不同有机物料对苏打碱化土有机碳库和化学性质的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P＜0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P＜0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。     

Comparison of Chemical Methods of Assessing Potentially Available Organic Nitrogen from Organic Residues Applied to a Sandy Soil

Abstract

More than 90% of the nitrogen (N) in soils is bond as organic N compounds. The available N can be estimated on the mineral N released during time‐consuming incubations of soil. Several chemical methods have been developed as substitutes for incubations. On the other hand, there has been an increase in waste production. Residues could potentially offset the need for mineral fertilizers, being both an economic and environmental benefit. Thus, the development of a routine method for prediction of N supply both from soil organic matter (SOM) and the application of organic residues is of great interest. An incubation experiment was performed in a Cambic Arenosol to evaluate different chemical methods. Air‐dried soil was mixed with increasing amounts of composted solid municipal waste, secondary pulp‐mill sludge, hornmeal, poultry manure, the solid phase from pig slurry, and composted pig manure. Samples were incubated for 244 days under a controlled environment. Among the chemical extractants studied, hot 2 M potassium chloride (KCl) and hot 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) showed promise in indicating values of N₀ (potentially available nitrogen), and these simple methods are suitable for use in routine laboratory conditions.     

A Rapid Chemical Method for Estimating Potentially Mineralizable and Particulate Organic Nitrogen in Mollisols

The objective of this study was to obtain an indicator of labile nitrogen (N) through a cost- and time-saving procedure by evaluating the relationships among potentially mineralizable N (N₀), particulate organic matter N (POM-N) and soil organic N extracted through partial soil digestion with different concentrations of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Soil sampling (0–20 cm) was from nine fields under no-tillage. The N₀ and POM-N were determined by long-term aerobic incubation and soil physical fractionation, respectively. A simple chemical method was developed by soil digestion at 100°C for 4 h with different concentrations of H₂SO₄ (0.1, 0.5, 1, 6, 12, and 24 mol L^?1). All acid concentrations showed significant relationships with N₀ as POM-N; however, the best prediction was resulted for 0.5 mol L^?1 (R² = 0.90–0.94, respectively), thus using this methodology as soil labile N indicator. This method would optimize N₀ and POM-N estimation in short term and at a low cost.     

不同有机替代对黄土旱塬土壤碳、氮组分及冬小麦产量的影响

探讨黄土旱塬冬小麦区不同有机肥替代化肥氮对小麦产量及土壤碳氮组分的影响,为该区减施化学氮肥、促进小麦提质增效和农业绿色可持续发展提供理论依据。于2019年在山西黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区设置100%化肥N处理(HF)、10%腐殖酸N+90%化肥N (F1)、30%腐殖酸N+70%化肥N (F3)、50%腐殖酸N+50%化肥N (F5)、10%有机肥N+90%化肥N (Y1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N (Y3)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N (Y5)7个试验处理,系统研究了不同比例腐殖酸、有机肥替代化肥对小麦产量及产量构成和土壤碳、氮组分含量的影响。结果表明:F3、F5、Y3和Y5处理,分别较HF显著提高9.7%,8.0%,9.2%和18.2%。同时,Y5对土壤中各种活性有机碳、氮组分含量的提高均有显著促进作用,提高幅度在36.8%~114.4%和27.8%~105.4%;Y3处理下可溶性、水溶性、微生物有机碳、氮和轻组有机碳、氮组分的含量较HF显著提高21.1%~156.8%;F3和F5处理下土壤中可溶性、微生物和轻组有机碳、氮组分含量较HF显著提高25.4%~119.3%。可溶性有机碳、微生物有机氮、轻组有机氮与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关;可溶性有机氮通过促进公顷穗数增加而提高冬小麦产量;总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物有机氮则通过提高穗粒数达到增产效果。综上,在黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区进行30%~50%的有机肥和腐殖酸替代化肥后,可达到显著增产效果,同时提高土壤中活性碳、氮组分的作用。其中,50%有机肥替代处理的增产与培肥地力效果更为显著,适宜在当地推广应用。     

