污泥堆肥施用对土壤单位有机碳矿化及温度敏感性的影响

[目的]揭示污泥堆肥施用后土壤单位有机碳矿化及温度敏感性(Q₁₀)对于市政污泥资源化利用和土壤碳库稳定性的主控因素,并进而为市政污泥处理及土壤有机碳固持提供理论支撑。[方法]以黄土丘陵区退化草地土壤为研究对象,测定了不同污泥堆肥添加比例(0,2.0%,5.0%,10.0%,15.0%,20.0%)和培养温度(15℃,25℃和35℃)下土壤有机碳矿化速率,探讨了污泥堆肥添加对土壤有机碳矿化特征和Q₁₀的影响。[结果](1)与CK相比,不同污泥堆肥添加在培养初期土壤单位有机碳矿化速率显著增加(p<0.01),之后迅速下降直至趋于稳定;而施用污泥处理组的土壤单位累积矿化量是CK的1.6～4.2倍,在施用比例达到10.0%～20.0%时其有机碳矿化速率与累积矿化量均差异不显著。(2)运用一级动力学方程,拟合不同温度不同污泥添加土壤单位有机碳矿化动态均达到较好效果(R²>0.95),潜在矿化势(C₀)值在6.92～39.60 mg C/g差异显著(p<0.05),土壤有机碳矿化速率常数(k)...     

不同含水量及冻结温度对黑土冻融循环过程有机碳矿化的影响

[目的] 冻融过程土壤呼吸在年土壤呼吸总量中占有重要比例,研究探讨土壤冻融过程中含水量、冻结温度和冻融循环次数对土壤碳矿化动态的影响。[方法] 以黑龙江省嫩江县鹤山农场九三水土实验站黑土为研究对象,开展室内冻融程度模拟试验,进行7次冻融循环,设置100%田间持水量(100%WHC)、60%田间持水量(60%WHC)和30%田间持水量(30%WHC)3种土壤含水量;10 ℃恒温处理(对照)、-5 ℃冻结处理(轻度冻结)和-15 ℃冻结处理(重度冻结)3种环境温度。[结果] 冻融循环次数、含水量和冻结温度对CO₂排放量有显著影响,影响度分别为-0.63,0.21,0.14。解冻过程显著增加土壤碳矿化量;轻度冻结时,前3次冻融循环60%WHC土壤碳矿化量比100%WHC和30%WHC分别提高33.0%,35.2%,后4次冻融循环差异不明显;重度冻结时,前2次冻融循环100%WHC土壤碳矿化量,比60%WHC和30%WHC土壤分别提高25.2%,68.0%,后5次冻融循环差异不明显。[结论] 冻融循环次数对土壤CO₂排放量影响最大,含水量次之,冻结温度最小。冻融作用增加低含水量土壤的CO₂累积排放量;降低高含水量土壤的CO₂累积排放量;而对中等含水量土壤,轻度冻结增加CO₂累积排放量,重度冻结降低CO₂累积排放量。一级动力学方程对冻融土壤CO₂排放量的拟合效果较好(R²>0.997),含水量和冻结温度对有机碳矿化潜力C₀值有显著影响。     

Comparison of Different Models to Simulate Soil Temperature and Moisture Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization in the Soil

The rate of mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) in soils depends on environmental factors, specially temperature and water content. In this paper, different models that describe temperature and water content effects on mineralization are examined and the values of the factors used in the different models are compared. The results of mineralization simulations, using the different models at different levels of water content and temperature, are compared with experimental field data from the literature. The results show that the principal differences are found at temperatures greater than 25°C and at water content levels near saturation and near permanent wilting point. The different models were used for an estimation of net mineralized N under field conditions in a soil with ryegrass by using a deterministic model of water and N transport in the soil. The results confirm the differences of moisture and temperature effects on mineralization when the soil became very dry and wet during the rainy months.     

