Comparison of iron chelates and complexes supplied as foliar sprays and in nutrient solution to correct iron chlorosis of soybean

The application of synthetic chelates is the most efficient remedy for correcting iron (Fe) chlorosis. However, chelates are usually expensive and nondegradable products. Recently, new degradable chelates have been proposed for their use as Fe fertilizers. Also, Fe complexes cheaper than synthetic chelates and derived from natural products are also used to correct Fe deficiencies. Fifteen products, including five different synthetic chelates (Fe‐EDDS, Fe‐IDHA, and three Fe‐EDTA formulations) and ten natural complexes (humates, lignosulfonates, amino acids, glycoproteins, polyamines, citrate, and gluconate), have been compared when applied at low concentration to soybean (Glycine max L.) chlorotic plants grown in hydroponics under controlled conditions. In the first experiment, Fe compounds were applied to the nutrient solution, while in the second trial, Fe was foliar‐supplied. Dry matter, Fe concentration in shoots and roots, and SPAD values were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fe in the different products. In the nutrient‐solution experiment, synthetic chelates provided better plant growth, Fe concentration, and SPAD values than complexes. Among the Fe complexes, transferrin generally provided good plant responses, similar to those obtained with synthetic chelates. After foliar application, the highest regreening was observed for plants treated with synthetic chelates and amino acid complexes, but the translocation to roots only occurred for Fe lignosulfonate. Fe‐EDDS and Fe‐EDTA performed in a similar way when applied in nutrient solution or as foliar sprays.     

含锌钢铁渣肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了含锌钢铁渣肥对番茄产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明,施用氮磷钾化肥添加含锌钢铁渣肥能够促进番茄的生长发育,可使番茄产量比单施氮磷钾化肥增产2.78%~17.03%,可溶性糖含量提高4.74%~7.11%,Vc含量降低,对蛋白质含量影响不大。     

秸秆扩蓄肥对土壤水分和马铃薯产量品质及水分利用的影响

为了增强土壤保水力,改善土壤结构,提高土壤水肥利用效率,该文将玉米、小麦和大豆3种作物秸秆经理化处理并与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)结合造粒形成的秸秆扩蓄肥应用于马铃薯大田栽培,并与单施钾肥及不施肥处理为对比,研究了3种秸秆扩蓄肥对马铃薯生长发育期间的土壤物理性状、生理特征、产量品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,3种秸秆扩蓄肥具有较强的保水性能,能显著增加0～20cm表层土壤含水率,提高马铃薯苗期、块茎增长期、淀粉累积期的土壤耕层及20～70cm水分;有效降低土壤体积质量,提高非毛管孔隙比例,增加土壤孔隙度;显著提高马铃薯盛花期叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,增加马铃薯株高、冠幅面积和叶面积。与不施肥处理比较,秸秆扩蓄肥处理的淀粉含量提高12.3%～13.6%,大中薯率提高37.9%～42.8%,产量提高39.3%～50.4%,水分利用效率提高35.6%～45.4%。该研究为秸秆扩蓄肥的推广提供了依据。     

Comparative study on the effectiveness of several iron compounds in the iron chlorosis correction in citrus plants

A comparative study was carried out on the effectiveness of several commercial Fe‐compounds applied through the soil as well as via leaf spray, with a view to control the Fe‐chlorosis in Verna lemon trees directly grafted on sour orange rootstock, with a Salustiano orange tree as intermediate. The results obtained during 1985 confirm the conclusions of previous experiments: The most effective treatments were the leaf spray with Fe‐polyflavonoids, though it is interesting that Fe‐chelates applied to soil were also highly effective, as Fe leaf levels were higher than 100 ppm one month after treatments.     

