Remote sensing of nitrogen status in wheat by a radiometric response of its canopy

Over the last 20 years, a rapid analysis of plant in general and pigments in particular to detect variations in the content of nitrogen (N) has appeared significant, always based on the premise that the photosynthetic capacity of the plants is related to the content of N. This work has tried to determine if there is a different behavior on chlorophyll meter (SPAD) values taken at different heights from the ground faced with three levels of N fertilization and compared with the behavior of a vegetation index calculated from remote sensing data. The degree of fit between these techniques was determined, thereby obtaining a high correlation between them showing that remote sensing measurements could be reliably used as an adequate indicator of the N-nutritional status in the whole wheat plant, showing a better behavior than chlorophyll meters, a technology that is more complicated and less practical to implement in large areas.     

Evaluation of Nutrasweet sludge as a nitrogen fertilizer for corn and wheat

Abstract

NutraSweet sludge, a by‐product of the production of the noncarbohydrate sweetener aspartame, is often used as a N fertilizer for crops. However, its performance with respect to inorganic N fertilizers is not well understood. This work was conducted to compare NutraSweet sludge to ammonium sulfate and urea as an N fertilizer for wheat and corn. Samples from two soils were mixed with one of the three N sources to achieve rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, or 150 mg N kg^‐1. The treated soil was placed in pots, which were used to grow corn or wheat for 45 days in the greenhouse. Above‐ground dry matter yields of com and wheat increased as N rate increased from 0 to 50 or 100 mg N kg^‐1. Above 100 mg N kg^‐1, dry matter yields decreased. In general, at a given N rate, NutraSweet sludge produced dry matter yields that were equal to or higher than those obtained with ammonium sulfate or urea. The results suggest that NutraSweet sludge could be managed as an ammoniacal N fertilizer when applied to crops.     

基于GF-1卫星数据的冬小麦叶片氮含量遥感估算

以陕西关中地区大田和小区试验下的冬小麦为研究对象,探讨基于国产高分辨率卫星GF-1号多光谱数据的冬小麦叶片氮含量估算方法和空间分布格局。基于GF-1号光谱响应函数对地面实测冬小麦冠层高光谱进行重采样,获取GF-1号卫星可见光-近红外波段的模拟反射率,并构建光谱指数,利用与叶片氮含量在0.01水平下显著相关的8类光谱指数,分别建立叶片氮含量的一元线性、一元二次多项式和指数回归模型。通过光谱指数与叶片氮含量的敏感性分析,以及所建模型的综合对比分析,获取适合冬小麦叶片氮含量估算的最佳模型。结果表明:模拟卫星宽波段光谱反射率和卫星实测光谱反射率间的相关系数高于0.95,具有一致性;改进型的敏感性指数综合考虑了模型的稳定性、敏感性和变量的动态范围,敏感性分析表明比值植被指数对叶片氮含量的变化响应能力最强;综合模拟方程决定系数、模型敏感性分析、精度检验和遥感制图的结果,认为基于比值植被指数建立的叶片氮含量估算模型适用性最强,模拟结果与实际空间分布格局最为接近,为基于GF-1卫星数据的区域性小麦氮素营养监测提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

华北冬小麦-夏玉米系统有机态氮替代的产量及肥料效应

通过多年定位试验,探讨了秋施基肥有机态氮替代化肥态氮对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统粮食产量的影响,为华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。试验开始于2010年6月,只对秋施基肥进行有机态氮替代化肥态氮。试验处理如下:CK,不施肥处理;M_0C_(100),零有机肥替代;M_(20)C_(80),20%有机肥替代;M_(50)C_(50),50%有机肥替代;M_(100)C_0,100%有机肥替代。试验结果显示,与M_0C_(100)相比,不同量有机态氮替代对冬小麦产量没有显著差异,产量均处在6 633.3~7 600 kg/hm~2之间。但是,有机态氮替代对夏玉米产量影响较显著,M_(100)C~0夏玉米产量最高,为7 416.7~9 575 kg/hm~2,M_0C_(100)最低,只有6 583.3~7 060 kg/hm~2,M_(20)C_(80)和M_(50)C_(50)夏玉米产量处在两者之间。同时,有机态氮替代提高了夏玉米的氮肥贡献率、偏生产力以及农学效率。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中,秋施基肥有机态氮替代提高了整个轮作系统的粮食产量,尤其对下茬作物夏玉米产量影响较大,因此,秋施基肥有机态氮替代在华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中是可行的。     