Mineralization of Organic-Amendment-Derived Nitrogen in Two Mediterranean Soils with Different Organic-Matter Contents

The use of organic fertilizers in lands with low organic-matter content, such as those found in the Mediterranean region, is an attractive option for enhancing soil quality and fertility status. However, it is difficult to assess the nitrogen (N) mineralization rate and the quantity of the organic amendment to be added. Thus we conducted a 300-day incubation trial, where four commonly found organic amendments (three different animal manures and one sewage sludge) were mixed with two soils. Our aim was to assess the potentially mineralizable N with the use of the first-order exponential model. Our findings indicated that the N-mineralization data fitted well to the model we used and that the active N fraction (eluted available N per total N added) ranged from 28.4% to 50.3%, depending on indigenous organic carbon (C) content, as well as on the organic amendment C/N ratio and total N content.     

Kinetic Parameters of Gross N Mineralization of Peat Soils as Related to the Composition of Soil Organic Matter

Peat land has been considered as an alternative type of land for agricultural development especially in the tropics. In the present study, the N-supplying capacity, one of the most important soil properties in terms of crop production, of peat soils was examined. Ten peat soil samples were collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan. Gross N mineralization in the soil samples was estimated using a zero-order model, and kinetic parameters of mineralization were determined using a simple type model. Soil organic matter composition was investigated using ¹³C CPMAS NMR. Mineralization potential ( N ₀), apparent activation energy ( E _a), and mineralization rate constant ( k ) ranged between 571–2,445 mg kg⁻¹, 281–8,181 J mol⁻¹, and 0.009–0.020 d⁻¹, respectively. Although none of the parameters showed a significant correlation with the soil C/N ratio, a negative correlation was observed between the k value and the ratio of the proportion of alkyl C in total C to that of O -alkyl C estimated by ¹³C CPMAS NMR. The latter suggested that the k values were higher in the peat soils relatively rich in readily decomposable organic matter including carbohydrates.     

温度和水分对典型香型烟区植烟土壤氮素矿化的影响

为探究典型香型烟区植烟土壤氮素矿化特征及其与温度和水分的关系,采用室内培养试验研究了土壤温度(15、28、37℃)和土壤相对含水量(50%、65%、80%田间持水量)对云南大理、贵州毕节、河南许昌3个典型香型产区植烟土壤氮素矿化的影响。结果表明:不同地区植烟土壤矿质氮和矿化速率变化规律与温度和水分密切相关。3个产区植烟土壤的矿质氮含量和矿化速率均随着温度的升高而升高,在同一温度条件下,以土壤有机质含量较高的云南大理土壤矿化量较大,有机质含量较低的河南许昌土壤矿化量较小。不同地区植烟土壤含水量与氮素矿化的关系不尽相同,土壤相对黏重的贵州毕节土壤以50%田间持水量处理土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率最大,以80%田间持水量处理最不利于氮素矿化;而质地相对较轻的河南许昌土壤和云南大理土壤均为在65%田间持水量条件下最有利于氮素矿化,以50%田间持水量处理氮素矿化量较小。基于一级动力学方程的模拟,3个植烟土壤的潜在矿化氮库(N0)都随温度的增加而提高,总体以28～37℃的培养温度较为适宜,低于15℃不利于土壤有机氮的矿化,3个植烟土壤的N0以云南大理最高,河南许昌最低;土壤矿化速率常数(K)以云南大理最大。土壤相对含水量也对N0有一定影响,且土壤温度和含水量对不同土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率均存在显著的互作影响,合理调控土壤温度和土壤相对含水量,可以有效调节不同生态烟区土壤氮素矿化动态变化。     

外源氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响

目前,由人类活动造成的陆地生态系统氮输入量已经远远超过了其自身的生物固氮,外源氮输入的增多已经并将继续对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解产生影响。本文分析了国内外有关氮输入增多对土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解的影响及其机理:由于研究点环境状况不同,凋落物性质的差异和分解阶段的不同等原因,氮输入对土壤有机碳矿化的结果主要表现为抑制或促进作用;对凋落物分解的影响表现为促进、无影响和抑制三种效果,有关其作用机理还有待进一步深入研究。着重指出对于作为大气CO2"汇"的沼泽湿地,氮输入的增多能够对其碳"汇"功能产生影响,因此进行氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化和凋落物分解方面的研究,对于探讨湿地碳循环对外源氮输入的响应及其机理非常重要。     

