tropical agricultural soils from Mali characterized by poor trace‐element status were amended with compost and incubated for 32 weeks at 35°C. The soil were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the incubation experiment for readily available fractions, organic fractions, and residual fractions as operationally defined by sequential extraction. Readily available Fe increased significantly with compost application in most soils. Readily available Mn was mostly unaffected by compost application. After 32 weeks, readily available Zn had increased, and readily available Cu had decreased. Readily available levels of the elements remained greater than deficiency levels in the compost‐amended soils. Organic fractions of the elements increased after compost addition. The organic fractions and residual forms, depending on the element and the soil, remained constant or increased within the duration of the experiment.     

固体废弃物堆肥还田对制种玉米田理化性质和玉米产量及经济效益的影响

在河西走廊的制种玉米田,采用田间小区试验方法,将几种农业固体废弃物按比例混合,经发酵处理后,施入土壤,研究了固体废弃物对制种玉米田理化性质和玉米产量及经济效益的影响,结果表明:固体废弃物糠醛渣、牛粪、玉米秸秆、羊粪,各物料容积比为0.500:.20:0.20:0.10,施用量为45.00 t hm-2,改土培肥效应最佳,与ck(对照)比较,土壤总孔隙度、团粒结构、有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K、CEC分别增加了8.31%、8.73%、3.86 g kg-1、21.42 mg kg-1、7.47 mg kg-1、42.67 mg kg-1、13.07 cmol kg-1;自然含水量、贮水量分别增加了84.71 gkg-18、9.54 m3 hm-2;玉米增产量、增产值、利润分别增加了2.03万元hm-20、.51万元hm-2、和0.32万元hm-2;而土壤容重降低了0.22 g cm-3。土壤长期施用粉煤灰和生活垃圾将会导致土壤中重金属离子的富集;而长期施用锯末和糠醛渣不会引起土壤重金属离子的富集。处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

施氮和再生水灌溉对设施土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨再生水灌溉和氮肥施用对土壤酶活性的影响,采用田间小区试验,以清水不施氮肥和再生水不施氮肥为对照,研究了4种氮素水平下再生水灌溉对土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的变化及生育期土壤矿质氮、全氮的盈亏状况。结果表明,再生水灌溉提高了土壤脲酶和淀粉酶活性,降低了土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性;不同施氮水平下,再生水灌溉土壤脲酶活性、高氮处理土壤蔗糖酶活性和淀粉酶活性、低氮处理过氧化氢酶活性和番茄收获后土壤全氮含量均低于清水灌溉处理;相同灌水水质下,再生水灌溉施肥处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性起到促进作用,对脲酶和淀粉酶活性有抑制作用,清水灌溉施肥处理对土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性起到促进作用,对淀粉酶和过氧化氢活性有抑制作用;再生水灌溉土壤矿质氮变化量较清水灌溉显著提高,而再生水灌溉下施肥处理降低了土壤矿质氮变化量。因此,适量减氮并辅以再生水灌溉处理能够提高土壤供氮能力和自净能力,增强土壤解毒能力并提升土壤肥力,减少再生水的排放和氮肥用量;不同施氮水平再生水灌溉对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶和过氧化氢酶活性及土壤矿质氮含量、全氮含量影响存在极显著差异。     

整地时期对东北雨养区土壤含水量及玉米产量的影响

以东北雨养区春玉米农田为研究对象,分析春季和秋季2个整地时期对农田土壤含水量、土壤物理性状、土壤养分含量以及玉米产量等的影响。结果表明:秋整地可显著提高玉米产量,与春整地相比增产8.7%(P<0.05)。秋整地处理下土壤水分状况得到显著改善,播种前和苗期耕层土壤(0-20cm)含水量分别比春整地高18.9%和5.6%。整地时期对种子层土壤(0-10cm)的物理特性影响不明显(P>0.05),但秋整地可显著改善10-40cm的根层土壤物理性状,其中土壤孔隙度比春整地平均提高10.0%,而土壤容重则比春整地平均下降11.6%。整地时期对0-40cm层次的土壤硬度和土壤养分含量影响不显著。可见,秋整地主要通过改善土壤物理蓄水性能和减少水分散失提高土壤水分含量,保证较高的成株率和成穗率,进而利于玉米高产稳产。     

不同干扰对黄土区典型草原土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土区云雾山典型草原为研究对象,分析4种干扰方式(封育、封育+施肥、封育+火烧和放牧)对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:(1)在0-50cm土层,封育、封育+施肥、封育+火烧地的土壤容重随土层深度的增加而增加,放牧地的土壤容重随土层深度的增加而减少。其中,在0-20cm土层,放牧显著高于其他3种干扰方式,封育+施肥显著低于其他3种干扰方式;(2)在0-50cm土层,4种干扰方式的土壤含水量随土层深度的增加而增加,依次为封育+火烧>封育+施肥>封育>放牧;(3)在0-50cm土层,4种干扰方式的土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量随土层深度的增加而减少;火烧地的全磷含量随土层深度增加而减少,其他3种干扰方式的全磷含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势。在0-30cm土层,4种干扰方式土壤养分(有机质、全氮、全磷和速效钾)含量为封育+施肥>封育+火烧>封育>放牧,且放牧会导致0-10cm所有养分含量显著降低(P<0.01)。(4)4种干扰方式,有机质与全氮、全磷和速效钾呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。     

Effects of Tobacco Waste and Farmyard Manure on Soil Properties and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata)