不同氮肥对潮土中磷肥转化的动态影响

利用室内土培试验研究了不同氮肥对潮土中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，除硝酸铵，不同氮肥均显著降低土壤有效磷含量，其中以硝酸钙和尿素处理作用最显著；不同氮肥均显著降低土壤水溶性磷含量，但硝酸铵的作用显著小于其他氮肥；各氮肥处理在培养15d时，土壤水溶性磷含量差异最显著，硝酸钙和尿素处理的土壤水溶性磷含量有小于氯化铵和硫酸铵处理的趋势，但随着时间延长，除硝酸铵外，各氮肥处理间差异不大。     

土壤扩蓄增容肥对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过正交试验,研究秸秆配方、绵土配方2种土壤扩蓄增容肥对春玉米的应用效果。结果表明：在春玉米品种、肥料用量及灌水量共同影响下,秸秆配方、绵土配方土壤扩蓄增容肥在减少无机肥料用量28.6%情况下,仍能起到保持产量的作用;同时秸秆配方能有效提高水分利用效率与降水利用效率。与对照相比,秸秆配方在苗期及拔节期能有效减少土壤无效蒸发,提高0～20 cm土壤水分的保蓄能力。该研究为秸秆配方土壤扩蓄增容肥的推广奠定了理论基础。     

施肥措施对红壤结构的影响

利用长期定位试验研究红壤开垦利用后不同施肥措施下红壤结构的变化结果表明,红壤开垦利用后,＞1mm机械稳定性大团聚体有所增加,而1mm水稳定性团聚体含量有所下降,但施用有机肥可缓冲1mm大团聚体含量下降的趋势,增加＞0.25mm大团聚体总量.红壤开垦利用后土壤容重变小,土壤孔隙度增加.施用有机肥可使土壤毛管孔隙度增加50%,有效水库容增加64%,而施用化肥仅分别比荒草地红壤增加27%和33%.施用绿肥、稻草或秸秆还田有利于提高土壤的持水性能,而施用化肥对土壤持水性能似无明显改善作用.     

The effects of starter fertilizers on the growth and nitrogen use efficiency of onion and lettuce

Abstract. Broadcast granular fertilizers are inefficient at supplying nitrogen (N) to wide-spaced row crops. Substantial nitrate residues can remain in the soil post-harvest, even when recommended fertilizer practices are followed. This paper explores the benefits of an alternative strategy based on targeting small amounts of liquid nitrogen starter fertilizer close to the seed at drilling to increase N use efficiency and reduce potential pollution. Bulb onion ( Allium cepa ) and crisp lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) were grown with various rates and combinations of ammonium phosphate (AP) and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) as 'starters', in comparison with seedbed incorporated ammonium nitrate. AP consistently improved early growth and final yield of both crops compared to broadcast ammonium nitrate, but UAN showed no additional benefits. AP in combination with broadcast N, or injected UAN, generally increased N recovery, and produced yields of marketable quality produce matched only by much higher rates of broadcast N. A reduced N input system based on starter fertilizers is likely to be acceptable to the industry, but would rely on a method to predict how much N is required to supplement that provided by the starter.     

淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土中磷肥转化的动态影响

利用室内土培试验研究了淹水条件下不同氮肥对水稻土（黄泥土）中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，培养1d时，不同氮肥对土壤有效磷含量无显著影响，但显著降低土壤的水溶性磷含量；之后，硝酸铵和硝酸钙处理显著增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量；氯化铵和硫酸铵处理表现降低土壤水溶性磷含量的作用，而对土壤有效磷含量仍无显著影响；尿素处理15d和35d时有增加土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量的作用，而70d和105d时土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量与对照处理差异不大。     

Co-situs application of controlled-release fertilizers to alleviate iron chlorosis of paddy rice grown in calcareous soil