Nitrogen Mineralization in Soils Related to Initial Extractable Organic Nitrogen: Effect of Temperature and Time

An important source of nitrogen (N) for crops is mineralization of soil organic matter during the growing season. Awareness is growing that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) plays an important role in mineralization and plant uptake. We studied the influence of temperature and time on extractable organic nitrogen (EON) levels, which is a measure of DON, and their relationship with N mineralization. Aerobic incubation experiments were conducted in the laboratory for five soils at different temperatures (4 20, and 30 °C) and different time intervals with optimal water content (60% of its water-holding capacity). Net N mineralization ranged between 14 and 155 mg kg^–1 within 84 days and was correlated with the initial amount of EON. Net N mineralization among the soils, time, and incubation temperatures was linearly related to the square root of time multiplied by temperature, with mineralization rate k being independent of time and temperature. Because initial EON values were also related to these kvalues, we were able to describe the net N mineralization at different temperatures based on an analysis of initial EON. Preliminary validation with results from pot experiments in the literature suggests that the approach is promising, although the proposed model needs to be calibrated with more soils.     

培养温度对水稻土有机碳矿化参数的影响研究

采用室内培养法,对采自句容市华阳镇的水稻土进行5、15、25和35℃下的50 d培养实验,基于培养实验数据、6M HCl水解实验数据和三库一级动力学模型进行三库拟合,研究土壤有机碳矿化特征随培养温度的变化,并深入分析培养温度对Q10(土壤有机碳矿化温度敏感性系数)和三库拟合结果的影响。结果表明:(1)在5~35℃范围内,随培养温度升高水稻土有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均升高,15、25和35℃时土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别是5℃时的1.94倍、3.55倍、6.01倍。(2)培养温度的设定对三库拟合结果有较大影响,尤其是对活性碳库的影响,在不同培养温度下潴育、潜育、淹育水稻土活性碳的拟合值变异系数分别为64.9%、66.7%、48.5%。(3)Q10值变化范围在1.48~2.88,且随培养温度升高而降低、随培养时间增长而降低。Q10取2或者按照定义式测定的值对活性碳库和缓效性碳库拟合结果无影响,而对活性碳库和缓效性碳库平均驻留时间的拟合结果有影响。由此得出:利用在25℃下的培养结果估计的土壤有机碳库是存在一定误差的,应该进一步探索可行的三库拟合培养温度或寻找其他三库测定的方法;把Q10值取2代入三库一级动力学模型中对土壤有机碳进行三库拟合是可行的。     

森林土壤不同粒径颗粒的碳矿化研究

土壤是由不同粒径颗粒组成的,各粒径颗粒的性质差异大、在土壤中的空间位置不同。为了研究它们各自碳的变化差异,评估这些颗粒在土壤有机碳稳定和周转中的作用。选择亚热带阔叶林土壤,采用物理分组的方法,获得不同粒径土壤颗粒（>2 000、2 000~250、250~53、<53、53~20、20~2、<2μm）,与全土等重量开展矿化试验,研究碳矿化量差异、主要碳形态变化及其相互关系,反向探究不同粒径颗粒在全土壤中的作用。结果表明,不同粒径颗粒按照质量比例作为权重计算的CO2累积排放量、全碳、C/N、芳香性指数、游离氧化铁含量占全土的95.0%~101.8%。<2 μm和20~2 μm土壤颗粒CO2累积排放量显著高于其他颗粒和全土。全土及各颗粒土壤CO2累积排放量与比表面积、总孔隙体积、全碳、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC, Dissolved organic carbon）、 土壤微生物生物量碳 (Soil microbial biomass carbon, MBC)、易氧化碳、游离氧化铁呈正相关性,而与C/N呈负相关性。通过对不同粒径颗粒16个指标降维分析,综合特征指数显示<2 μm和20~2 μm颗粒最高,即它们的综合作用最大。因此,全土壤的碳变化可追溯到土壤不同粒径颗粒碳的不同变化及关系,且土壤小粒径的团聚或被大粒径颗粒包闭可能是降低全土碳矿化的机理之一,有利于维持全土壤碳的稳定或增加保存。     

