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1.
Comparison of chemical fractionation methods for isolating stable soil organic carbon pools 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
M. Helfrich H. Flessa R. Mikutta A. Dreves & B. Ludwig 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(6):1316-1329
Stable soil organic matter (SOM) is important for long‐term sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC), but the usefulness of different fractionation methods to isolate stable SOM is open to question. We assessed the suitability of five chemical fractionation methods (stepwise hydrolysis, treatment with H2O2, Na2S2O8, NaOCl, and demineralization of the NaOCl‐resistant fraction (NaOCl + HF)) to isolate stable SOM from soil samples of a loamy sand and a silty loam under different land use regimes (grassland, forest and arable crops). The apparent C turnover time and mean age of SOC before and after fractionation was determined by 13C and 14C analysis. Particulate organic matter was removed by density fractionation before soils were exposed to chemical fractionation. All chemical treatments induced large SOC losses of 62–95% of the mineral‐associated SOC fraction. The amounts of H2O2‐ and Na2S2O8‐resistant SOC were independent from land use, while those of NaOCl‐ (NaOCl + HF)‐ and hydrolysis‐resistant SOC were not. All chemical treatments caused a preferential removal of young, maize‐derived SOC, with Na2S2O8 and H2O2 being most efficient. The mean 14C age of SOC was 1000–10000 years greater after chemical fractionation than that of the initial, mineral‐associated SOC and mean 14C ages increased in the order: NaOCl < NaOCl + HF ≤ stepwise hydrolysis ≪ H2O2≈ Na2S2O8. None of the methods appeared generally suitable for the determination of the inert organic matter pool of the Rothamsted Carbon Model. Nonetheless, our results indicate that all methods are able to isolate an older, more stable SOC fraction, but treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8 were the most efficient ones in isolating stable SOM. 相似文献
2.
有机肥无机肥配施对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响 总被引:64,自引:17,他引:64
在南方红壤区双季稻田进行田间试验,研究等氮、磷、钾量条件下,有机无机肥配施对稻田氨挥发及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配合施用能显著地降低稻田氨挥发,减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率。单施化肥(尿素),其氨挥发损失达37.8%,而单施有机肥和有机无机肥各半配合施用,氨挥发损失分别为0.7%-1.0%和7.2%-18.2%。田间氨挥发持续的时间,早稻约在施肥后20d,晚稻为9-10d。虽然有机无机肥各半配合施用的水稻产量与单施化肥的相近,均比对照提高约70%,但前者的氮损失少,其氮肥利用率为34.9%,高于化肥处理(33.2%)和有机肥处理(28.0%)。有机无机肥配合施用对提高水稻产量和降低氮肥环境负效应的综合效应最佳。 相似文献
3.
Inorganic nitrogen (N) in soils is a primary component of soil‐plant N buffering. This study was conducted to determine if non‐exchangeable ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) could serve as an index of potentially mineralizable organic N which is an important sink in N buffering. Four long‐term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) experiments that had received annual fertilizer N at 0 to 272 kg N ha‐1 were used. Soils from these experiments were extracted by four 10 mL portions of 2M potassium chloride (KC1) at room temperature followed by extraction with 20 mL of 2M hot KC1. Extraction at 100°C for four hours using 3 g soil and 20 mL 2M KC1 was found to be the most effective. Hot KC1‐extractable NH4‐N minus room temperature KCl‐extractable NH4‐N was considered non‐exchangeable NH4‐N. Non‐exchangeable NH4‐N was correlated with the long‐term N rates, and believed to be a reliable index of potentially mineralizable organic N. The relationship was linear for NH4‐N where the lowest N rate had the lowest extractable N. The mean non‐exchangeable NH4‐N concentration ranged from 8.42 to 16.34 mg kg‐1; whereas, nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) ranged from 0.07 to 1.87 mg kg1. Total inorganic N extracted was similar to that mineralized in a 42‐day aerobic water saturated incubation. In addition, using a linear‐plateau model, extractable NH4‐N was highly correlated with long‐term average yield (R2=0.92). For the soils evaluated, this method provided a rapid measure of potentially mineralizable N. 相似文献
4.