Abstract

Co-situs is the placement with one application of a sufficient amount of controlled-release fertilizer for an entire growing season at any site, together with seeds or seedlings, without causing fertilizer salt injury. An experiment was conducted to find an efficient method for ameliorating Fe deficiency in two rice cultivars (cv. Tsukinohikari and cv. Sasanishiki) grown in a calcareous soil (pH 9.2, CaCO₃ 384 g kg^?1), which was poor in organic matter (0.1 g kg^?1) and available Fe (3.0 μg g^?1 soil). The field treatments consisted of co-situs application of the following fertilizers: 1) controlled-release NPK fertilizer (CRF-NPK) containing no micronutrients; 2) controlled-release NPK fertilizer containing micronutrients (CRF-M1); and 3) controlled-release NPK fertilizer containing micronutrients (CRF-M2). The main difference between CRF-M1 and CRF-M2 was that the former had larger granules than the latter. All the fertilizers were placed in contact with the roots of rice seedlings at transplanting time. Plants in the CRF-M1 and CRF-M2 treatments had similar lengths, number of stems, leaf age, and leaf color (SPAR value) during the cultivation period. By contrast, plants from the CRF-NPK treatments grew poorly, showed severe chlorosis symptoms of Fe deficiency, and all died on 30 DAT. Plants of both cultivars accumulated more macroand micronutrients with the CRF-M2 treatment than with the CRF-M1 treatment. The grain yield of cv. Tsukinohikari was 0.0, 1,910, and 2,160 kg ha^?1 for the CRF-NPK, CRF-M1, and CRF-M2 treatments, respectively, and 0.0, 2,490, and 2,860 kg ha^?1 for the same treatments for cv. Nihonbare. Chlorosis due to iron deficiency was successfully ameliorated and world-average grain yields were obtained with the co-sites application of both controlled-release fertilizers.     

草甸黑土团聚体稳定性对耕作与炭基肥施用的响应

为了阐明东北草甸黑土典型区域短期耕作深度及炭基肥料施入对土壤团聚体稳定性影响,2016－2018年连续3 a翻耕秸秆全量还田玉米地上,设置深耕（DCF）与旋耕(SCF),配施有机肥(M)和生物炭(C),共6个处理：DCF、DCF+M、DCF+B、SCF、SCF+M、SCF+B。利用干湿筛法获得土壤团聚体6个粒级组,分析了平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,MWD）、水稳性团聚体比例（water-stable aggregate,WSA）、团聚体破坏度（percentage of aggregate destruction,PAD）、水稳性团聚体几何直径（geometric mean diameter,GMD）以及土壤团聚体有机碳组成和游离结晶态铁铝氧化物（FeDCB和AlDCB）、无定性态铁铝氧化物（Feoxa和Aloxa）。结果表明,耕作方式和施肥显著影响土壤团聚体组成,影响程度表现为旋耕＞深耕,增施有机肥＞常规施肥＞增施生物炭。不同形态铁铝氧化物质量分数在0.10～2.45 g/kg之间,游离结晶态铁铝氧化物含量显著高于无定形态铁铝氧化物含量。除FeDCB外,DCF处理铁铝氧化物含量均高于DCF+B处理,SCF处理Aloxa含量显著高于SCF+M、SCF+B处理19.35%和12.12%; Feoxa和Aloxa与>0.25 mm团聚体、WSA相关性大于其他影响因素,Feoxa对变异解释贡献率为61.3%。土壤有机碳含量与<0.25 mm团聚体负相关,而与>0.25 mm团聚体成正相关,其贡献率为33.0%。AlDCB、Aloxa及>0.25 mm团聚体的形成呈正相关关系,二者总贡献率为9.3%;铁铝氧化物及有机碳改变共同解释74.9%土壤团聚体稳定性和粒级分布,铁铝氧化物单独贡献率为7.9%,有机碳组分单独贡献率为9.2%;综上所述,短期耕作与炭基肥料施入对土壤结构稳定性影响显著,SCF+M是比较理想的耕作模式,在草甸黑土改良中具有一定应用价值。     

The effect of humic acids on the availability of phosphorus fertilizers in alkaline soils

Abstract. The effect of humic acids on transformation of phosphorus fertilizer was studied in an alkaline soil. Soil P was fractionated following 4 and 15 days incubation after humic acids were applied with phosphorus fertilizer to the soil. The availability of phosphate in the soil and total phosphorus in plants were determined at earing stage and at maturity in a pot experiment, and wheat yield was examined in a field trial. Addition of humic acids to soil with P fertilizer significantly increased the amount of water soluble phosphate, strongly retarded the formation of occluded phosphate and increased P uptake and yield by 25%.     