Economic and environmental optimization of nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for cereals in Norway

Abstract

Results of 240 annual N fertilizer trials in 1991–2007 in spring and winter cereals are presented. On average, spring barley and oat yields increased little beyond 120 kg N ha^?1 in fertilizer. Somewhat higher figures were found for spring and winter wheat. Regression equations for yield and N uptakes in grain and straw were derived, related to N fertilizer input and the yield level in individual trials (indicator of yield expectancy). These equations accounted for 90% of the variation in yield and 80% of that in N uptake. Quadratic N responses were significant in all cases, as were interactions between N responses and yield level. They were verified with data from 27 separate trials performed in 2008–2010. The yield equations were used to calculate economically optimum N fertilizer levels with varying ratios of product price to fertilizer cost at contrasting levels of yield. The optimum N fertilizer level for barley and oats was found to increase by 8.3 kg N ha^?1 per Mg increase in expected yield. The equivalent figure in wheat was 16.3 kg N ha^?1. Optimum N fertilizer levels decreased by 4.1 and 6.7 kg N ha^?1, for barley/oats and wheat respectively, per unit increase in the cost/price ratio. The equations for N uptake were used to calculate simple N balances between fertilizer input and removal in crop products. Large N surpluses were indicated at low levels of yield expectancy, but the surplus declined markedly with increasing yield level, despite greater N fertilizer inputs at high yield. Calculations made for national average yield levels in recent years showed N surpluses of 50–60 kg N ha^?1 when only grain is removed and 25–40 kg N ha^?1 when straw is removed also. Limiting N input to obtain zero balance reduces yields considerably at average levels of yield expectancy.     

石灰性土壤地区小麦氮肥施用技术研究

研究结果表明,本试验条件下,施N量<300kg·N/hm2时,N肥对小麦株高、1～5节间长度、上部叶片长度、分蘖、穗数、粒数、产量有显著的正效应,对粒重效应不明显;施N量>300kg·N/hm2时,N肥对株高、1～5节间长度、穗数、粒数的效应不明显,对倒3、4、5叶片长度仍有一定的正效应,对粒重和产量有显著的负效应。适当扩大中后期施肥比例,对株高、后期叶片、粒数、粒重和成穗率有正效应,对前期叶片、分蘖和穗数有一定负效应;扩大前期施肥比例,对前期叶片、分蘖、穗数有正效应,对株高的效应不明显,对成穗率、粒数、粒重有负效应。最佳产量结构和最高产量时的施N量为254.0kg·N/hm2,分配方式为基肥:苗肥:腊肥:拔节孕穗肥:粒肥等于3:2:0:3:2 或4:2:0:2.5:1.5。     

石炭性土壤地区小麦氮肥施用技术研究

研究结果表明,本试验条件下,施N量＜300kg@N/hm2时,N肥对小麦株高、1～5节间长度、上部叶片长度、分蘖、穗数、粒数、产量有显著的正效应,对粒重效应不明显;施N量＞300kg@N/hm2时,N肥对株高、1～5节间长度、穗数、粒数的效应不明显,对倒3、4、5叶片长度仍有一定的正效应,对粒重和产量有显著的负效应.适当扩大中后期施肥比例,对株高、后期叶片、粒数、粒重和成穗率有正效应,对前期叶片、分蘖和穗数有一定负效应;扩大前期施肥比例,对前期叶片、分蘖、穗数有正效应,对株高的效应不明显,对成穗率、粒数、粒重有负效应.最佳产量结构和最高产量时的施N量为254.0kg@N/hm2,分配方式为基肥苗肥腊肥拔节孕穗肥粒肥等于32032 或4202.51.5.     