Stability of humus in the plow layer soil is considered to affect the quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter leached from the plow layer soil. Therefore, a model experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of soil reduction under submerged conditions on the stability of humus in the plow layer soil. The changes in the stability of humus in the plow layer soil during submerged incubations with and without rice straw application were evaluated based on the changes in the binding type of humus. Binding type of humus in the plow layer soil was analyzed by successive extractions of organic matter with water, 0.25 M Na2SO4, 0.1 M Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na4P2O7 (pH 10.5), and 0.1 M Na4P2O7 (pH 10.5) with NaBH4. Amounts of Fe, Mn, and Mg in each fraction were also determined to estimate the relationships between humus and metals. The successive extraction of humus indicated that the amount of organic carbon which was extractable with the (NaBH4 +0.1 M Na4P2O7) solution decreased while that of the 0.1 M Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0}-extractable organic carbon increased during submerged incubation with rice straw application. The origin of the increase in the amount of organic carbon in the Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction during submerged incubation was investigated further by another incubation experiment using 13C-glucose as a reducing agent. Atom- 13C% analysis showed that the contribution of organic carbon derived from compounds other than glucose to the increase in the contents of humic acids and fulvic acids in the Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0)-extractable fractions was ca. 80%. Therefore, it was concluded that the binding type of humus changed from (NaBH4 + Na4P2O7)-extractable to Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0)-extractable humus under reducing conditions. Since the amounts of organic carbon and Fe increased in the Na4P2O7 (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction and decreased in the (NaBH4 +0.1 M Na4P2O7)-extractable fraction simultaneously, iron reduction was presumably associated with the change in the binding type of humus in submerged paddy soil. 相似文献
5.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2281-2290
Abstract The applicability of 0.01 M CaCl2 solution as a single extraction agent for soils as a basis for fertilizer recommendation was tested on a variety of soils both from the Netherlands and from some tropical countries. Air‐dry soil samples were subjected to extraction with 0.01 M CaCl2 and to several conventional extraction procedures, and the results were compared. In the soil suspensions pH was measured, whereas in the extracts Na, K, Mg, P, different extractable N‐forms and Zn were measured. The values found in CaCl2 extracts are discussed in relation to results of other extraction procedures and as to their potential value in soil quality assessment. It is concluded that a single extraction procedure with 0.01 M CaCl2 can be applied for fertilizer recommendation purposes. The possibility of determining different extractable N‐forms (NH4, NO3, soluble organic N) significantly enhances the value of the method in predicting the N‐fertilizer needs. Furthermore it was found that the concentration of Zn in 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts was a good indicator of phytotoxicity in a polluted area. Additional advantages of this extraction are low costs, simplicity and repro‐ducibility. 相似文献
6.
Quantitative knowledge of the amount and stability of soil organic matter (SOM) is necessary to understand and predict the role of soils in the global carbon cycle. At present little is known about the influence of soil type on the storage and stability of SOM, especially in the tropics. We compared the amount of mineral-associated SOM resistant to different chemical treatments in soils of different parent material and mineralogical composition (volcanic ashes – dominated by short-range-order aluminosilicates and marine Tertiary sediments – dominated by smectite) in the humid tropics of Northwest Ecuador. Using 13C isotope analyses we traced the origin of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mineral-associated soil fractions resistant to treatment with HCl, NaOCl, and Na4P2O7 under pasture (C4) and secondary forest (C3). Prior to chemical treatments, particulate organic matter was removed by density fractionation (cut-off: 1.6 g cm?3). Our results show that: (1) independent of soil mineralogical composition, about 45% of mineral-associated SOC was resistant to acid hydrolysis, suggesting a comparable SOM composition for the investigated soils; (2) oxidation by NaOCl isolated a SOM fraction with enhanced stability of mineral-bound SOM in soils developed from volcanic ashes; while Na4P2O7 extracted more SOC, indicating the importance of Al-humus complexes in these soils; and (3) recently incorporated SOM was not stabilized after land use change in soils developed from volcanic ashes but was partly stabilized in soils rich in smectites. Together these results show that the employed methods were not able to isolate a SOM fraction which is protected against microbial decay under field conditions and that the outcome of these methods is sensitive to soil type which makes interpretation challenging and generalisations to other soils types or climates impossible. 相似文献
7.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5):469-475
Abstract The phenol‐hypochlorite‐ammonium reaction of Berthelot can be utilized in manual procedures for the analysis of NH4‐N in a variety of soils applications, including total N measurement in soils, particle size separates and soluble organic matter fractions, and in measuring NH4‐N in soil extracts. A simple, convenient, and versatile procedure is described. 相似文献
8.
