不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

采用野外测定与室内分析相结合的方法,对红叶李林、李园、梨园、桃园的入渗特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,红叶李林与李园、梨园和桃园相比,砂粒含量分别增加5.78%,16.17%和19.59%,粘粒含量分别减少5.34%,10.46%和13.57%,其土壤有机质含量、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度是4种土地利用方式中最高的;4种土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征差异明显,土壤渗透性能表现为红叶李林李园梨园桃园,这表明红叶李林能够有效延缓地表径流的发生;不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗能力与砂粒含量、有机质含量、非毛管孔隙度及总孔隙度呈正相关,与粉砂粒含量、粘粒含量、土壤容重和毛管孔隙度呈负相关,且4种土地利用方式的土壤入渗过程均可通过考斯加可夫公式进行高精度拟合。     

Preliminary studies on triticale,wheat, barley,and rye responses to lime and N.

Abstract

The lime and N requirements for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) have not been established because of the relatively short history of the crop. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of lime and high N rates on triticale, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) on Dickson silt loam (Typic Paleudult) and Decatur silty clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) in 1974–1976. The soils had pH values of 4.9 and 5.5 with no lime and 5.4 and 5.8, respectively, when limed as recommended. The fertilizer rates were 112, 140, and 170 kg N/ha. Yields and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, Zn, Cu, and B were determined in straw and grain. Liming the Dickson soil increased the straw yields of barley at 112 kg N/ha and grain yields of the cultivars generally at the 170 kg N/ha rate. Liming the Decatur soil did not have consistent effects on straw yields but increased the grain yields of the wheat and rye cultivars. Increasing N rate increased the straw yields of wheat on Dickson but decreased the grain yields of barley in the same soil with no lime. Nitrogen fertilization did not have consistent effects on the Decatur soil. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn compositions suggested that more differences occured at the species level than at the cultivar level.     

Elemental and chemical concentration in peach tree short life and healthy trees

Abstract

Elemental concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, and Cu in peach tree short life (PTSL) trees were compared to concentrations in apparently healthy trees in the same orchard. Leaf and stem concentration of K were significantly less and concentrations of Fe and Al were significantly greater in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Leaf concentrations of Ca and Mg and stem concentrations of N, P, and Cu were also significantly less in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Increased levels of Fe and Al and a K:Fe ratio of less than 150:1 in the leaves and stems was associated with PTSL.

There were no detected differences in prunasin, amino acid, or sugar content of PTSL and healthy trees in leaf and stem samples, but significant differences in elemental content suggest some type of stress on the root system of PTSL trees.     

Batch‐Determined Elements Release from Wood Ash Mixed with an Acidic Forest Soil Sample

Abstract

A serial batch leaching experiment was carried out to evaluate the release of elements from wood ash mixed with a strongly acidic forest soil sample. Wood ash application resulted in increased leachate pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and electrical conductivity (EC). Increasing application of wood ash increased cumulative release of inorganic carbon (IC), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO₃), sulfate (SO₄), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and copper (Cu). Release of NO₃, P, iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), Cu, and lead (Pb) continued. Large amounts of DOC, K, Ca, and SO₄ were mobilized. Inorganic C, Fe, and Mg were released in moderate quantities. Manganese, Na, Al, Cl, and NO₃ were released in limited amounts. Amounts of leached P, Pb, and Cu were lower. The mixed order equation adequately described the release of elements in the soil‐ash mixture. Accumulation of elevated amounts of trace elements does not appear to be a problem when higher wood ash rates are avoided. Wood ash should be applied in split application to avoid short‐term concentrated alkaline and salty conditions that could interfere with plant growth.     