Remote sensing of crop residue cover and soil tillage intensity

Management of plant litter or crop residues in agricultural fields is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic C. Current methods of quantifying crop residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover within fields or across large regions. Our objectives were to evaluate several spectral indices for measuring crop residue cover using satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data and to categorize soil tillage intensity in agricultural fields. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and EO-1 Hyperion imaging spectrometer data were acquired over agricultural fields in central Iowa in May and June 2004. Crop residue cover was measured in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) fields using line-point transects. Spectral residue indices using Landsat TM bands were weakly related to crop residue cover. With the Hyperion data, crop residue cover was linearly related to the cellulose absorption index (CAI), which measures the relative intensity of cellulose and lignin absorption features near 2100 nm. Coefficients of determination (r²) for crop residue cover as a function of CAI were 0.85 for the May and 0.77 for the June Hyperion data. Three tillage intensity classes, corresponding to intensive (<15% residue cover), reduced (15–30% cover) and conservation (>30% cover) tillage, were correctly identified in 66–68% of fields. Classification accuracy increased to 80–82% for two classes, corresponding to conventional (intensive + reduced) and conservation tillage. By combining information on previous season's (2003) crop classification with crop residue cover after planting in 2004, an inventory of soil tillage intensity by previous crop type was generated for the whole Hyperion scene. Regional surveys of soil management practices that affect soil conservation and soil C dynamics are possible using advanced multispectral or hyperspectral imaging systems.     

Remote sensing of crop residue cover and soil tillage intensity

Management of plant litter or crop residues in agricultural fields is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic C. Current methods of quantifying crop residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover within fields or across large regions. Our objectives were to evaluate several spectral indices for measuring crop residue cover using satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data and to categorize soil tillage intensity in agricultural fields. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and EO-1 Hyperion imaging spectrometer data were acquired over agricultural fields in central Iowa in May and June 2004. Crop residue cover was measured in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) fields using line-point transects. Spectral residue indices using Landsat TM bands were weakly related to crop residue cover. With the Hyperion data, crop residue cover was linearly related to the cellulose absorption index (CAI), which measures the relative intensity of cellulose and lignin absorption features near 2100 nm. Coefficients of determination (r²) for crop residue cover as a function of CAI were 0.85 for the May and 0.77 for the June Hyperion data. Three tillage intensity classes, corresponding to intensive (<15% residue cover), reduced (15–30% cover) and conservation (>30% cover) tillage, were correctly identified in 66–68% of fields. Classification accuracy increased to 80–82% for two classes, corresponding to conventional (intensive + reduced) and conservation tillage. By combining information on previous season's (2003) crop classification with crop residue cover after planting in 2004, an inventory of soil tillage intensity by previous crop type was generated for the whole Hyperion scene. Regional surveys of soil management practices that affect soil conservation and soil C dynamics are possible using advanced multispectral or hyperspectral imaging systems.     

Using a chlorophyll meter to predict nitrogen fertilizer needs of winter wheat

Abstract

Although it has been shown that the nitrogen (N) concentration of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) at Feeke's growth stage 5 (GS 5) can be used to assist in making more accurate spring N fertilizer recommendations, the need remains to find a more convenient and accurate means for predicting N fertilizer needs of wheat. We conducted seven N fertilizer response experiments over two years in central and southeastern Pennsylvania to determine if chlorophyll meter readings of wheat leaves at GS 5 could predict whether a significant, positive grain yield response to N fertilizer would be obtained. The chlorophyll meter readings at GS 5 were more accurate (correctly predicting response to N fertilizer in 24 of 25 treatments for a 4% error rate) than GS 5 plant N concentration (20% error rate). There were too few treatments with a positive response to N fertilizer to be able to determine if chlorophyll meter readings could be used to accurately predict N fertilizer rates needed for economic optimum yield.     