Chemical fixation of NH3 to soil organic matter was studied in two Swedish soils with different contents of organic matter: a clay soil with 2.3% C and an organic soil with 36.6% C. 15N‐labelled urea was applied at different rates to both sterilized and non‐sterilized soils. After 10 days, the soils were extracted and washed with K2SO4 and determined for total N and atom% 15N excess. Urea N was recovered as non‐extractable N in sterilized soil corresponding to 9.7% of supplied l5N‐labelled urea in the organic soil and 2.2% in the clay soil. Since no biological immobilization is thought to occur in the sterile soil, this non‐extractable N is suggested to be chemically fixed to soil organic matter. Owing to urea hydrolysis in the clay soil, pH increased from 6.3 to 9.3 and in the organic soil from 5.7 to 6.9 and 8.8, respectively, at the low and high urea supply. 相似文献
9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2197-2207
Abstract The enzyme arylamidase [EC 3.4.11.2] catalyzes the hydrolysis of N‐terminal amino acids from arylamides. Because it has been proposed that this enzyme may play a major role in nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils, studies were carried out using short‐term laboratory incubations under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and chemical hydrolysis of soil organic N to assess the N mineralization in a range of 51 soils from six agroecological zones of the North Central region of the United States. The enzyme activity was assayed at its optimal pH value. With the exception of the values obtained for field‐moist soils incubated under anaerobic conditions, the amounts of N mineralized by all the biological and chemical methods studied were significantly correlated with arylamidase activity, with r values of 0.54*** for the amounts of inorganic N produced under aerobic incubation, of 0.44** for anaerobic incubation of air‐dried soils, of 0.53*** and 0.55*** for the amounts of ammonium (NH4 +)‐N released by steam distillation with PO4‐B4O7 for 4 and 8 min, respectively; and of 0.49*** and 0.53*** for the amounts of NH4 +‐N released by steam distillation with disodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7) for 4 min or 8 min, respectively. The amounts of N extractable with hot potassium chloride (KCl) were most significantly correlated with arylamidase activity (r=0.56***). Arylamidase activity was significantly correlated with organic carbon (C) (r=0.49***), organic N (r=0.55***), and fixed ammonium (NH4 +)‐N (r =0.42**). 相似文献
10.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):451-462
Abstract Many methods of evaluating organic soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and N availability indexes have been proposed. Chemical methods are more rapid but they do not measure the soil microorganisms and plant root activities. Incubation‐leaching procedure may remove some of the readily mineralizable soil organic N compounds. Continuous‐incubation procedure may sometimes increase soil acidity or cause toxins accumulation. The objective of this study was to determine, in a greenhouse experiment, the relative capabilities of 10 soils with organic matter (O.M.) content ranging from 2.38 to 8.63% to supply plant‐available N by combining two procedures, i.e., soil incubation and plant N‐uptake. In method one (M1), N‐uptake by 3 successive oat crops of 8 weeks each, without soil preincubation was studied. Method two (M2) involved a soil preincubation of 8 weeks, and the subsequent determination of N‐uptake by two successive crops of oats (Avena sativa L.) of 8 weeks each. No soil‐leaching was used. The results show that there was a large difference in plant N‐uptake according to soil organic matter. The highest correlation between soil O.M. and plant N‐uptake (r = 0.91**) was given by the first crop following incubation. The N‐uptake by the first crop in M1 (without soil incubation) was much less correlated with soil O.M. (r = 0.74*) and was significantly influenced by soil initial NO3 and NH4‐N. The results of this study show that the preincubation of soil samples minimized the influence of soil initial mineral N and that a preincubation was necessary before the plant N‐uptake measurement, even on a 8‐week cropped soil period. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1607-1619