The Productivity of Subsequent Wheat Enhanced with Residual Carbon Sources and Phosphorus under Improved Irrigation System

ABSTRACT

A two-year consecutive experiment was conducted at agriculture Research Institute Mingora Swat, Pakistan during Rabi 2016–17 and 2017–18 to study the residual effect of carbon sources on water use efficiency and subsequent wheat productivity. Carbon sources (peach leaf and rotten fruits on dry basis, compost of peach residues and biochar of these residues), Three P rates (P1 = 50, P2 = 75, and P3 = 100 kg P ha^?1) with two irrigation levels (225 and 175 mm) along with traditional planting with no irrigation, were used in the experiment. No carbon sources or phosphorus was applied to the wheat crop at any stage. The results clearly indicated that CS such as biochar with improved irrigation system of 225 mm could enhance the soil water availability in 0–100 cm during the key growth stages, as well as WUE and rainfall use efficiency were improved by 34% and 51% as compared with no irrigation, respectively. Maximum yield components were produced by compost while biological yield was increased with biochar amendments. It is concluded that irrigation volume of 225 mm produced higher grain yield when wheat was sown after the preceding crop treated with biochar and 75 kg P ha^?1. It is concluded that biochar with 225 mm irrigation level is a suitable treatment for efficient consumption of local rainfall and increase subsequent wheat productivity under the northern climatic scenario of Pakistan because it improves the Evapo Transpiration (WUE), Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) and reduces ET levels, thereby enhancing the grain yield, net pro?t, and food security.     

Influence of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on the mineral concentrations in Medicago sativa L. I. Seasonal changes

Abstract

An established stand of Ranger alfalfa was topdressed with equal rates, but different combinations, of N, P, and K. Five harvests were taken and the material analyzed for cation concentrations.

Phosphorus application significantly increased P concentrations in alfalfa, but had little influence on concentration of other ions. Potassium applications showed striking effects by significantly increasing K levels of the forage while decreasing Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, and Mo levels.

Significant differences occurred among harvest dates for 14 of the 16 cations analyzed. Seasonal trends were evident for SiO₂, Zn, Al, Co, and Na.

Applied N, P, and K and available soil P and K were associated with cation concentration of alfalfa and these interrelationships are discussed.     

A nutritional survey of peach orchards in the murrumbidgee irrigation areas of New South Wales

Abstract

A nutritional survey of 23 commercial peach orchards was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (M.I.A.) of New South Wales during three growing seasons (1961–62, 1962–63 and 1963–64). Sampling sites were chosen to provide the widest possible coverage of peach orchards of above average productivity. Leaf and soil samples were taken from each site for chemical analysis.

The lighter textured (loamy sand) soils were found to have low reserves of N, P, Ca, Mg and K which could limit growth and yield. The heavier textured colluvial (sandy loam) and alluvial (clay loam) soils contained adequate reserves of most nutrients except N and P. Colluvial soils were particularly low in P. On all soils organic matter contents were very low, generally being below 1.0%.

Leaf N, P, K and B contents decreased during the growing season from October to April. In contrast, leaf Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents increased over the same period. Since there was a tendency for the leaf N and P contents to decrease slightly during January, this month is suggested as being the most suitable for the collection of leaf samples for diagnostic purposes. Despite the low reserves of some nutrients as indicated by soil analysis, generally satisfactory levels of leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were found.     

Review of Compendium of Beet Diseases and Pests

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine, by investment analysis, the profitability and feasibility of fruit farms in the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey. The criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used for investment analysis. Three different discount rates (10%, 8%, and 5%) were used to get the NPV and CBR for peach and cherry. The NPVs for peach were found to be positive (573.0 $/da, 793.47 $/da, and 1248.6 $/da) [1 da (dekar) = 1,000 square meters of land]. The NPVs for cherry were also found to be positive (3467.6 $/da, 4323.4 $/da, and 6143.3 $/da). In addition, the CBRs for peach were greater than 1 (1.18, 1.21, and 1.27) and the CBRs for cherry were greater than 1 (1.81, 1.87, and 1.94). The IRR was 19.81% for peach and 45.31% for cherry. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that investment in fruit farming is economically feasible and that fruit farming-especially cherry-can be one of the most important income sources for farmers in the Middle Black Sea research region in Turkey.     

