Impact of Cow Dung Manure on the Solubility of Copper,Lead, and Zinc in Urban Garden Soils from Northern Nigeria

Maintaining the quality of groundwater is a major consideration when developing management practices to effectively use cow dung manure (CDM) as a nutrient source and soil conditioner in agricultural production systems. This study examines the effect of CDM on the solubility of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in urban garden fields from Kaduna under long-term vegetable production. Soil samples were collected from Kakau, Kakuri, Trikaniya, and Romi in Kaduna metropolis in northern Nigeria. Soil–manure mixtures at the rate of 100 g CDM kg^?1 soil were incubated for 2 weeks and analyzed for exchangeable [0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂)–extractable], mobile [1 M ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃)–extractable], and potentially labile [0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)–extractable] copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Addition of CDM increased exchangeable Cu in Kakuri and Romi and exchangeable Pb in Kakau and Kakuri, but decreased exchangeable Zn across the sites. The addition of CDM increased mobile Cu and Pb in all the sites. Although there was a decrease in mobile Zn in Kakau and Romi after the soil–manure incubation period, mobile Zn increased in Trikaniya and Kakuri. Furthermore, CDM decreased potentially labile Cu, Pb, and Zn in all the sites except for Romi, which increased labile Cu. To sustain the quality of soil and minimize groundwater pollution and food chain contamination, use of CDM in urban garden soils polluted with Cu, Pb, and Zn should be regulated or discouraged entirely to reduce the mobility of these metals.     

施用牛粪对土壤-油菜系统氮素组分的影响

大理是我国南方地区发展奶业最早的地区之一,伴随着奶牛养殖业的快速发展,奶牛粪便已成为洱海流域农业面源污染的重要来源。通过在洱海流域内设置2年田间定位试验,研究施用牛粪对土壤-油菜系统氮素转化的影响,为洱海流域畜禽粪便资源化还田利用提供理论依据。在大理洱海流域水稻-油菜水旱轮作模式下,设置不施肥(CK)、施用化肥(NPK)、化肥与牛粪配施(NPK+S)、牛粪施用(2S)、倍增牛粪施用(4S)五种处理的田间小区试验,研究施用牛粪对油菜季土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、微生物量氮(SMB-N)和全氮(TN)的影响,及对油菜地上部氮素养分吸收利用的情况。施用牛粪处理的土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮含量均低于化肥单施处理,微生物量氮高于化肥单施处理,施用牛粪可减控土壤可溶性氮素流失,提高土壤微生物氮库容量,但不同牛粪施用量处理间差异较小,牛粪与化肥配施效果最好,牛粪施用对提高和保持土壤全氮含量的效果随时间延长,其效果显著,相比CK提高土壤全氮含量8.74%~13.69%,相比NPK提高9.53%~14.53%。牛粪施用处理相比化肥单施能提高油菜籽粒的吸氮量,提高幅度达8.51%~17.96%,倍增牛粪施用相比牛粪施用未能提高油菜籽粒吸氮量,仅提高油菜秸秆的吸氮量。综合土壤肥力和油菜产量,洱海流域油菜季较优施肥方式是牛粪与化肥配施,能提高油菜氮收获指数,促进氮养分向油菜籽粒转移,增加经济产量,同时能提高和保持土壤微生物量氮和全氮含量,增强土壤供氮能力。     

不同绿肥与牛粪混合堆腐过程中有机组分的动态变化

通过苜蓿、猫尾草、籽粒苋分别与牛粪混合堆腐进行改性处理,研究堆腐过程中有机组分的动态变化。结果表明,绿肥与牛粪混合堆腐可以使堆腐产物中水溶性有机组分的含量增加,提供更多的营养物质供作物直接吸收利用,并且显著提高了堆腐产物持续生成水溶性胡敏酸的能力,其中添加苜蓿堆腐处理产生的水溶性有机组分含量大于其它处理。添加苜蓿和猫尾草堆腐不但可以增加堆腐产物中碱溶性有机物和碱溶性胡敏酸的含量,提高堆腐产物的HA/FA值,而且在堆腐后期可以降低堆腐产物中碱溶性富里酸的减小,添加籽粒苋堆腐处理这种作用不明显。     