Abstract A two‐step digestion with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/boiling sulfuric acid (H2SO4) ("peroxy treatment") in the absence of heavy metals catalysts is proposed as an alternative to the copper (Cu)/selenium (Se) catalyzed digestion process for the routine determination of soil Kjeldahl‐nitrogen (N). Sixty‐eight samples from pedotypes representative of the Mediterranean environment, with contrasting features and use, were chosen in order to ensure the largest variability of total N and organic carbon (C) contents. The average soil N content was 0.223 g/100g for the H2O2 treatment, and 0.196 g/100g for the Cu/Se one, with significant difference between the means and with limits ranging from 0.042 to 0.678 and from 0.025 to 0.696 g/100g for H2O2‐N and Cu/Se‐N, respectively. The amounts of soil N determined by the contrasted procedures were strictly dependent on the respective organic C contents, and they correlated each other by the highly significant linear regression: Cu/Se‐N = ‐0.017 + 0.955/H2O2‐N, R2 = 0.910***. The goodness of fit of this equation was not significantly improved when the organic C and the Al‐Oxa contents were introduced as accessory explanatory variables in multiple regression models. This should allow an easy and quick data conversion with no need of additional laboratory analyses. Altogether, the achieved results clearly show that the tested methods work with homogeneous performance under a range of soil properties, providing evidence that the current digestion procedure by heavy metals catalysts could be conveniently replaced by the less hazardous “peroxy”; treatment. This really represents an attractive innovative procedure for routine determination of soil Kjeldahl‐N with reference to the environment safety concerns. 相似文献
12.
The effect of presubmergence and green manuring on various processes involved in [15N]‐urea transformations were studied in a growth chamber after [15N]‐urea application to floodwater. Presubmergence for 14 days increased urea hydrolysis rates and floodwater pH, resulting in higher NH3 volatilization as compared to without presubmergence. Presubmergence also increased nitrification and subsequent denitrification but lower N assimilation by floodwater algae caused higher gaseous losses. Addition of green manure maintained higher NH4+‐N concentration in floodwater mainly because of lower nitrification rates but resulted in highest NH3 volatilization losses. Although green manure did not affect the KCl extractable NH4+‐N from applied fertilizer, it maintained higher NH4+‐N content due to its decomposition and increased mineralization of organic N. After 32 days about 36.9 % (T1), 23.9 % (T2), and 36.4 % (T3) of the applied urea N was incorporated in the pool of soil organic N in treatments. It was evident that the presubmergence has effected the recovery of applied urea N. 相似文献
13.
R. J. Laughlin R. J. Stevens C. Müller & C. J. Watson 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(2):285-291
The contribution of bacteria and fungi to NH4+ and organic N (Norg) oxidation was determined in a grassland soil (pH 6.3) by using the general bacterial inhibitor streptomycin or the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide in a laboratory incubation study at 20°C. Each inhibitor was applied at a rate of 3 mg g?1 oven‐dry soil. The size and enrichment of the mineral N pools from differentially (NH415NO3 and 15NH4NO3) and doubly labelled (15NH415NO3) NH4NO3 were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after N addition. Labelled N was applied to each treatment, to supply NH4+‐N and NO3?‐N at 3.15 μmol N g?1 oven‐dry soil. The N treatments were enriched to 60 atom % excess in 15N and acetate was added at 100 μmol C g?1 oven‐dry soil, to provide a readily available carbon source. The oxidation rates of NH4+ and Norg were analysed separately for each inhibitor treatment with a 15N tracing model. In the absence of inhibitors, the rates of NH4+ oxidation and organic N oxidation were 0.0045 μmol N g?1 hour?1 and 0.0023 μmol N g?1 hour?1, respectively. Streptomycin had no effect on nitrification but cycloheximide inhibited the oxidation of NH4+ by 89% and the oxidation of organic N by more than 30%. The current study provides evidence to suggest that nitrification in grassland soil is carried out by fungi and that they can simultaneously oxidize NH4+ and organic N. 相似文献
14.