植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳稳定性影响的研究进展

凋落物是植物向土壤输入有机碳的主要途径,源于凋落物的碳一部分以CO₂的形式散失到大气,另一部分以有机碳的形式输入到土壤中,在土壤微生物的作用下经过一系列的周转参与稳定有机质的形成。但土壤作为“黑箱”,凋落物向土壤有机碳转移的过程和作用机理仍不明确。结合国内外该研究领域的主要成果,简要介绍了植物凋落物分解的研究方法、土壤有机碳组分及土壤有机碳稳定性,并从植物凋落物分解对土壤有机碳及其组分、土壤呼吸和激发效应、土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响以及植物-土壤-微生物相互作用过程对有机碳稳定性的影响等方面进行概述,厘清植物凋落物分解与土壤稳定有机碳形成的关系,并提出了未来该领域亟待关注的研究方向和研究内容。     

Comparison of Analytical Methods for Organic Matter in Composts and Organic Mulches

Abstract

The conventional dichromate (Walkley and Black), carbon analyzer, and weight loss‐on‐ignition (WLOI) methods are compared for determination of organic matter contents in composts and organic mulches. The objective of this study was to evaluate these three methods for their reliability in determining the organic matter contents of composts and organic mulches that also contain inorganic carbon. The carbon analyzer method overestimated organic matter contents for samples containing inorganic carbon (C) as carbonate or charcoal C. The removal of inorganic C improved the correlation coefficients (r) of results obtained by the carbon analyzer method and the Walkley and Black method (0.95 vs. 0.89). The WLOI method produced results more similar to those obtained with the Walkley and Black method than with a carbon analyzer. Oven drying samples for 16–24 h at 105°C as a basal temperature for WLOI improved results compared with a basal temperature at 70°C, which is commonly used. A heating temperature of 500°C for 12 h resulted in organic matter determinations by the WLOI method in the closest agreement with those obtained by the Walkley and Black method.     

减施化肥和配施有机肥对酿酒葡萄梅鹿辄产量和品质的影响

[目的]针对河西灌区土壤肥力贫瘠,酿酒葡萄产量与品质低下及无机氮肥过量施用造成的环境问题,通过探究有机氮替代部分无机氮肥对酿酒葡萄生长、产量及品质的影响,以确定酿酒葡萄适宜的有机无机氮肥配施用量.[方法]于2018年在甘肃省张掖市临泽县进行田间试验,采用随机区组设计,设6个处理:单施化肥(C),单施有机肥(O),70％...     

土壤有机质测定方法述评与展望

有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,是判定土壤质量动态变化的重要标准。为了便于了解当前土壤有机质测定方法的优点和局限性,利于今后有机质研究和测定工具的开发,本文对当前测定有机质的方法,包括干烧法、湿烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法和土壤有机质光谱测定法进行了阐述,分析了各方法的优缺点以及研究中适宜选择的方法,并对当今农业的需求和测定方法的不足,提出了研究无损、原位测量有机质工具的构想,展望了土壤有机质快速测定方法的发展趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。     

Quantitative Measurement of Organic Carbon in Mine Wastes: Methods Comparison for Inorganic Carbon Removal and Organic Carbon Recovery

The present study aims to evaluate carbon recovery and analytical precision of two methods based on dry combustion for organic carbon (OC) quantification in base metal mine tailings: (1) IC subtraction method (inorganic C(IC) measured and subtracted from total C) and (2) direct OC quantification after acid pretreatment. Results showed IC subtraction method effectively hydrolyzed a range of IC minerals [calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), dolomite, magnesite, calcite] with satisfactory IC (as CO₂ released) recovery (87–103 percent). In the direct OC quantification method, 5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) pretreatment resulted in a satisfactory recovery (76–92 percent) of most organic compounds [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cellulose, plant litter, and charcoal], except for water-soluble OC (sucrose, 40 percent recovery). The precision of both methods declined when C levels were <5 g kg^?1 with RSD (Relative Standard Deviation) > 10 percent. The OC values in test samples of base metal mine tailings were comparable between the two methods. However, IC subtraction method is not applicable for tailings with low OC levels (<5 g kg^?1) until the precision is substantially improved. Moreover, compared to the IC subtraction method, OC values are significantly lower in direct OC quantification method for tailings with high OC levels.     