氮锌配施对不同冬小麦品种产量及锌营养的影响

为比较石灰性土壤氮锌配施对不同小麦品种生长及锌营养的影响,选10种本地主要种植小麦品种,进行连续两年的田间试验,测定小麦产量及锌含量。结果表明,在石灰性土壤上单施锌肥和氮锌配施对小麦产量、籽粒锌含量的影响因品种而异。单施锌肥及氮锌配施处理可显著增加土壤有效锌含量,但单施锌肥处理仅增加"西杂1号"、"武农148"、"郑麦9023"籽粒锌含量;氮锌配施增加除"小偃22"外其余9种供试小麦品种籽粒锌含量,增幅为7.3%～54.7%。单施锌肥对小麦锌累积量增加的效果不明显;氮锌配施可显著增加小麦地上部锌累积量,两季分别增加6.5%、29.8%。单施氮肥可显著增加小麦锌吸收,但其主要累积在小麦茎叶部。在石灰性土壤上,单施锌肥虽显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,但对小麦产量及籽粒Zn含量增加有限,氮锌肥配施可取得较好效果。     

Effect of N,P and K fertilizers on their availability in soil in relation to the Stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.)

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, to study the effect of combined applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on their availability in soils in relation to their contents in the Stevia plant. The results show that the amount of available N, P and K in soil has been found to be increased initially up to 45 days and thereafter, the amount of the same content decreased with the progress of plant growth up to 60 days irrespective of treatments. However, the magnitudes of such increases in N, P and K contents both in soils and plants have also been enhanced with the simultaneous application of N, P and K (40:20:30) kg/ha over that of their corresponding individual applications.     

不同阴离子形态锌肥对水稻营养及土壤锌形态的影响

盆栽试验研究3种阴离子形态Zn肥对水稻生长发育、养分吸收及土壤Zn形态的影响。结果表明,NO3-或NO3-与SO42-配合较SO42-、Cl-有利于提高水稻产量。供试土壤各形态Zn含量以交换态(Ex-Zn)和有机结合态(OM-Zn)最低,其次为碳酸盐结合态(CAB-Zn),再次为晶体氧化铁结合态(COFe-Zn)、无定型氧化铁结合态(AOFe-Zn)及氧化锰结合态(OMn-Zn),其中Ex-Zn、OM-Zn及OMn-Zn 3形态Zn之和(即土壤有效锌)为9.2mg/kg,占全Zn量的9.6%;土壤矿物态锌是土壤Zn素的主要组分,含量为69.3mg/kg,占全Zn量的72.0%。植稻提高了土壤CAB-Zn、AOFe-Zn、OMn-Zn含量,土壤各形态Zn仍以Ex-Zn、OM-Zn最低,其次为COFe-Zn,再次为CAB-Zn、AOFe-Zn及OMn-Zn含量,Ex-Zn、OM-Zn及OMn-Zn 3形态Zn之和为10.5mg/kg,占全Zn量的11.2%。土壤矿物态锌仍是土壤Zn素的主要组分,但含量及占全Zn量的比例较种植前分别减少4.2mg/kg和2.7%。水稻施Zn提高了植株吸Zn量和土壤全Zn量及OMn-Zn、COFe-Zn含量,土壤有效锌(Ex-Zn、OM-Zn及OMn-Zn 3形态之和)含量较对照增加12.7%~103.8%。     

The effect of various nitrogen fertilizers on zinc (zn) availability in non calcic brown forest soils

In this article the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer application on the availability of zinc (Zn) content in non calcic brown forest soil was investigated. For this purpose increasing rates of NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂S0₄; NH₄N0₃ and Ca(N0₃)₂.4H₂0 fertilizers were applied for having different physical and chemical properties in two soil samples. An incubation experiment was carried out over 4 months. The available Zn content of the soils was determined each month. According to the results the highest available Zn content of the soils was obtained from NH₄Cl applied to the soils followed by (NH₄)₂S0₄; NH₄N0₃ and Ca(N0₃)₂.4H₂0 application to soil. At the end of the experiment the average available Zn content of non calcic brown forest soils for NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂S0₄; NH₄N0₃ and Ca(N0₃)₂.4H₂0 fertilizers are 0.93, 0.91, 0.88 and 0.77 mg kg^?1, respectively.     