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF STRAWBERRY,MULBERRY AND CHERRY FRUITS AT DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES AS ANALYZED BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

Mineral contents of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), mulberry (Morus alba, M. nigra, M. macroura, and M. laevigata) and cherry (Prunus avium) fruits at un-ripened, semi-ripened and fully-ripened stages were investigated. The concentrations (mg kg^?1) of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the fruits (DW), at fully-ripened stage, varied from 2600 (mulberry) to 3300 (strawberry), 1854 (cherry) to 2954 (mulberry), 1855 (cherry) to 4375 (mulberry) and 1025 (cherry) to 2225 (mulberry), respectively. Sizeable amounts (mg kg^?1) of Zn 408 (strawberry) to 1110 (mulberry) and Fe 236 (cherry) to 1080 (mulberry) were also determined. Moreover, the tested fruits contained considerable amounts of sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu). Overall, the concentrations of these minerals except K were found to decrease as fruit maturity progressed. The tested fruits, especially Morus species, can be explored as a rich source of Zn and Fe, the two essential elements that are in short supply in human diet.     

Irrigation water salinity affects soil nutrient distribution,root density,and leaf nutrient levels of citrus under drip fertigation 1

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation water salinity on soil nutrient distribution, citrus leaf nutrition and root density. Irrigation water, salinized to an EC of about 0.3,1.6, or 2.5 dS/m using a 3:1 ratio of NaCl:CaCl₂ plus uniform weekly applications of liquid fertilizer, was applied through a drip system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, both directly under the drippers and 45 cm outward from the drippers, near 8‐year old ‘Valencia’ orange trees on either Carrizo citrange or Sour orange rootstocks growing in a Candler fine sand in lysimeter tanks.

In both undisturbed and uniformly mixed soil profiles, soil pH and concentrations of Na, Ca, and P were higher under the dripper than 45 cm outward from the dripper at both depths regardless of salinity level. Soil N and Cl tended to be higher outward from the drippers than near the drippers, except in undisturbed soil at the 0–15 cm depth. Increasing salinity levels in the mixed soil profile not only increased soil EC, Na, Cl, and Ca, but also increased the concentration of P and decreased the concentration of Mg.

Root density of both rootstocks were increased by high salinity. Root densities and organic matter percentages were higher in soil sampled under drippers than that sampled outward from drippers. Leaf nutritional values and responses to salinity were dependent on rootstock as trees on sour orange had higher K and Ca, but lower Mg and Cl than trees on Carrizo. Although there were no nutrient deficiencies, K of trees on Carrizo citrange and Mg of trees on sour orange were rereduced by high salinity. An increase in leaf Ca concentrations when irrigated with salinized irrigation water likely minimized the effects of salt stress.     

Concentrations of Major and Minor Mineral Elements in Different Organs of Kosteletzkya virginica and Saline Soils

Abstract

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. is a perennial dicot halophytic species that grows in brackish portions of coastal tidal marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. It was introduced into Northern Jiangsu, China, by the Halophyte Biotechnology Center (University of Delaware, Newark, DE) as a species with potential to improve the soil and develop ecologically sound saline agriculture. Fifteen major and minor elements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V)] in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Kosteletzkya virginica and saline soils were measured in the study. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, V, and Pb were the highest in soils, whereas concentrations of Na, Li, Cu, Ca, and Mg were the highest in the roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, and concentrations of K and P were the highest in the seeds. Potassium, P, Mg, and Ca were the main constituents in the seeds, and concentrations of Fe, Li, Mn, Zn, and Cu in seeds were relatively high. However, concentrations of Na and Al were very low in the seeds. The K/Na ratio in the seeds was 34.26, and the Ca/P ratio was 0.52, which was less than the maximum tolerable value for the human diet. These proportions were considered to be an advantage from a nutritional point of view. From roots to stems to leaves, increases in K/Na, Ca/Na, and Ca/Mg ratios could mitigate salt stress of the growth habitat of Kosteletzkya virginica. These results suggest that Kosteletzkya virginica is a halophytic species with potential as a rich source of mineral-element supply, and its products could be used for development of food, fodder, health care products and industrial raw materials.     

Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) variety 'English Morello' fruits were stored for up to 20 days at 2°C in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) consisting of 25% CO₂+10% O₂, 15% CO₂+10% O₂, or 5% CO₂+10% O₂. The effects were compared on decay, juice optical density, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids content and firmness. CA treatment has a great potential for sour cherry storage in maintaining quality and in extending the length of the storage period. The study has indicated that the decay of sour cherry can be greatly reduced by 25% CO₂. High CO₂ concentration gave the best retention of red colour and titratable acidity throughout the storage period. Fruit juice optical density and firmness increased with storage time. Fruits stored in 25% CO₂+10% O₂ had higher soluble solids content compared with fruits stored in air.     

Effects of fertilization and irrigation on corn yields,p content of corn leaves,and available p in soil

Abstract

Experiments were conducted on Congaree loam at Orange, Virginia, in 1963, 1964, and 1965 to measure the response of corn to irrigation and to 3 levels of P. Rate of N was 140 kg/ha. Levels of P were 0, 37.5, and 75 kg/ha; while the rate of K. was 70 kg/ha. All micronutrients were applied in recommended amounts. Excellent corn silage and grain yields were obtained and there was no response to added V except for grain yields on irrigated plots. Cropping with corn, irrigation, and fertilization appeared to have little effect on the P content of the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil layer. Irrigation and P fertilization did not affect the P content of the corn leaves. Fractionation of P indicated appreciable amounts of A1‐P, Fe‐P, and Ca‐P to a depth of 140 cm with less Al‐P than the other forms.

Moisture extraction by the corn, as measured with Bouyoucos blocks, indicated that the corn was utilizing moisture to a depth of 120 cm during silking and tasseling. The corn roots, therefore, had access to appreciable amounts of P below the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depth. Since there was essentially no change in the P content of the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depth, the corn apparently was either utilizing most of its P from soil depths below 15 cm, or available P was being maintained at a fairly constant amount from the various forms in which it was found in the soil. This is in contrast to the usual situation in which plants utilize appreciable amounts of P from, the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depth.     

Optimizing Fly‐Ash Dose for Better Tree Growth and Nutrient Supply in an Agroforestry System in Semi-arid Tropical India

Abstract

Research on fly‐ash utilization in dryland Alfisols in semi‐arid tropical India may help successful establishment of agroforestry systems. A field study was conducted during 2001–2004 with the objective of evaluating fly-ash using different levels (0, 17, 33, and 66% v/v) in tree microsites along with compost and tank silt mixtures. Specifically, the focus was to find the optimum dose of fly‐ash mixtures for tree growth and nutrient release with time of both essential and heavy elements in fly-ash and soil: phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) and their effect on plant tissues with respect to copper (Cu), Zn, Cd, nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). The changes in plant‐available or extractable status of elements and the growth of two major tree species [viz., teak (Tectona grandis) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)] were monitored at 6‐month intervals during 2002–2004 in an agrisilvicultural system. Pit mixtures with 66% fly‐ash by volume of pit significantly increased the tree growth of teak throughout the study period. For leucaena, it positively influenced the growth at initial stages. The dose increased the status of available P, K, Ca, and Na during the study period. The exchangeable Al and available Zn content of microsites corresponding to the dose significantly increased during 2001–2003 but the levels were less than the toxic limits. The available Cd content showed an increase only during the initial stage of the study period. The variation in heavy‐metal content (Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in plant tissues among the different treatments was found to be nonsignificant.     