长期有机肥替代化肥对水稻土有机碳稳定性的影响

针对不同有机肥替代化肥比例下红壤性水稻土有机碳稳定性不明确的科学问题,以第四纪红色黏土发育的水稻土的长期定位试验为研究对象,选取不施肥处理（CK）、化肥处理（100F0M）、化肥处理中30%、50%及70%的氮量被有机肥替代（70F30M、50F50M、30F70M）5个处理,明确长期不同有机肥替代化肥比例对水稻土活性/惰性碳组分含量及有机碳化学结构稳定性的影响。结果表明：不同有机肥替代化肥比例均提高了水稻土有机碳、活性碳、惰性碳的含量,活性碳含量表现为70F30M、30F70M>CK、50F50M,惰性碳含量表现为30F70M>70F30M、50F50M>100F0M>CK。随着有机肥替代比例的增加,惰性碳比例从69.67%逐渐增加至77.26%。不同有机肥替代比例下土壤有机碳的化学结构种类相同,相对含量百分比表现出相同的趋势：芳香碳（33.28%～37.79%）、烷基碳（27.81%～31.19%）最高,烷氧碳（16.19%～20.10%）、羰基碳（10.35%～12.07%）居中,羧基碳（2.52%～5.75%）最低。同时随着有机肥替代化肥比例的增加,芳香...     

培肥措施对复垦土壤轻重组有机碳氮的影响

为揭示复垦土壤轻重组分有机碳氮随复垦年限和培肥措施变化的特征,采用密度分组方法研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、有机无机配施(MCF)和生物有机肥与化肥配施(MCFB)5种培肥措施下复垦4,8年土壤轻重组分碳氮含量及碳氮比变化规律。结果表明:复垦土壤总有机碳氮与轻重组有机碳氮含量变化趋势总体均表现为随复垦年限的增加而显著提高。经过8年复垦,不同处理间,单施有机肥对总有机碳(TOC)、总有机氮(TON)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)与轻组有机氮(LFON)、重组有机氮(HFON)的提高效果总体优于其他处理,与生土相比,增加幅度分别为148.10%,68.09%,163.68%,129.51%,35.00%,92.59%。土壤轻组组分C/N重组组分C/N,土壤轻组组分C/N总体表现为随复垦年限增加而提高,以单施化肥最高,达25.48;重组C/N表现为随复垦年限增加而降低,以单施化肥最低,为6.44。施肥对土壤碳氮库管理指数影响显著,各施肥处理均以生物有机肥与化肥配施处理效果最好。综合来看,在等量养分投入的情况下,单施有机肥更有利于采煤塌陷区复垦土壤总有机碳氮库及轻重组有机碳的积累,单施化肥更大程度促进了轻组组分有机碳和重组组分有机氮的提升幅度。     

彭州市龙门山震后迹地植物群落生态恢复初探

汶川大地震不仅造成大量人员伤亡,并且严重破坏社会财产和生态环境。通过对彭州市龙门山区域选取地震崩塌地(地震创面裸地)、泥石流裸地(大型泥石流冲积扇)、滑坡体(整体滑坡)、居住地(灾后居民安置点)4类具有代表性区域进行样地调查和采样,分析了不同地震灾毁情况下植物群落恢复状况。结果表明:各类样地多样性指数大小为泥石流冲积扇>滑坡体>地震崩塌地>居民安置点;居民安置点与其他3类恢复地的多样性指数有明显差异,相似度也较低。说明这类群落恢复到原生群落可能需要较长的时间;土壤有机碳含量变化趋势为泥石流冲积扇>滑坡体>地震崩塌迹地,微生物量碳和易氧化态碳含量为滑坡体>泥石流裸地>地震崩塌地,而可溶性有机碳含量为地震崩塌地>泥石流裸地>滑坡体,表明在不同迹地上土壤有机碳不同组分的恢复进程存在差异。     

Chemical Characterization of Organic Residues in Agroindustrial and Urban Waste using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Treated and reused industrial residues and urban waste are depicted as potential alternative sources for agricultural use. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical element concentrations in organic residues from the Medium-High Uruguay Region of the Rio Grande do Sul, using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). The organic compounds analyzed were meat agroindustry sludge, organic composites from agribusiness meat, and organic compounds from urban waste (particle sizes: >4.75 mm, <4.75 mm to >2.00 mm, and <2.00 mm). The results showed that chemical elements found in greater concentrations were calcium, silicon, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, sulphur, and potassium. Thus, the EDXRF technique proves to be efficient for characterizing organic compounds and that these residues are appropriate as alternative sources of organic fertilizer that can be applied in an efficient and safe manner in agricultural systems.     