基于开花期氮素营养指标的冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量遥感预测

籽粒蛋白含量(grain protein content,GPC)是衡量小麦品质的重要指标,及时准确的预测小麦GPC有利于小麦的分类收割和分级存储。为了能够选择一个合适的氮素营养指标作为中间变量来反演小麦GPC,该文研究分别以开花期植株氮素累积量(plant nitrogen accumulation,PNA)、植株氮素含量(plant nitrogen content,PNC)、叶片氮素累积量(leaf nitrogen accumulation,LNA)和叶片氮素含量(leaf nitrogen content,LNC)4个氮素营养指标为中间变量,并运用支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)算法实现4个氮素营养指标的估测,最后构建及评价基于开花期"植被指数(vegetation index,VI)-氮素营养指标(nitrogen nutrition index,NNI)-GPC"模式的冬小麦GPC预测模型。结果表明:1)通过分析植被指数与氮素营养指标的相关性,选择植被指数MSAVI、PSRI、DVI、RDVI和GNDVI作为氮素营养指标模型的构建变量;2)运用SVM方法构建的VI-NNI模型中LNC的建模精度与验证精度相对最优,其建模决定系数(coefficient of determination,R~2)和验证集标准均方根误差(normalized root mean squared error,n RMSE)及验证标准化平均误差(normalized average error,NAE)分别为0.820、9.553%、-1.4%,验证结果稳定性较好;3)构建NNI-GPC模型中PNC的建模精度与验证精度相对最好,其建模R~2和验证n RMSE及NAE分别为0.653、9.843%、-0.3%;4)最终构建的VI-NNI-GPC模型中,以开花期PNC为中间变量的模型建模及反演精度最好,其建模R~2和验证n RMSE及NAE分别为0.631、8.564%、-0.9%。以氮素营养指标为中间变量的GPC遥感反演是可行的,并且比较4个氮素营养指标为中间变量反演GPC,PNC具有较高精度的预测结果,为精确反演GPC提供一个可靠的依据,具有一定的应用前景。     

Interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on nitrogen mineralization of wheat residues in a calcareous soil

Abstract

Because of the high pH of the soil in semiarid regions, phosphorus adsorption is unfavorable. So, considerable amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used annually, where this fertilizer may affect the plant residues' decomposition. To examine the interaction effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen mineralization in calcareous soil, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor consisted of various C:N ratios (20, 40, and 60 or three levels of nitrogen N₁:0, N₂:11, and N₃:43?kg N ha^?1, respectively) and the second factor consisted of various C:P ratios (87, 174, and 260 or three levels of phosphorus P₁:0, P₂:12, and P₃:45?kg P ha^?1, respectively), under incubation conditions. The results indicated that the cumulative mineral nitrogen content in all treatments, except for N1P2 and N1P3 treatments, started from a positive amount and remained positive until the end of the incubation period. The highest amount of cumulative mineral nitrogen among treatments was related to N3P1 treatment, while the lowest was associated with N2P3 treatment. Mineralization of nitrogen during 60?d of incubation was the dominant phenomenon, except for the N1P2 and N1P3 treatments which remained in the organic phase. The effect of phosphorus on the cumulative mineralization of nitrogen was significant. With increasing the amount of phosphorus, the total inorganic nitrogen diminished. Nitrogen release begins earlier with lower C:N ratios, and therefore the available nitrogen can be released more quickly to the plant. It is generally concluded that, in calcareous soil, the use of nitrogen fertilizer to adjust C:N ratio and to improve the mineralization of wheat residues will be a suitable option.     