奶牛粪蚯蚓堆肥的基质配方及对草莓育苗的影响

将奶牛粪蚯蚓堆肥与泥炭、珍珠岩和蛭石按不同比例进行复配,然后进行草莓育苗生长试验,通过分析草莓生长情况,筛选出适合草莓育苗的最佳基质配方。结果表明,复配后育苗基质的理化性质优良,适合草莓生长。与常规基质相比,添加不同量蚯蚓堆肥的育苗基质均不同程度促进了草莓母株和一级子苗的生长(除蚯蚓堆肥完全替代泥炭处理外),随着蚯蚓堆肥比例的增加,草莓植株生长情况表现为先上升后下降的趋势。所有处理中,以蚯蚓堆肥占育苗基质物料总体积1/3的配比处理(替代50%的泥炭)的综合效果最好,较常规基质能显著提高草莓母株和一级子苗的品质,母株的株高、生物量、根系形态指标、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和过氧化物酶活性,以及一级子苗功能叶的叶柄长、叶面积和SPAD值等,该配方可推荐用于架式草莓工厂化育苗生产。     

不同碳氮比下牛粪高温堆肥腐熟进程研究

为有效处理奶牛场养殖粪污,建立以之为原料的牛粪有机肥高效堆肥工艺,本文通过工厂堆肥试验,以牛粪为主料,以蘑菇渣、稻壳为辅料,设置C/N=15、C/N=25、C/N=35三个处理,研究不同碳氮比原料高温堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、EC、C/N和养分等理化指标的变化。结果表明,C/N=25堆体达到的温度最高,达到最高温度所需时间最短且保持65℃以上时间最长。堆肥过程中各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低再升高最后趋于稳定,各处理EC都是先波动上升后在波动中逐渐下降并趋于稳定。各处理堆体在堆肥过程中,C/N也都呈现逐步减小的趋势,并最终保持稳定。至堆肥结束时,各处理C/N分别11.7、15.0和21.3。各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时,铵态氮的损失量分别为80.7%、36.6%和46.7%,硝态氮含量分别增加到0.61 g kg~(-1)、0.50 g kg~(-1)、0.41 g kg~(-1)。堆肥结束时,各处理胡敏酸类、富里酸类等物质成为DOM的主体部分,N1、N3处理发芽指数大于50%但小于85%,N2处理发芽指数大于85%。各处理堆肥全磷、全钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加。因此,牛粪高温堆肥能有效处理奶牛场养殖废弃物,且C/N=25时堆肥效果最佳。     

Precision Manure Management on Site-Specific Management Zones: Topsoil Quality and Environmental Impact

Maintenance and improvement of soil quality across spatially variable soils in continuous cropping systems are critical to sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental quality. The objectives of this project were (i) to study the effects of variable-rate application of animal manure on selected topsoil quality parameters across site-specific management zones (MZs) and (ii) to evaluate the variable-rate applications of manure using risk-assessment tools of nitrogen (N) leaching and phosphorus (P) runoff indices to understand its impact on environmental quality. This study was conducted in northeastern Colorado on continuous and furrow-irrigated maize fields. Experimental strips, 4.5 m wide and 540 m long, spanned across all MZs with treatments nested within MZs in the field. Variable rates of dairy and beef feedlot manure applied on irrigated and dryland fields respectively ranged from 0 to 67 Mg ha^?1. Surface soil quality parameters evaluated before and after this study included bulk density, organic matter, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, and particle-size analysis. Results indicate that animal manure applications of 44 and 67 Mg ha^?1 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased soil organic matter and decreased bulk density of low- and medium-productivity-level MZs and had no significant impact on surface soil organic matter and bulk density of the high-productivity-level MZs. Animal manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased surface soil water-holding capacity and soil electrical conductivity across zones; however, the maximum manure-induced soil EC was 1.0 dS m^?1, which was below levels regarded as potentially harmful for maize production. Soil texture was not affected by animal manure applications. Colorado N leaching and P index indicated no environmental hazard associated with variable rate application of animal manure across MZs. This study indicates that variable-rate application of animal manure across MZs has potential to improve or maintain soil quality parameters over time without impairing the environment.     

牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态与微生物生理群的动态变化和耦合关系

在强制通风静态垛装置中研究了牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态和微生物生理群的动态变化。在堆制的56d里,根据堆温变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,测定各种氮素组分的含量和氮素微生物生理群的数量。结果表明,堆肥过程中,总氮减少了21．6％;有机氮是堆肥中的主要氮素形态,其含量降低了19．1％;氨基酸态氮和氨态氮的含量分别降低了20．9％和86．4％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别降低了2．2％和5．2％;氨基糖态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了147％和79％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别增加了2倍和1．3倍。氨气的挥发占总损失的63％,高温期的释放量占总挥发量的69％。堆肥中氨化细菌数量较高,在高温期大幅度增加,其数量变化与堆肥中氨气和氨态氮含量都呈极显著正相关关系。在堆肥过程中,硝化细菌数量总体较小,在降温期增加幅度较大;反硝化细菌数量逐渐增加,堆制结束时达到堆肥初期的2．45倍;固氮菌数量总体增加1．8倍,其中降温期数量较多。堆肥过程中存在的反硝化作用,是氮素损失的另一个重要原因。     

不同腐熟度猪粪、奶牛粪在小白菜和香瓜上施用的农学效应研究

进行猪粪和奶牛粪自然高温堆肥发酵,分别在15、25、35、50 d取样,获得了不同腐熟程度堆肥产物,分别进行了小白菜和香瓜种子发芽与田间应用试验,以期获得不同腐熟堆肥在蔬菜上施用的农学效应,旨在从堆肥农田施用的农学效应角度,为制订堆肥腐熟度标准提供科学依据。结果表明:牛粪堆肥过程中的最高温度高于猪粪,且高温期也长于猪粪;两种处理在35d有机碳含量均显著降低,全氮含量为先降低后升高趋势;两种堆肥在35d后,均达到无害化标准。不同腐熟程度堆肥对小白菜株高和主根长及香瓜苗重和主根长均没有明显抑制作用,对小白菜和香瓜出苗率、根系活力及小白菜单株鲜重和生物产量影响较大,尤其是猪粪腐熟25d,奶牛粪腐熟15d的堆肥表现出显著抑制作用。将堆肥理化参数与小白菜、香瓜生长指标进行相关分析表明:pH值、全氮含量和C/N这3种指标均与小白菜和香瓜各项生物性状无显著相关性;有机碳和DOC与各项生物性状指标均表现出显著或极显著相关性;铵/硝与小白菜和香瓜的GI和根系活力均表现极显著或显著的相关性,其结果与现行的堆肥腐熟度指标并不一致。因此,在制订堆肥腐熟度标准时,应关注堆肥产物农田施用后不同作物所表现出的不同农学效应。     

牛粪配施生物质炭的土壤碳净变化率和腐殖物质组成研究

牛粪是农业生产中常用的有机肥,牛粪配施生物质炭是否会提高有机物料在土壤中的碳净变化率是高效利用有机物料重要问题。通过1年田间试验施用常量(M1)和倍量(M2)牛粪、常量(CBM1)和倍量(CBM2)牛粪配施生物质炭对比了短期腐殖物质碳净变化率差异和结构特征。结果表明,与单施牛粪(M1和M2)相比,牛粪配施生物质炭(CBM2)土壤胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素的含量增至1.36g·kg~(–1)、2.50g·kg~(–1)和5.03g·kg~(–1);土壤胡敏酸和富里酸碳净变化率分别提高1.18%和3.67%。与施用牛粪相比,牛粪配施生物质炭胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素脂族碳和多糖相对含量增加;CBM2处理胡敏酸和胡敏素芳香碳相对含量增加,CBM1处理富里酸芳香碳相对含量增加。表明牛粪配施生物质炭在土壤固碳效果上优于单施牛粪,可形成更多的腐殖物质,提高胡敏酸和富里酸的碳净变化率;同时也有利于腐殖物质脂族碳和多糖相对含量的增加,而生物质炭用量不变的情况下,配施更多的牛粪可增加胡敏酸和胡敏素芳香碳相对含量。施用牛粪或牛粪配施低量生物质炭可使Hu和FA的缩合度增加,氧化度降低,而HA则相反。     

Chemical Characterization of Cow Manure and Poultry Manure after Composting with Privet and Cypress Residues