控释复合肥配施保水剂的盆栽月季节水保肥效果

该文旨在探究肥料配施保水剂对土壤节水保肥能力的影响及其在盆栽月季中的实际应用效果,为其科学施用提供依据。采用土柱模拟和盆栽月季试验,研究普通复合肥与包膜型控释复合肥搭配0、0.25‰和0.5‰土壤质量的保水剂对土壤水、氮、钾淋失率及月季生长生理性状的影响。结果表明:土柱淋溶条件下,与普通复合肥配施等量保水剂处理相比,控释复合肥处理的氮、钾淋失率分别降低了72.4%~75.6%和81.5%~84.2%;普通复合肥两处理间的氮淋失量无差异,但随着保水剂用量的增加,钾淋失量显著减少11.6%~26.3%;月季盆栽试验中,与普通复合肥配施等量保水剂处理相比,控释复合肥配施保水剂的处理使月季初花期提前5~7 d,盛花期延长5~10 d,株高增加12.8%~36.0%,茎粗增加5.4%~15.2%,分别提高了月季叶片的超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶POD活性12.6%~33.0%和14.5%~31.1%。控释复合肥配施0.25‰土壤质量保水剂能显著提高土壤节水、保肥能力和盆栽月季观赏价值,更能满足盆栽月季的生长及生理需求。     

接触施用包膜控释肥对玉米产量、根系分布和土壤残留无机氮的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了习惯施肥与接触施用包膜控释肥料对夏玉米生长、产量、根系分布和土壤无机氮残留的影响。结果表明,接触施用包膜控释肥料没有抑制玉米的出苗和幼苗生长;减氮1/3的控释肥处理(N 120kg/hm2)与习惯施肥处理(N180 kg/hm2)的玉米产量没有差异。在0—30 cm土层,与对照和习惯施肥处理相比,接触施用控释肥增加了距茎基部0—10 cm区域内玉米根长密度的分布,占总根长的59%~64%;玉米收获后,减量控释肥处理土壤剖面各个土层Nmin含量与对照相比无显著增加,习惯施肥和全量控释肥处理(N 180 kg/hm2)在60—90、90—120 cm土层的Nmin累积显著高于对照。综合考虑玉米生长、产量以及根系分布和氮素淋失风险,本试验条件下,接触施用控释肥N120 kg/hm2是夏玉米季较为理想的选择。     

Effects of mineral and organic fertilizers on the microfauna in a high-altitude reafforestation trial

Summary Protozoa (testate amoebae, ciliates), small metazoa (rotifers, nematodes), and soil enzymes (catalase, cellulase) were investigated in a reafforested fertilized site at the alpine timberline. Side-dressings of mineral and organic fertilizers were applied alone (90 g NPK; 90, 180, 300, and 450 g dried bacterial biomass per spruce seedling) and in combination with magnesite (90 g NPK+300 g Mg; 90, 180, and 300 g bacterial biomass + 300 g Mg each; 30 g dried fungal biomass + 270 g Mg). One-third of each quantity was applied in 1986, and two-thirds in 1988. None of the treatments caused a significant decrease in the biological parameters investigated in comparison with untreated controls. The soil life was more or less stimulated depending on the amount of organic material contained in the fertilizers and the quantity; 180–270 g organic material per seedling proved to be the most effective. Dried bacterial biomass increased the pH by about 0.5 units, catalase activity by about 70%, and the number of ciliates and nematodes by 150–400%. The ciliate biomass and the number of ciliate species were likewise increased. The organomineral fertilizers increased pH by up to two units and also stimulated the soil life, but where the organic content was less than 180 g per seedling, efficiency decreased markedly. The least biological activity was observed in the control soil and in soil fertilized with NPK. Testaceans, rotifers, and cellulolytic activities were only slightly (insignificantly) affected by the treatments. A pooled evaluation of the data (organic versus organomineral versus mineral treatments) and community analyses showed that the organic fertilizer caused a more pronounced increase in the soil life and greater changes in community structure than the mineral combinations. Two years after application of the fertilizers, the differences between the treatments and the unfertilized controls had diminished.