磷石膏与氮肥混配的保氮作用及其增产效果

通过模拟试验筛选出抑制NH3挥失效果较好的磷石膏∶氮肥 2∶1和 4∶1混配组合 ,并以此进行田间试验 .结果表明 ,磷石膏与氮肥混配处理可使水稻、玉米、大白菜的产量比单施等氮量尿素或碳铵增产 1 5 %～ 35 % ,统计差异达极显著水平 ,每亩净增纯收益 1 0 0元以上 ,在碱化土壤上宜用 4∶1型 ,一般土壤上则以 2∶1型的混配组合为好 .本文还讨论了施用磷石膏可能引起的农田土壤污染问题     

利用MODIS遥感数据监测冬小麦种植面积

冬小麦是中国最主要的粮食作物之一,利用遥感技术进行冬小麦种植面积监测是粮食安全的核心内容之一。美国1999年发射的TERRA卫星上携带的中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIs）具有独特的光谱、时相和空间分辨率,为大范围的冬小麦种植面积监测提供了可靠的数据源。但中国耕地破碎,即使是250m分辨率的MODIS数据,采用传统的信息提取方法依然无法取得高的精度。因此结合多源遥感数据和GIS数据,建立了基于TERRA／MODIS数据的冬小麦种植面积遥感监测体系结构。首先利用IKONOS米级高分辨率遥感影像提取试验样区的地块图,用以指导野外采样工作;其次,在采样工作基础上,利用LANDSAT进行区域冬小麦种植面积提取;最后利用2002年TERRA／MODIS时间序列数据的混合像元线性分解模型进行河南省冬小麦种植面积的遥感监测,监测结果与国家统计数据相比,相对误差为5．25％,精度能满足农情监测的需要。研究结果为中国冬小麦种植面积遥感监测提供了一种业务化工作方法。     

Early season remote sensing of wheat nitrogen status using a green scanning laser

In-season, spatially variable nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in agricultural systems can help to maximize crop N use efficiency and minimize N losses via hydrological leaching, runoff, and atmospheric volatilization. N fertilizer management often relies upon measurements of crop spectral reflectance using ground-based optical on-the-go sensors or hand-held chlorophyll meters. However, soil background reflectance can confound on-the-go sensing, especially during early crop growth stages, and hand-held chlorophyll meters are impractical for spatially explicit mapping at the field scale. Scanning laser technology is available that measures the intensity of the reflected laser light plus height information within a mm-scale ground instantaneous field of view at a very high sampling rate (up to 50,000 points s⁻¹ in this study). We examined the ability to quantify foliar N status of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a green (532 nm) terrestrial laser scanner during an early stem extension growth stage (Zadoks growth stage 3.2). Laser data were processed by (1) removing soil background returns based on laser-determined height information, (2) standardizing green laser intensity based on white-reference panel readings, and (3) filtering noisy laser returns from leaf edges based on a laser return intensity threshold value. The return intensity of the reflected green laser light more accurately (r² = 0.68, RMSE = 0.30 μg g⁻¹) predicted foliar N concentration than conventional chlorophyll meter readings (r² = 0.36, RMSE = 0.41 μg g⁻¹) and spectral indices measured by a ground optical on-the-go sensor (r² < 0.41, RMSE > 0.39 μg g⁻¹). The results indicate that laser scanners are useful for measuring the N status of wheat during early growth stages, and provide justification for incorporating laser scanner based measurements into developing spatially-explicit estimates of foliar N during this critical growth period. Further research is needed to evaluate the operational practicality of a green scanning laser from a moving platform.     