ABSTRACT

Investigating available nutrients and non-essential elements in manures is important for safe management of animal and plant waste. Therefore, this study was carried out to chemically characterize cow manure (CM) and poultry manure (PM) after co-composting with privet and cypress residues. Results showed that heavy metals concentrations in manures varied as Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd. Addition of privet and cypress residues to both manures altered the extractability of heavy metals after composting. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were observed in manures at 1:0 ratio while lowest was noted in both CM and PM composted with plant residues at 1:2 ratio. Total K, Ca, and Mg significantly increased when CM and PM were co-composted with privet and cypress residues. There was an increase in the P content in co-composted CM with privet residual application whereas a reduction in total P was noticed with the addition of cypress plant residues in both manures. Manures amended with plant waste reduced N content. Both CM and PM retained higher NO₃ content without plant residues.     

板栗苞和牛粪混合堆肥的物质变化特性研究

以板栗苞和牛粪为原料,在北京市密云板栗生态同中进行了为期40d的高温好氧堆肥。板栗苞取自密云水库库区板栗生态园,牛粪取自周边养牛场的奶牛粪便,初始混合物料C／N为25～30,含水量在55％-60％,采用人工翻堆的方法进行通风。结果表明,由于板栗苞与牛粪都是木质纤维素含量较高的物料,所以在堆制结束时,堆肥中的粗纤维含量仍有10．11％,整个过程中粗纤维降解率为57．25％。水溶性硝态氮在堆肥过程中总体呈上升趋势,而铵态氮损失比较严重,比初始物料减少了33．30％。在堆肥结束时,C／N基本稳定在20左右。在堆制20d后,发芽指数（GI）已上升到了80％以上。说明板栗苞和牛粪堆肥40d后基本可以达到腐熟,但堆肥巾仍残存部分有彤的板栗苞,需进一步采取措施促进板栗苞中木质纤维素的降解。     

牛粪有机肥替代化肥对茶叶产量、品质及茶园土壤肥力的影响

有机肥的施用是改善茶叶品质、提高茶叶产量的重要措施之一,牛粪资源化利用有助于降低对农业生态环境的污染,为探讨牛粪有机肥对茶叶产量和品质的影响,通过连续2年（2019—2020年）的田间定位试验,研究了不同比例牛粪有机肥替代化肥对六安瓜片乌牛早茶叶内外品质、产量及茶园土壤肥力的影响,筛选了适宜茶园的牛粪有机肥替代化肥比例。结果表明：全部化肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量最高,为821.87 kg/hm²,其次是牛粪有机肥完全替代化肥处理,为817.13 kg/hm²,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例增加,乌牛早茶叶的产量呈现上升趋势,且施肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量增幅为20.40%~44.01%;牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥及牛粪有机肥全部替代氮肥处理下乌牛早茶叶内在成分及感官品质总体得分均最佳;牛粪有机肥替代化肥可以提高茶园土壤pH,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例升高,土壤有机质、全氮含量均呈现上升趋势,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量均呈现先上升后下降趋势,且在牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下达到最高;牛粪有机肥替代化肥增加了茶园土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶及蛋白酶的活性,且牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下其土壤酶的活性较高。综合牛粪有机肥替代化肥对乌牛早茶叶产量品质、生物学性状及土壤肥力的影响,牛粪有机肥替代70%~100%氮肥是茶园系统较优的有机肥替代化肥模式。     

糠醛渣添加量对奶牛粪堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响

为解决奶牛场粪污和糠醛渣的贮存及其对环境的污染问题,我们探究不同添加量的糠醛渣对奶牛粪条垛式堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响,以新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆为主料,分别添加质量分数为3%、6%、9%的糠醛渣进行为期35 d的堆肥试验。结果表明,当糠醛渣添加量质量分数为3%~9%时,新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆堆肥的产品的含水率、pH、NH₃释放量分别比对照不添加糠醛渣下降13.86%~20.91%、1.09%~4.37%、12.86%~30.82%,种子发芽指数和C/N分别提高24.35%~43.48%、12.54%~31.22%。综上考虑认为,采用奶牛粪堆肥时,添加质量分数为3%~9%的糠醛渣,可促进堆肥物料的分解转化,加快腐熟速度,降低氨气释放量。     