Comparison of Three Methods for Measurement of Soil Organic Carbon

Quantification of soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important element in the assessment of the carbon sequestration potential of soils in tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems. The organic carbon (OC) concentrations of soils in TBI systems often differ from those in conventional agricultural systems due to the additional C inputs from litter fall and roots. However, the presence of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) can confound the measurements of SOC. This study compared three methods of measuring SOC: (i) measurement of the total soil C (TC) in one subsample and, after treatment in a muffle furnace (575 °C) for 24 h, measurement of SIC in another subsample; (ii) SOC measured after fumigation with 12 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to remove SIC; and (iii) SOC measured after digestion with 0.73 M H₂SO₃ to remove SIC. The TC, SOC, and SIC concentrations were determined by combustion. A correction factor was applied to express SIC and SOC concentrations on an original, untreated soil basis. Measurement of SOC by the muffle furnace method resulted in the greatest SOC concentrations for Populus spp. (hybrid poplar) for samples from two of the three depths (0–10 and 20–40 cm). Measurement of SOC by the HCl fumigation and H₂SO₃ digestion methods were highly correlated, suggesting complete removal of SIC with minimal oxidation of SOC. These results have implications for the method of measuring SOC in calcareous soils under coniferous and deciduous tree species to a depth of 40 cm.     

A rapid method for estimating labile carbon and nitrogen pools in Mollisols under no-tillage

The objective of this study was to adapt the partial chemical digestion method for estimation of labile soil organic matter pools by evaluating the effect of different digestion times in Mollisols of the Argentine Pampas. The soils were sampled from nine agricultural fields under no-tillage at the 0–20 cm depth. A chemical method was performed through partial soil digestion with dilute sulphuric acid at 100°C on the basis of four digestion times: 1 (N_d1), 2 (N_d2), 4 (N_d4) and 6 (N_d6) hours. Soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions were determined. The extracted organic N (N_d) ranged from 0.076 g kg^?1 to 0.273 g kg^?1, with a mean of 0.154 g kg^?1. Statistically, the means for each digestion time indicated highly significant differences (P = 0.008). High correlations were found between N_d for different times and labile C and N fractions. However, the best fit prediction was observed between N_d2 and soil total carbohydrates (CHt), with a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.94). Partial chemical digestion for 2 h can be used as a rapid indicator to accurately predict CHt. Because of its speed and simplicity, this method may also be useful for rapid soil quality assessments.     

草甸草原土壤不同组分有机碳含量及化学结构对长期氮输入的响应

为探究长期氮输入对草甸草原土壤不同组分有机碳含量及化学结构影响，以内蒙古东北草甸草原为研究对象，于2010年设置0(CK)、30(N30)、50(N50)、100(N100)、150(N150)、200(N200)kg/(hm~2·a) 6个不同施氮水平处理，测定土壤不同组分有机碳含量及红外光谱特征。结果表明：(1)相比CK，长期氮输入条件下可提高土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量(增幅0.3%～13.6%)，且主要表现为颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的增加(9.22%～16.39%)，但降低土壤轻组有机碳(LOC)含量。(2)红外光谱主成分分析(PCA)结果表明，土壤LOC主要来源于脂肪碳、芳香碳、酚醇化合物，POC主要来源于芳香碳和酚醇化合物，矿物结合有机碳(MOC)主要来源于烷基碳和多糖。(3)相比CK，施氮处理凋落物和LOC官能团中烷氧碳(单糖+多糖)的相对强度降低，烷基碳、芳香碳相对强度增加；土壤POC和MOC官能团中烷氧碳、烷基碳及芳香碳相对强度增加，酚醇化合物相对强度降低；且施氮处理下凋落物及其不同土壤碳组分有机碳结构稳定性(芳香碳/脂肪碳)均高于CK。(4)结构方程模型(SEM)结果...     

有机肥与化肥长期配施对作物产量和灌漠土养分库的影响

根据河西走廊灌漠土上连续27 a的长期定位试验数据,研究了河西绿洲区灌漠土有机肥和化肥长期配施对作物产量和土壤养分库的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥长期配施增加了作物产量和产量的稳定性;7种施肥方式(单施氮、NP配施、NPK配施、单施有机肥、有机肥+N、有机肥+NP、有机肥+NPK)中,以有机肥与NP或NPK肥配施效果为最佳。长期有机肥和化肥配施增加了N,P,K养分投入量、养分携出量和盈余量;有机肥与化肥配施21~25 a后,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别提高了10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%和13.4%~31.1%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~287.8%和21.4%~38.8%,均显著高于对照和单施化肥处理;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,以有机肥与NPK肥配施改善土壤肥力的效果最理想。     