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and on N mineralization from soil organic sources. Intact soil cores were collected from a grassland field. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea were applied as N sources. Cores were equilibrated at –5 kPa matric potential and incubated at 20 °C for 42 to 56 days. Changes in NH4+‐N, accumulation of NO3–‐N, apparent recovery of applied N, and emission of N2O (acetylene was used to block N2O reductase) were examined during the study. A significant increase in NH4+‐N released through mineralization was recorded when nitrapyrin was added to the control soil without N fertilizer application. In the soils to which N was added either as urea or DAP, 50–90 % of the applied N disappeared from the NH4+‐N pool. Some of this N (8–16 %) accumulated as NO3–‐N, while a small proportion of N (1 %) escaped as N2O. Addition of nitrapyrin resulted in a decrease and delay of NH4+‐N disappearance, accumulation of much lower soil NO3–‐N contents, a substantial reduction in N2O emissions, and a 30–40 % increase in the apparent recovery of added N. The study indicates that N recovery can be increased by using the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in grassland soils at moisture condition close to field capacity. 相似文献
15.
16.
Michael Tatzber Michael Stemmer Heide Spiegel Christian Katzlberger Georg Haberhauer Axel Mentler Martin H. Gerzabek 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(4):522-529
Aim of our study was the development of the methodological basis for the characterization of humic fractions of a long‐term field experiment. Humic acids (HAs) were extracted from three layers of a nontilled soil using three different extractants (1 M NaOH, 0.1 M Na4P2O7, 1 M Na2CO3), and the humin fraction was enriched. NaOH as extractant for FTIR analysis of humic substances yields higher resolved IR spectra, especially in the important regions of stretching vibrations including aromatic and aliphatic groups and in the fingerprint area including amides, aliphats, and aromats than the other extractants. The NaOH extraction has lower extraction yields as compared to Na4P2O7 and Na2CO3 and represents a different part of the soil organic matter (SOM). This is reflected by lower C : N ratios and higher E4 : E6 and fulvic acid–to–humic acid ratios as compared to the other extractants. The FTIR band areas of HA fraction obtained by NaOH showed an increase of the aromatic and carbonyl groups and a decrease of amide groups with increasing soil depth. Aliphatic groups showed contradicting results: The bands of the stretching vibrations increased, and the band of the bending vibrations decreased. We assume that band interactions in the bending vibrations were responsible for that phenomenon under the assumption of an increase of aliphatic groups with increasing soil depth. The IR bands of the enriched humin fraction showed a decreasing trend in case of both aliphatic bands deriving from stretching vibrations and an increase of aromatic characteristics with depth. Our study led to the conclusion that HA fractions obtained by 1 M NaOH represent a small and dynamic fraction indicated by the measured yields in combination with values of Nt, C : N, E4 : E6 ratios, and ratios of fulvic acids (FA) to HA. The humin fraction has a high contribution to the total organic C and represents a more stabilized fraction of SOM which still shows changes in its aromatic and aliphatic characteristics with soil depth. 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):613-629
Abstract Studies to evaluate the use of diffusion for automated 15N analysis of inorganic N in soil extracts showed that serious error can arise from use of the Devarda's alloy recommended for steam distillations and that the error can be avoided by using a commercial product of higher purity. These studies showed that serious error can also arise when NO3 ‐‐N is diffused following NH4 +‐N and that separate diffusions should be performed for NH4 +‐N and (NH4 + + NO3‐)‐N. Other work demonstrated that the plastic specimen containers employed for diffusion can be reused if acid‐washed, that diffusions can be performed using either light or heavy MgO without ignition to decompose carbonate, and that labeled NO2‐is completely removed from soil extracts by treatment with sulfamic acid before diffusion. A comparison of 15N analyses by steam distillation and diffusion using extracts from two soils revealed better agreement for the soil having a lower content of organic matter. Substantial differences in analyses by the two techniques for the soil having a higher organic‐matter content were attributed to enzymatic conversions of inorganic N during the 6‐d diffusion period. 相似文献
18.