A Review of the Use of Manure in Small-Scale Crop Production Systems in South Africa

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews the problems of soil fertility under small-scale crop production systems in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. The role of manure in maintaining and replenishing soil fertility for crop production and the fate of manure once applied to the soil are reviewed and discussed. Special emphasis is placed on cattle and chicken manure and the role that soil texture plays in the mineralization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In KwaZulu-Natal, small-scale farmers' maize (Zea mays L.) yields are between 1.0 and 1.5 mg ha^?1, which is very low compared with the maize potential yield of 4.5 mg ha^?1 for the area under small-scale farming conditions. A review of available literature on the use of manure for soil-fertility management showed that manure is a good source of plant nutrients. The use of manure is an old technology that is appropriate for small-scale farmers in South Africa, as most farmers practice mixed livestock and crop farming. Despite the use of manure dating back many years, small-scale farmers in South Africa are not fully exploiting the available manure for replenishing the fertility of their soils.     

石灰和绿肥对不同种植制度植烟酸性土壤改良效果

为寻求酸性植烟土壤可持续改良方法,采用大田试验研究了石灰、石灰+绿肥在烤烟连作、烤烟与玉米轮作方式上对酸性植烟土壤物理特性、主要养分和酸度特征指标的影响,并分析了土壤pH与土壤理化指标的相关性。结果表明:在烤烟连作方式下,施用石灰并结合种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤比单施石灰效果好,能使土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝分别降低11.97%,25.00%,18.46%,21.74%和16.67%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量分别提高42.26%,57.02%,11.86%,16.39%,50.65%,5.97%,8.05%,13.17%和81.90%。施用石灰并结合种植绿肥对烤烟与玉米轮作方式的酸性土壤修复效果较烤烟连作更好,土壤容重、水解性酸、交换性酸、交换性氢和交换性铝可分别降低4.00%,20.51%,27.92%,10.00%和37.14%,土壤孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、pH、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度和土壤缓冲容量可分别提高9.17%,13.97%,7.22%,12.06%,5.08%,5.15%,35.27%,15.44%和28.05%。石灰+绿肥协同改良酸性土壤的效果比单施石灰好,烤烟与玉米轮作较烤烟连作更有利于酸化土壤的修复。研究结果为采用石灰和种植绿肥还田改良酸性土壤提供了理论依据和实践指导。     

香蕉茎秆与鸡粪混合堆肥效果的探讨

利用香蕉茎秆与鸡粪为底料进行了C/N分别为15.2、21.5、25.5、31.8、41.5的堆肥对比试验,定量化研究了堆肥过程中堆体的温度、水分、pH和EC、全碳、全氮及C/N、养分有效含量随时间的变化规律。结果表明,堆体初始C/N在20～40范围内,均能成功地进行好氧堆肥。当C/N低于15.2时,堆体温度上升快,但高温持续时间短,pH高,水溶性盐分的含量高,有机质和总养分含量较低,而且由于加入鸡粪太多,增加了堆肥的成本;当C/N大于41.5时,堆体温度上升慢,进入高温期所需时间长,堆体含水率过高。综合考虑各方面因素,堆肥初始C/N控制在20～30为宜,以25.5为最佳;腐熟期为27d左右,对应适宜的C/N判断值为18。     

Mineralization of Nitrogen in Soils Amended with Dairy Manure as Affected by Wetting/Drying Cycles

Abstract

Interest in manure management and its effects on nitrogen (N) mineralization has increased in recent years. The focus of this research was to investigate the N‐mineralization rates of different soil types in Coastal Plain soils and compare them to a soil from Illinois. Soils with and without dairy composted manure addition were subjected to different wetting/drying cycles [constant moisture at 60% water‐filled pore space (WFPS) and cycling moisture from 60 to 30% WFPS] under laboratory conditions at three different temperatures (11°C, 18°C, and 25°C). Samples were collected from three different soil types: Catlin (Mollisols), Bama (Ultisols), and Goldsboro (Utilsols). Soil chemical and physical properties were determined to help assess variations in N-mineralization rates. Addition of composted manure greatly impacted the amount of N mineralized. The amount of manure‐derived organic N mineralized to inorganic forms was mainly attributed to the soil series, with the Catlin (silt loam) producing the most inorganic N followed by the Goldsboro (loam) and then Bama (sandy loam). This was probably due to soil texture and the native climatic conditions of the soil. No significant differences were observed between the constant and cycling moisture regimens, suggesting that the imposed drying cycle may not have been sufficient to desiccate microbial cells and cause a flush in N mineralization upon rewetting. Nitrogen mineralization responded greatly to the influence of temperature, with the greatest N mineralization occurring at 25°C. The information acquired from this study may aid in predicting the impact of manure application to help increase N‐use efficiency when applied under different conditions (e.g., climate season) and soil types.     