A review of genetic resources of almonds and stone fruits (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus</Emphasis> spp.) in Iran

Iran is amongst the countries in the world widely known for cultivation of Prunus spp. (or stone fruits). It is both a centre of origin and diversity of the stone fruits. Numerous wild species as well as many cultivars and landraces of these fruit crops are important genetic resources today in Iran and can be used for improvement and breeding of scion and rootstock cultivars which are resistant to many biotic and abiotic stresses through modern genomics and genetic technologies. This paper discusses the distribution, ethno-botany, diversity and utilization of wild and domesticated genetic resources of stone fruits including almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. A. Webb.), peach and nectarine (P. persica Batsch), European and Japanese plum (P. × domestica L., and P. salicina L., respectively), sweet and sour cherry (P. avium L., and P. cerasus L., respectively), and apricot (P. armeniaca L.), all of which are members of the Rosaceae family. The goal of this paper is to highlight the importance of Iran as a main contributor to the diversity of Prunus genetic resources in the world, as well as, present major achievements regarding identification, collection, evaluation, conservation and utilization of this valuable genetic resource in Iran.     

Sewage sludge incinerator ash effects on soil chemical properties and growth of lettuce and corn

Abstract

Incineration reduces sewage sludge volume, but management of the resulting ash is an important environmental concern. A laboratory incubation study and greenhouse pot experiments with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted to examine the potential for recycling elements in sewage sludge incinerator ash in agricultural systems. Ash rates in both the laboratory and greenhouse were 0, 0.95, 3.8, 15.2, and 61.0 g/kg soil (Typic Hapludoll). Ash was also compared to equivalent rates of citrate soluble P from superphosphate fertilizer in a soil‐less growth medium. During soil: ash incubation, Olsen P and DTPA extractable copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) increased with incubation time at the higher ash rates. Release rates diminished rapidly, however, and the limited release of these elements after 280 days was associated with decreasing pH. In the greenhouse, ash amendment increased extractable soil P, plant tissue P, and the growth of lettuce and corn. Ash was a less effective P source than superphosphate fertilizer in the soil‐less growth medium and Olsen P levels were more consistent with these differences than Bray P. Ash increased extractable soil levels and plant tissue concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), Cu, and Zn, but extractable soil manganese (Mn) and plant tissue Mn decreased. Ash increased soil pH and extractable SO₄‐S. DTPA extractable Cd and Pb increased, but chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) decreased. Lettuce accumulated higher amounts of these trace metals than corn, but tissue concentrations were at control levels or below detection limits in both crops.     

Adjusting P-K Fertilization and Liming Strategies to Enhance Yield of Cherry Tomato Plants Grown on an Oxisol

ABSTRACT

Although cherry-tomato is becoming more popular in the last years, there are no specific recommendations for P and K fertilization or liming strategies for this specific variety. Our aim was to assess rates of P and K and liming strategies in order to improve the yield of cherry-tomato grown on an Oxisol with a limited P-availability. Two pot experiments were developed. In the first-one, a two-factor factorial design was developed with 4 P (first-factor) and 4 K rates (second-factor), being these rates the 0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of the recommended fertilization for tomato in South-Brazil. In the second experiment, the soil pH (4.3) was adjusted to 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 with limestone. Soil P-availability, plant growth, diameter, number of fruits and cherry tomato yields were increased with the P addition, while a non-significant effect was observed after adding K. The highest yield was produced with 50% of the suggested amount of P for tomato in comparison with the non-fertilized plants (yield increase of 674%), while higher P rates (100% and 200%) produced a lower yield increase. The significant effect of soil liming was observed on increase of the flower bunches number when the soil pH was amended to 6.5. Cherry-tomato requirements seem to be different from the recommended for other varieties. Our results indicate that higher yields were achieved with a lower amount of chemical inputs than the recommended for tomato in general, stressing the importance of P for tomato cherry production over the other factors assessed here.     