Container and Installation Time Effects on Soil Moisture,Temperature, and Inorganic Nitrogen Retention for an in situ Nitrogen Mineralization Method

Mineralization contributes significantly to agronomic nitrogen (N) budgets and is difficult to accurately predict. Models for predicting N‐mineralization contributions are needed, and development of these models will require field‐based data. In situ mineralization methods are intended to quantify N mineralization under ambient environmental conditions. This study was conducted to compare soil moisture and temperature in intact soil cores contained in cylinders to those in adjacent bulk soil, compare the effect of two resin‐bag techniques on water content of soil within cylinders, and assess the effect of installation duration on inorganic N retention by resins. The study was conducted at a dryland conventionally tilled corn (Zea mays L.) site and an irrigated no‐tillage corn site in eastern Nebraska. Soil in cylinders was slightly wetter (<0.05 g g^?1) and warmer (<1 °C) than adjacent soil. Soil water content was <80% water‐filled pore space (WFPS) at all sampling times and differed little between the two resin‐bag techniques. Greater soil water content and temperature conditions (though small) observed during most of the study period likely enhanced N mineralization within the cylinder compared to N mineralization in adjacent bulk soil, but the magnitude is likely much less than core‐to‐core variation normally observed in a field. Installing cylinders for more than 60 days resulted in loss of inorganic N from resins. Care is needed during installation to ensure that compaction of soil below the cylinder does not impede water movement through the intact soil core. The in situ method utilizing intact soil cores and resin bags replaced at 28‐ to 40‐day intervals is a viable method for measuring N mineralization.     

Soil Moisture and Temperature Effects on Nitrogen Mineralization in a High Tunnel Farming System

ABSTRACT

Effects of temperature and moisture on nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic amendments in high tunnel farming systems are rarely studied to assist N fertilizer management for high N-demand crops with short cycles. In this study, soils from a new high tunnel site were incubated at four temperatures (2, 10, 20, & 30°C) and five gravimetric water contents (15, 20, 25, 30, & 35%) with and without a dried and ground alfalfa amendment. Net N mineralization was determined by measuring NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^–-N contents periodically over 84 days. Significant main effects of temperature and moisture were found (p < .0001) and tendencies of a significance of alfalfa amendment (p = .0855) and interaction between amendment and temperature (p = .0842) were observed. Only a significant increase of the net mineralized N at 30ºC in amended soil was observed compared to unamended soil (p = .0043). Estimated from the first-order exponential model, maximum potential mineralized N was 1.2 times greater while mineralization rate was up to 2.1 times greater in amended soil compare to un-amended soil. Q₁₀ estimated from the Arrhenius model ranged from 1.62 to 2.04 in the amended soil and 1.66 to1.85 in the un-amended soil. The average optimal soil water content for maximum N mineralization estimated from the Gaussian function model was 33.8% in amended soil and 35.9% in un-amended soil. The results from this study can be used to suggest soil moisture and temperature management strategies to control N availability in high tunnel systems.     