The turnover of organic matter determines the availability of plant nutrients in unfertilized soils, and this applies particularly to the alkaline saline soil of the former Lake Texcoco in Mexico. We investigated the effects of alkalinity and salinity on dynamics of organic material and inorganic N added to the soil. Glucose labelled with 14C was added to soil of the former Lake Texcoco drained for different lengths of time, and dynamics of 14C, C and N were investigated with the Detran model. Soil was sampled from an undrained plot and from three drained for 1, 5 and 8 years, amended with 1000 mg 14C‐labelled glucose kg?1 and 200 mg NH4+‐N kg?1, and incubated aerobically. Production of 14CO2 and CO2, dynamics of NH4+, NO2– and NO3–, and microbial biomass 14C, C and N were monitored and simulated with the Detran model. A third stable microbial biomass fraction had to be introduced in the model to simulate the dynamics of glucose, because > 90 mg 14C kg?1 soil persisted in the soil microbial biomass after 97 days. The observed priming effect was mostly due to an increased decay of soil organic matter, but an increased turnover of the microbial biomass C contributed somewhat to the phenomenon. The dynamics of NH4+ and NO3– in the NH4+‐amended soil could not be simulated unless an immobilization of NH4+ into the microbial biomass occurred in the first day of the incubation without an immediate incorporation of it into microbial organic material. The dynamics of C and a priming effect could be simulated satisfactorily, but the model had to be adjusted to simulate the dynamics of N when NH4+ was added to alkaline saline soils. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):213-224
Abstract Rates of substrate disappearance and product formation were compared as measures of urease enzyme activity in an NH4‐fixing and in a non‐fixing soil under tris‐, borate‐ or non‐buffered assay conditions over 4h at 37°C. Tris‐buffered urease activity of the NH4‐fixing soil was 119 μg urea‐N hydrol./g/h or 116 μg (KCl‐extractable) NH4‐N/g/h indicating prevention of NH4 fixation by the buffer; without tris, NH4 production rates amounted to only 35% of coresponding urea hydrolysis rates. Equal rates of urea disappear‐ ance and NH4 formation occurred in the non‐fixing soil irrespective of buffer amendment. Tris‐inhibition of NH4 fixation during 4h incubation at 37°C, however, depended on NH4 Cl rate and buffer strength. 0.025–0.10 M tris (pH 9.0) reduced NH4 fixation to negligible amounts at < 0.03 M NH4C1 whereas, at 0.06–0.24 M NH4Cl, substantial NH4 fixation occurred in the presence of 0.05 M tris; NH4 fixation in unbuffered soil, however, always exceeded that in tris‐buffered soil. Borate buffer (0.06M, pH 10) did not influence the extent of NH4 fixation. Tris significantly enhanced urea hydrolysis in the slightly acid, non‐fixing soil but not in the moderately alkaline NH4 ‐fixing soil indicating an effect of soil type on pH optima of urease enzyme activity. The urease activities of both soils in borate were considerably lower than in tris, possibly because of the combined effects of excess alkalinity and high substrate concentration. 相似文献
20.
Chemical and biological characteristics of alkaline saline soils from the former Lake Texcoco as affected by artificial drainage 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. L. Luna-Guido R. I. Beltrán-Hernández N.A. Solís-Ceballos N. Hernández-Chávez F. Mercado-García J. A. Catt V. Olalde-Portugal L. Dendooven 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(2):102-108
Soils from the former Lake Texcoco are alkaline saline and were artificially drained and irrigated with sewage effluents
since the late 1980s. Undrained soil and soil drained for 1, 5 and 8 years were sampled, characterized and incubated aerobically
for 90 days at 22±1 °C while production of CO2, available P and concentrations of NH4
+, NO2
– and NO3
– were monitored. Artificial drainage decreased pHH2O, water holding capacity, organic C, total N, and Na+, K+, Mg2+, B, Cl– and SO4
2– concentrations, increased inorganic C and Ca2+ concentrations more than 5-fold while total P was not affected. Microbial biomass C decreased with increased length of drainage
but bacteria, actinomycetes, denitrifiers and cellulose-utilizing bacteria tended to show opposite trends. CO2 production was less in soils drained ≥5 years compared to undrained soil but more than in soils drained for 1 year. Emission
of NH3 was negligible and concentrations of NH4
+ remained constant over time in each soil. Nitrification, as witnessed by increases in NO3
– concentrations, occurred in soil drained for 8 years. NO2
– concentrations decreased in soils drained ≤1 year in the first 7 days of the incubation and remained constant thereafter.
It was found that artificial drainage of soils from the former Lake Texcoco profoundly affected soil characteristics. Decreases
in pH and Na+, K+, Cl– and SO4
2– concentrations made conditions more favourable for plant growth, although low concentrations of inorganic N and available
P might be limiting factors.
Received: 1 December 1999 相似文献