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of composted tobacco waste (CTW) with farmyard manure (FYM) on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of lettuce. This research was performed in the experimental fields of the Agriculture Faculty's research farm at Ege University in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey in 2005 and 2006. Tobacco wastes gathered from the cigarette industry were composted and applied to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) with manure. Mineral fertilizers or pesticides were not applied in the experiment. The treatments were (1) control, (2) 12.5 t ha^–1 FYM + 37.5 t ha^–1 CTW, (3) 25 t ha^–1 FYM + 25 t ha^–1 CTW, (4) 50 t ha^–1 FYM, (5) 50 t ha^–1 CTW, and (6) 37.5 t ha^–1 FYM + 12.5 t ha^–1 CTW. During the experiment, soil samples were taken three times in two different periods (I, 7 September 2005; II, 11 November 2005; and III, 14 April 2006). The effects of CTW and FYM on soil physical and chemical properties and the yield were investigated. All application rates increased bulk density, field capacity, available water content, and structure stability index of soil when compared with the control. In addition, similar effects were also determined for chemical properties of soil (pH, lime content, organic matter, total soluble salt, and cation exchange capacity). Increasing rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium provided a rise in the yield. Maximum lettuce yield was 102.7 t ha^–1 at the plots where 50 t ha^–1 CTW was applied. The results show that CTW can be used as an effective soil conditioner.     

有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了有机无机肥配合施用模式对番茄产量、品质及氮素在土壤中累积和淋失的影响。结果表明：（1）与肥料用量较高的习惯施肥处理相比,大幅减少肥料施用的不同有机无机肥配合施用模式均能保证番茄产量稳定,显著提高经济效益,平均增收19127元·hm^-2其中（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理经济效益最高。（2）施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥配合施用模式处理可降低番茄果实中的硝酸盐含量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的分别降低5．4％和7．0％;施用有机肥的3个有机无机肥料配合施用模式处理可提高番茄果实中Vc的含量,较全部施用化肥处理的提高9．4％。（3）与番茄种植前相比,番茄收获后土壤硝态氮含量总体上表现出表层增加、深层降低的趋势;大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式处理各土层硝态氮含量均低于习惯施肥处理相应土层硝态氮含量。（4）有机无机肥配合施用模式可显著降低渗漏水中硝态氮渗漏量,较全部施用化肥处理和习惯施肥处理的平均分别降低35．5％和55．1％。在试验条件下,综合考虑产量、经济效益和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式为（3／4）化肥N＋（1／4）猪粪N模式处理。     

紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙试验研究

采用野外放水冲刷试验法研究紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙规律。结果表明:(1)不同下垫面条件的产流量、产沙量均随放水流量增大而增大;放水流量为5,10,15,20,25L/min时,产流量随时间推移均呈先增加后趋于平稳的变化,产沙量呈先增加后减小的变化,二者均存在波动现象,而产沙过程波动更为剧烈,呈现出多峰多谷特点。(2)土石比对产流量、产沙量的影响随放水流量增大而增强;相同条件下坡度越大,则产流量越大,产沙量亦越大;放水流量从5L/min增加到25L/min时,土质下垫面平均径流率、平均产沙率增加量均达到最大,而土石混合质下垫面增加量最小。(3)在产流量、产沙量与放水流量的经验方程中,25°土质下垫面产流量、产沙量增长率最大,分别为51.883,18.770,而35°土石混合质的增长率最小,分别为7.270,2.325。     

重庆市不同弃土弃渣下垫面侵蚀产沙模拟试验研究

采用野外放水冲刷法研究了紫色土与黄沙壤弃渣下垫面产流产沙规律。结果表明:1不同下垫面累积径流量随冲刷时间线性增加,放水流量为10、15L/min时,累积径流量增长速率最大均为Ⅲ小区,分别为3.735和8.579。2不同下垫面径流量与产沙量均呈正相关关系,且水沙关系增长速率大小依次为Ⅱ小区(0.356)Ⅲ小区(0.233)Ⅰ小区(0.111)Ⅳ小区(0.056)。3不同下垫面的产流量与产沙量均随放水流量的增大而增大,在各种下垫面中Ⅳ小区径流量增长率最大,而Ⅰ小区的径流量增长率最小,分别为41.58、16.33。     

闽北山区土壤侵蚀演变与影响因素分析

闽北山区地质、地貌复杂 ,降雨量多 ,经过 3次森林破坏 ,土壤侵蚀面积曾达 2 3 2 0km2 ,成为福建省土壤侵蚀的新的典型区域。区内暴雨多与降雨侵蚀力R值大、炼山全垦整地造林以及不合理的开发建设活动 ,是造成土壤侵蚀加剧的主要原因。介绍了新中国建立后区内土壤侵蚀演变的过程。     

风化煤施用对复垦土壤理化性质酶活性及植被恢复的影响研究

针对黄土高原气候特征以及露天矿区复垦土壤存在的土壤土体松散、抗蚀能力弱、有机质含量低、养分贫乏等问题,利用风化煤为修复介质,通过室内模拟分析试验,研究了种植不同品种紫花苜蓿后,冻融交替作用和水分状况对矿区复垦土壤理化性质、酶活性及植被恢复的影响。结果表明,合理施用风化煤对露天煤矿复垦土壤物理、化学、生物学性质有明显的改良效果。各个指标间存在显著的相关性,有机质含量的提高能够促进其他物理、化学、生物学指标的改善,团聚体百分含量最大达到95．80％,较对照增加1．20％;脲酶活性最高达到0．181（NH4-Nmg·g^-1·24h^-1）,较对照增加88％。土壤水分状况对复垦土壤性质影响显著,含水量10％处理的土壤水稳性团聚体百分含量显著高于含水量5％和15％的处理,适当的水分条件,对改良效果有明显的促进作用。经历冻融交替作用后,施用风化煤对紫花苜蓿种植区土壤的理化性质、酶活性均有显著的良性影响。研究结果显示施用风化煤可有效促进矿区土壤的结构改良及生态重建。