Long-term management impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics of grazed bermudagrass pastures

Managed pastures have potential for C and N sequestration in addition to providing forage for livestock. Our objectives were to investigate changes in soil organic C (SOC) and soil organic N (SON) concentrations and mineralizable C and N in cattle (Bos indicus) grazed bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures up to 32 y after establishment. Management included low- and high-grazing intensity, fertilization, and winter overseeding with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and clover (Trifolium sp.). Soil (0-15 cm) was sampled 7, 15, 26, and 32 y after establishment of Coastal and common bermudagrass pastures. No significant differences in SOC or SON concentrations were observed between Coastal and common bermudagrass pastures. Grazing strategies played important roles in C and N sequestration, as high-grazing intensity resulted in a lower increase in SOC and SON concentrations over time compared to low-grazing intensity. Increases in SOC were observed up to 26 y, while increases in SON were observed up to 32 y after establishment of bermudagrass pastures. Soil organic C increased 67 and 39% from 7 to 26 y at low-grazing intensity for bermudagrass+ryegrass and bermudagrass+clover pastures, respectively. SOC and SON concentrations did not increase beyond 15 y after bermudagrass establishment at high-grazing intensity. An exception was the Coastal bermudagrass+ryegrass pastures, which exhibited higher SON at 32 y than at 7 y at both grazing intensities. By 32 y, SON increased 83 and 45% in Coastal bermudagrass+ryegrass pastures at low- and high-grazing intensity, respectively, compared to 7 y. The introduction of clover to pastures decreased SOC and SON relative to ryegrass at high- but not at low-grazing intensity. Potentially mineralizable C increased from 7 to 15 y, while mineralizable N increased from 7 to 32 y. Potentially mineralizable N was also greater for bermudagrass+clover than bermudagrass+ryegrass pastures. Long-term increases in SOC and SON concentrations suggest that managed and grazed pastures have strong potential for C and N sequestration.     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

针铁矿吸附态和包裹态有机碳在稻田土壤中的矿化及其激发效应

南方水稻土富含铁氧化物,土壤有机碳通过与铁氧化物结合的形式长期固存于土壤中;由于土壤中氧化铁和有机碳主要通过吸附、键和与包裹等形式存在,所以不同的碳铁复合物的稳定性存在一定的差异。尽管已有较多研究分析了土壤中有机碳与铁矿的结合与赋存形式,但是有机碳与铁矿间的结合方式对有机碳在水稻土中矿化及其激发效应的影响机制尚不明确。以葡萄糖为典型小分子外源有机碳,通过制备针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖和包裹态葡萄糖,采用室内模拟培养实验,研究了两种铁矿结合态葡萄糖在淹水水稻土中的矿化特征及其激发效应。结果表明：与单独添加葡萄糖处理相比,碳铁复合物的添加分别使CO2和13CO2释放量增加了0.39倍~0.53倍和0.87倍~1.07倍,却使CH4和13CH4释放量分别降低了0.44倍~0.59倍和0.25倍~0.44倍。相对于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖显著抑制了CH4释放。而且,碳铁复合物的添加均在一定程度上促进了土壤原有有机碳矿化释放CO2,但抑制了来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放。其中,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对来源于土壤原有有机碳的CH4释放量是针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的1.33倍。针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的快速矿化的碳库比例显著高于针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖,且其半衰期（T1/2）比针铁矿吸附态葡萄糖大10.85倍,其快库转化速率（k1）和慢库转化速率（k2）比铁矿吸附态葡萄糖的小10.74倍和19倍。其次,针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖对土壤有机质CO2累积激发效应表现为较弱的正激发(6.44 mg?kg-1),而对土壤有机质CH4累积激发效应则表现为负激发(-15.49 mg?kg-1),即针铁矿包裹态葡萄糖的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化(-9.05 mg?kg-1),从而增强了土壤有机碳的固持潜力。因此,不同结构碳铁复合物的添加抑制了土壤原有有机碳的矿化,且针铁矿包裹态有机碳比针铁矿吸附态有机碳在水稻土中具有更强的稳定性和固碳效应。该研究结果也表明,水稻土中与铁氧化结合的小分子有机碳相对于游离态的有机碳,具有更强的生物稳定性,更低的矿化速率,而且能够抑制土壤有机碳的矿化,产生负激发效应,有利于增加土壤的长期固碳效应。     