Leaching of metals from a spruce forest soil as influenced by experimental acidification

Acidified (H₂SO₄+HNO₃, 3:1) throughfall waters (pH 3.16 and 3.40 as volume weighted means or control (untreated throughfall water, pH 3.72) were applied for 3.5 yr by an automatic irrigation device to lysimeters containing podzolized spruce forest soils of 0–5, 0–15 and 0–35 cm soil depth. The total volume of the leachates was measured together with their pH and total content of DOC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb and the initial amounts of metals and H in the soil. The main part of H⁺ added with the throughfall waters was retained within the soil. Concentrations and fluxes of Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn and Cd in the soil were significantly increased by addition of acidified throughfall waters; K was less affected. As a consequence of lowered flux of DOC in the A horizon as acid input increased, Fe, Al, Cu, and Pb fluxes also decreased. The mobility of these metals in the A horizon was shown to be regulated mainly by the formation of watersoluble organic compounds rather than directly by pH variations. Compared to the control, the additional annual loss of Mg from the soil profile in the most acid treatment was c. 10% of the currently exchangeable amount.     

Chemical soil properties and bromegrass hay composition as affected by 23 annual fall and spring applications of ammonium nitrate and urea

Abstract

The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on grass forage yield and quality as well as soil properties may vary with type of N fertilizer and time of application. The effects of 23 annual applications (from 1974 to 1996) of ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea (112 kg N ha^‐1) applied in early fall, late fall, early spring and late spring on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay were evaluated in a field experiment on a thin Black Chernozemic soil located near Crossfield, Alberta, Canada. The influence of N addition, fertilizer type and application time on the soil properties was most pronounced in the 0–5 cm layer and declined in deeper soil layers. Application of N increased extractable ammonium (NH₄)‐N, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in the 0–5 cm layer; and sodium (Na), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the 0–10 cm layer. But, N addition reduced extractable phosphoras (P) in the 0–30 cm; potassium (K) in the 0–60 cm; and pH, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the 0–5 cm soil layers. There was little effect of N fertilization on nitrate (NO₃)‐N in soil. Soil pH, and extractable Ca and Mg in the 0–5 cm layer and Zn in the surface 15‐cm soil depth were lower with AN compared to urea, whereas the opposite was true for Fe, Mn, and Cu in the 0–5 cm layer and Na and Al in the top 15‐cm soil depth. Most of the changes in chemical soil properties due to N fertilization were reflected in elemental concentration of bromegrass hay, except for the increase of P concentration in bromegrass with N fertilization. In bromegrass hay for example, N addition increased total N and Cu with both N fertilizers and Mn and Zn with AN, but it lowered K and Ca with both fertilizers. There was more N and less Na with AN than urea in bromegrass hay. The effect of application time on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay was much less pronounced than N addition and fertilizer type. In conclusion, both N fertilizers changed chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay, but the effects of 23 annual applications on soil properties were confined to shallow soil layers only. The greater lowering of soil pH with AN than urea may have implications of increased liming costs with AN.     

Drip fertigation and irrigation interval effects on growth,productivity, nutrient,and water economy in summer peanut

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of irrigation intervals and fertigation on growth, yield, and quality of peanut as well as an account of fertilizer and water savings under drip irrigation combined with fertigation. Pod and haulm yields and economics of peanut with application of irrigation water at I_1, i.e. 4 day interval through drip (10 day in surface irrigation) did not differ significantly compared with I_2, i.e. 6 day interval through drip (15 day in surface irrigation). However, significantly higher kernel and oil yields were obtained at I₁ and also recorded higher partial factor productivity (PFP). Our study showed that drip irrigation saved 37.2% irrigation water over surface method. Fertigation at 75% Nitrogen & potassium (NK) through drip with 75% P in soil (F₃) significantly improved pod, haulm, kernel, and oil yields by 14.3%, 11.5%, 13.9%, and 12.3%, respectively, while net returns increased by INR 13,499 ha^?1 over 50% NK through drip with 50% P in soil (F₂) and at par with others. Fertigation at 50–100% NK with 50?100% P in soil (F₂ to F₄) could save 36.4–37.3% irrigation water over F₁. Maximum PFP was recorded under F₂.

Abbreviations: N: Nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; M: million