不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温堆腐的影响

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用好氧堆肥的方式,研究添加三种不同微生物菌剂对鸡粪高温腐熟效果的影响,探索有益微生物菌剂在畜禽废弃物高温堆肥中的作用。分析了堆肥不同时期各处理的堆温、pH值、种子发芽指数、水溶性铵态氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮、有机碳的变化。结果表明,在添加玉米秸秆调节物料碳氮比(25/1)的情况下,添加本研究中所采用的微生物菌剂可以迅速降低物料对种子发芽指数的影响,使发芽指数在21 d内达到80%以上,较对照提高45.52%;对水溶性铵态氮的转化和水溶性有机氮的形成都有明显的促进作用,腐熟堆肥的氮素保持提高25.46%;明显提高堆肥初期发酵温度,使堆体在第2 d达到高温阶段,并持续7 d以上,最高温度比对照高4.8℃,满足堆肥无害化卫生要求,大大缩短堆腐周期。综合多项指标分析,接种菌剂M2对促进有机碳的分解、有机氮的形成和提高腐熟效率更为有利。     

不同处理牛粪对植菜土壤腐殖质结构特征的影响

通过元素组成分析法、红外光谱分析法(IR)、核磁共振光谱分析法(13 C-NMR)等现代分析方法,研究施用新鲜牛粪、腐解牛粪和蛴螬牛粪2a后对植菜轮作土壤胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥(CK)相比,不同牛粪处理对植菜土壤胡敏酸和富里酸的元素组成影响有较大的差异,各牛粪处理均引发植菜土壤胡敏酸C含量和C/H降低,O含量、O/C和(N+O)/C升高,富里酸C含量和C/N升高,N、O含量和O/C降低,降低了植菜土壤胡敏酸的缩合程度,升高了土壤胡敏酸的氧化程度和极性,降低了植菜土壤富里酸的氧化程度。不同牛粪处理使植菜土壤胡敏酸的脂肪族化合物减少,且均含有苯基碳、酚羟基C、芳香醚和(或)与O、N等取代基邻、对位的连H芳香C,使芳构化程度增加,富里酸的脂肪族化合物增加,芳香类、羧基类化合物减少,芳构化程度降低。不同牛粪处理的植菜土壤未改变土壤腐殖质的基本结构特征,只引起植菜土壤的结构单元和官能团数量上的差异。     

蜉金龟堆肥和自然堆肥类富里酸的表征及特性研究

分别用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠浸提新鲜牛粪、蜉金龟堆肥(APCM)和自然堆肥(腐熟牛粪)产物中的类富里酸,采用元素分析、红外光谱及差热分析研究其结构特征.元素分析结果表明,自然堆肥焦磷酸钠浸提物类富里酸(NaFLA)的芳香性、碳水化合物及含氮化合物的含量均高于新鲜牛粪和蜉金龟堆肥.新鲜牛粪氢氧化钠浸提物类富里酸(PAFLA)的芳香性、碳水化合物均高于自然堆肥和蜉金龟堆肥;而自然堆肥PAFLA的含氮化合物含量高于新鲜牛粪.红外光谱分析表明蜉金龟堆肥NaFLA的羧酸脂类化合物及酮类化合物有所增加;自然堆肥和蜉金龟堆肥PAFLA的氢键强度、芳化度高于新鲜牛粪PAFLA.差热分析结果表明,与新鲜牛粪和自然堆肥相比,蜉金龟堆肥NaFLA分子中脂族化合物分解及外围官能团的脱羧和彻底氧化,分子内部芳香结构分解.与新鲜牛粪PAFLA相比,蜉金龟堆肥及自然堆肥PAFLA的脂族性较强,芳香性较弱.