旱地土壤施用生物质炭的后效应——水分条件对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

农田施用生物质炭作为农田土壤固碳减排技术的重要措施已受到广泛关注。本研究选择一次性大量施入生物质炭3年后且长期种植玉米的旱地土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件下的有机碳稳定性的变化,结果表明:一级动力学方程较好地描述了土壤有机碳的矿化动态,总体看来旱地土壤有机碳的矿化强度随土壤含水量的增加而增大,在25%WHC(持水量,water holding capacity)、50%WHC和75%WHC水分条件下,与C0(无生物质炭)相比,C20(生物质炭20 t/hm2)、C40(生物质炭40 t/hm2)处理下,有机碳的矿化强度分别降低了28.57%~42.86%(25%WHC)、22.22%~33.33%(50%WHC)、15.00%~30.00%(75%WHC),不同处理下土壤的微生物商和微生物代谢熵对水分的响应存在明显差异,与对照相比,生物质炭施用下微生物量相对稳定,且稳定程度与生物质炭用量有关。因此,旱地土壤施用生物质炭具有保持微生物量稳定且降低土壤有机碳矿化与CO2释放的作用,这对于农田土壤有机碳的固持增汇具有重要意义。     

温湿度和外源有机质对茶园土壤基础呼吸作用的影响

采用室内培养法研究了不同温度、水分和添加外源有机质对茶园土壤基础呼吸作用的影响。结果表明:土壤呼吸速率随着培养时间的变化而变化;温度对土壤呼吸的影响显著,在25℃条件下土壤呼吸碳积累量最大;水分对土壤呼吸速率的影响不显著,土壤水分为田间持水量的60%时,土壤呼吸碳积累量最大;添加外源有机质可以显著地增加土壤呼吸速率,且不同类型有机质对土壤呼吸速率的激发效应不同,土壤呼吸碳积累量表现为菜饼尿素腐熟猪粪茶树枯落物CK;土壤呼吸速率随着有机质添加量的增加而增大,且在一定范围内与有机质添加量呈显著的线性正相关。     

沼泽湿地土壤氮矿化对温度变化及冻融的响应

通过室内控制培养试验方法,研究了不同温度和冻融循环过程对沼泽湿地土壤有机氮矿化影响。结果表明,湿地土壤中无机氮以铵态氮为主,温度和培养时间显著影响土壤有机氮的矿化,在温度-25~30℃之间,N的矿化速率、硝化速率随温度增加而增加,30℃时矿化速率（1.17mg.kg-1.d-1）和硝化速率（0.79mg.kg-.1d-1）最大。沼泽湿地土壤有机氮矿化培养时间以4~5周较为适宜。冻结温度和冻融次数显著影响土壤有机氮矿化过程,且-25~5℃冻融循环比-5~5℃冻融循环矿化累积量高。冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,对维持生态系统稳定有重要意义。     

不同温度下镉在典型农田土壤中的吸附动力学特征

按土重的3%和5%向采自海南和广西的3种可变电荷土壤中添加由稻草制备的生物质炭,混合培养30 d后用一次平衡法研究了生物质炭对土壤吸附Cd（Ⅱ）的影响及其与土壤表面电化学性质的关系,旨在阐明生物质炭促进可变电荷土壤吸附和固定Cd（Ⅱ）的机制。结果表明,添加稻草炭显著提高了3种土壤的阳离子交换量（CEC）和土壤pH,并使土壤胶体Zeta电位向负值方向位移。因此,添加稻草炭增加了土壤表面的负电荷量,土壤表面对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量增强,使3种可变电荷土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量增加,且Cd（Ⅱ）吸附量的增幅随稻草炭添加水平的提高而增加。Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以拟合3种土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附等温线,但Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,该方程表征吸附容量的常数k也随着稻草炭添加水平提高而增大。研究表明在pH3.0~5.0范围内,稻草炭均增加土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量。添加稻草炭提高土壤pH,促进Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附,因为Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附量随pH升高而增加。解吸实验表明,添加稻草炭处理Cd（Ⅱ）的解吸量高于对照处理,说明生物质炭提高了土壤对Cd（Ⅱ）的静电吸附量。     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中〉2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和〈0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。