Using Organic Matter with Chemical Amendments to Improve Calcareous Sodic Soil

Abstract

Kangping soil in northeast China is a sodic soil characterized by a high pH and excessive sodium. The high pH and excessive sodium in sodic soils generally cause loss of soil structure, reduce hydraulic conductivity (HC), increase soil hardness, and make the soil unproductive land. After we mixed organic matter (rice straw) and chemical amendments (H₂SO₄, CaSO₄, and FeSO₄), a column experiment was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the soil influenced by the changes in HC, penetrability of soil s`urface, pH, electrical conductivity, CO₃ ^2‐, HCO₃ ^?, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, sodium adsorption rate (SAR), available phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe), and leached P.

Organic matter decreased the concentrations of CO₃ ^2‐, HCO₃ ^?, and Na⁺ in soil solution and increased the total volume of the leachate. Organic matter also reduced the amount of available Fe and increased the available P. However, organic matter did not affect the penetrability of the soil surface as much as soil hardness, HC, and SAR within the short period of this experiment. Among the chemical amendments, H₂SO₄ and FeSO₄ were more effective than CaSO₄ to restore HC, electrical conductivity, Na⁺, and SAR. The chemical amendments, compared with organic matter, significantly leached P from the soil in this study, but the leaching was independent of the concentration of available P in the soil. The CaSO₄ had the strongest effect in increasing leached P from the soil without changing the concentration of available P in the soil. Organic matter with added CaSO₄ leached P from the soil more than all other treatments.     

土壤溶解性有机碳四种测定方法的对比和转换

针对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)不同测定方法之间可比性较差的问题,应用TOC仪法、容量法、紫外分光光度法和比色法分别测定了中亚热带丘陵山地6个土属共46个新鲜土壤样品的DOC含量。结果表明:参照TOC仪法测得的DOC数据,容量法一致性地低估20%~67%;比色法测定DOC含量较低的底土时(200 mg/kg)仅低估7%~27%,但在分析DOC含量较高的表土(600 mg/kg)时最不敏感,低估达53%~93%;紫外分光光度法在DOC含量较高时也存在一定的低估,但在DOC含量较低时高估65%~189%。4种方法测得的DOC数据均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。统计分析获得的线性或指数方程可应用于将容量法、紫外分光光度法和比色法的测定结果向TOC仪法的数据转换,而且有必要针对表土和底土使用不同的转换方程或参数,这些经验转换方程的建立有助于增强不同研究结果之间DOC数据的可比性,也有利于推动土壤DOC测定标准的完善。     

不同有机物料配施化肥对植烟土壤不同形态有机碳的影响

2014~2015年,采用田间定位试验研究了不同有机物料配施化肥对烤烟移栽后45 d和移栽后90 d土壤不同形态有机碳的影响,设置的五种处理分别为单施化肥(T_1)、腐熟麦秸秆配施化肥(T_2)、生物炭配施化肥(T_3)、饼肥配施化肥(T_4)、牛粪配施化肥(T_5)。结果表明:T_5对土壤的有机碳(T_OC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(LOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量的提高显著高于其它处理。T_1对土壤可矿化碳(PMC)含量的提高显著高于其它处理,T_3次之。在移栽后45 d,T_2和T_4较T_1能显著提高土壤T_OC含量分别为7.193%、2.209%,MBC含量分别为20.47%、30.86%、DOC含量分别为1.356%、4.879%和LOC含量分别56.49%、82.58%。移栽后90 d,T_2和T_4较T_1能显著提高MBC含量分别为20.94%、18.87%,DOC含量分别为40.80%、30.22%。通过主成分分析可知,各处理对植烟土壤不同形态有机碳含量的影响分别表现为:移栽后45 d时,T_5T_4T_2T_3T_1;移栽后90 d时,T_5T_4T_3T_2T_1。通过聚类分析可知,各处理对植烟土壤不同形态有机碳含量的影响都可分为3类:移栽后45 d时:第一类为T_5,第二类包括T_2、T_4,第三类包括T_1、T_3;移栽后90 d时:第一类为T_5,第二类包括T_2、T_4、T_3,第三类为T_1。表明植烟时牛粪最宜做基肥,饼肥和腐熟麦秸秆次之。