基于HJ时间序列数据的农作物种植面积估算

通过对长时间序列遥感影像的波谱变化特征分析,可以有效地进行农作物种类识别与信息提取,提高农作物种植面积的遥感监测精度。中空间分辨率多光谱遥感影像适合于中国大范围大宗农作物面积监测,也是能够提供稳定时间序列遥感数据源之一。该研究以河北省衡水市为研究区域,采用2011年10月3日-2012年10月24日期间,16景30 m空间分辨率的HJ-1A/B卫星CCD(电荷耦合元件,charge-coupled device)影像月度NDVI(归一化植被指数,normalized difference vegetation index)时间序列数据,针对冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花、花生和大豆等主要作物类型,在全生育期波谱特征曲线分析基础上,提取主要作物类型的曲线特征,采用基于NDVI阈值的决策分类技术,进行了农作物种植面积遥感识别,以15个规则的2 km×2 km的地面实测GPS(全球定位系统,global positioning system)样方进行了精度验证。考虑到大豆和花生2种作物的NDVI时间序列特征相似性较高,将这2种作物合并为一类进行分类,并命名为小宗作物。结果表明,冬小麦、夏玉米、春玉米、棉花和小宗作物等5类目标可以有效识别,分类总体精度达到90.9%,制图精度分别为94.7%、94.7%、82.4%、86.9%和81.2%,其他未分类类别精度为85.9%。利用中高分辨率遥感时间序列卫星影像,在大宗农作物时间序列的变化规律分析基础上,可以准确地提取大宗农作物种植面积,在农作物面积资源调查中具有较大的应用潜力。     

高产麦田系统氮肥综合效应研究

研究了山东省桓台县高产麦田系统中N肥对土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)积累及冬小麦产量和吸N量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦收获后施用150kg／hm2N肥的0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N与小麦播种前相比,基本保持平衡;而常规施用300kg／hm2N肥则使0～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量显著提高,特别是60～90cm土层土壤NO3--N含量上升了39.9kg／m2,对浅层地下水造成潜在污染。建议供试条件下的合理施N肥量为150kg／hm2,这样既兼顾产量,又兼顾生态效益。     

基于作物及遥感同化模型的小麦产量估测

为提高陕西省关中平原冬小麦的估产精度,该文通过粒子滤波算法同化Landsat遥感数据反演的状态量叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、土壤含水量(0~20 cm)、地上干生物量数据和CERES-Wheat模型模拟的状态量数据,分析小麦不同生育期的LAI、土壤含水量及生物量同化值和实测单产的线性相关性,以构建同化估产模型。结果表明,在返青期土壤含水量同化值和实测单产的相关性高于LAI、生物量同化值和实测单产的相关性,选择土壤含水量作为最优变量;在拔节期和抽穗-灌浆期同时选择LAI、土壤含水量及生物量作为最优变量;在乳熟期选择生物量作为最优变量。在小麦各生育时期同化最优变量的估产精度(R2=0.85)高于同时同化LAI、土壤含水量及生物量的估产精度,同时同化LAI、土壤含水量及生物量的估产精度高于同时同化LAI和土壤含水量(或LAI和地上干生物量、或土壤含水量和地上干生物量)的估产精度,表明在作物不同生育时期同化与产量相关性较大的变量对提高估产精度有重要作用。     

The effects of crop husbandry and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable crop rotation

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) leaching losses from a shallow limestone soil growing a five course combinable croprotation (oilseed rape, wheat, peas, wheat, barley) were measured from 1990 until 1995 using porous ceramic cups, at 60 cm depth, and drainage estimates. The crops were grown with three husbandry systems and two levels of N fertilizer. The husbandry systems were designed to reflect local practice (Standard), the best possible techniques to reduce N loss (Protective) and an Intermediate system which was a compromise between the two. Nitrogen was applied at full and half recommended rates. Drainage started during September in four years and November in one year, with above average drainage in three years. Losses of N were largest after peas (58 kg/ha) and oilseed rape (42 kg/ha), and least (17 kg/ha) before peas sown in spring after a cover crop. Over five years, the Protective management system, which used early sowing and shallow cultivation wherever possible, lost least N (31 kg/ha/y) and the Standard system, with conventional drilling dates and ploughing as the primary cultivation, lost most (49 kg/ha/y). Halving the N fertilizer decreased N loss by 11 kg/ha/y, averaged over the rotation. None of the treatments gave mean drainage water nitrate concentrations of less than 50 mg/l, averaged over the five years. Changes to arable cropping alone will not eliminate the need for other measures to control nitrate concen-trations in public drinking water supplies.