添加凋落物对杨树人工林土壤氮、磷矿化的影响初探

采用室内培养方法,在30℃和土壤含水量为田间持水量的70％的条件下研究杨树人工林的枯叶或枯枝、枯地被植物、杨树根系以及混合凋落物的添加对土壤氮和磷矿化的影响.结果表明:(1)培养42 d后,不同处理间的土壤有效磷含量存在一定差异,呈现枯叶+土＞枯地被植物+土＞混合凋落物+土＞根+土＞枯枝+土＞对照的趋势;(2)不同处理间的土壤铵态氮含量差异比较小;(3)各种处理的硝态氮含量占总无机氮的78％以上;(4)在培养初期,除添加枯枝处理外,添加其他凋落物处理的土壤硝态氮和总无机氮含量明显下降,后期逐渐升高;(5)土壤无机氮、磷含量及其矿化速率与土壤和凋落物的性质密切相关.     

风沙土不同有机组分对磷的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了风沙土不同有机组分对磷的吸附特征影响,可为有机组分吸附态磷携载量估算提供依据。结果表明：去除有机质后的风沙土对磷的吸附能力大大降低,其碳标化饱和吸附量（Гmo）c和吸附分配系数（ko）c分别只能达到重组的27.76%和8.45%,说明有机质是影响磷在风沙土上吸附特征的重要因素;磷在轻组有机组分上的吸附以分配作用为主（koc=51.02）;风沙土有机组分中的重组有机质对磷的吸附起主导作用（Гmoc=388.35mg.kg-1）,重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对磷的吸附起关键作用（Гmoc=1007.96mg.kg-1）,影响机制主要为稳、紧结态腐殖质是形成土壤疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质。在其所形成的有机矿质复合体中除分配作用吸附外,还存在着孔隙填充方式的磷吸附;考查土壤对磷的吸附能力不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤对磷吸附特征的重要因素。以重组为基准,轻组有机组分以及重组有机组分中稳结态腐殖质和紧结态腐殖质携载的吸附态磷分别可按0.69倍以及1.37、2.75倍估算。     

Response of Maize (Zea Mays L.) to Phosphorus Fertilizers in Two Alfisols with Contrasting Phosphorus Availabilities and Sorption Capacities

Increase in phosphorus (P) availability with fertilizer addition is influenced by soil properties such as P sorption capacity. We investigated P availability changes and response of maize (Zea mays L) to four P fertilizers rates (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha^?1) in a two-site field experiment, having soils of contrastingly different available P (2.9 and 22.1 mg kg^?1) and P sorption capacities (171.9 and 54.2 mg kg^?1). Increase in available P was significantly greater in the soil with higher available P but lower P sorption capacity, than in the other; however, yield responses were similar in the two soils. Fertilizer P rates of 30 and 40 kg ha^?1 gave significantly greater maize yields than the unfertilized treatment in both soils. Results suggest the need to account for the P sorption capacity when deciding rates of P fertilizers to increase available P in soils.     

Interaction of Silicon and Phosphorus Mitigate Manganese Toxicity in Rice in a Highly Weathered Soil

Many researchers have reported beneficial effects of silicon (Si) on plant growth when available phosphorus (P) is low, but the reasons for this are poorly understood. Factorial application of three levels of Si and four levels of P to rice plants grown in Red Ferrosol interacted to increase rice growth and Si and P uptake (P < 0.01). Application of Si with P increased P uptake by <120%. Although Si application affected P uptake, yield increases were more likely associated with reduced manganese (Mn) toxicity, particularly as the P/Mn and P/iron ratios increased with increasing Si application. Further research is necessary to determine if the beneficial effects of Si application on P nutrition occur where adequate P is supplied or is limited to situations where alternate nutritional or disease limitations affect growth.     

溶磷细菌肥对石灰性土壤磷素转化的影响

通过室内模拟培养和大豆盆栽土培生物模拟试验，研究了磷细菌溶解磷酸钙的能力及在北方石灰性土壤上施用磷细菌肥对土壤磷素转化的影响。试验结果表明：磷细菌菌株具有较强溶解磷酸钙的能力，磷酸钙的溶出率从第1天的2．80％提高到第8天的22．00％。在贫速效磷和富难溶性磷土壤上施用溶磷细菌肥有利于土壤中难溶态的Ca10-P和缓效态Ca8-P含量下降，促使土壤中Ca2-P和Al-P的含量增加，从而使土壤中有效磷含量增加。而对于富速效磷的土壤，无论施菌肥与否对土壤中各种形杰的无机磷绢分基本没有影响．     

不同磷肥调控措施下红壤磷素有效性和利用率的变化

南方红壤区磷肥当季利用率仅为10%～25%,提高磷肥利用率是亟待解决的问题。通过两年田间试验,分析了不同磷肥品种（过磷酸钙、猪粪、钙镁磷肥、磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵）、磷肥梯度（常规施磷、减磷20%、减磷30%）以及调控措施（石灰、钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵、钙镁磷肥配施秸秆）对红壤磷素有效性和作物生长的影响,探索提高磷肥利用率的途径。结果表明,各磷肥品种间,以猪粪处理土壤有效磷、地上部生物量、磷肥累积利用率等指标最高,土壤有效磷较不施磷处理两年分别提高了32%和241%,地上部生物量较不施磷处理两年分别提高了73%和510%,两年的磷肥累积利用率分别为16.4%和26.5%;伴随磷肥用量的减少,土壤有效磷含量显著降低,而对油菜生长、磷肥利用率及磷肥农学效率无显著影响;与单施钙镁磷肥相比,钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵能显著提高油菜籽粒产量、土壤有效磷含量、磷肥累积利用率、磷肥农学效率、土壤磷素盈余量等指标。添加石灰可提高作物产量及土壤有效磷含量。油菜产量与土壤有效磷呈极显著正相关关系。上述结果表明,猪粪替代化学磷肥可达到减施增效、促进作物生长的目的,且以减磷30%为宜;钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵可推荐为磷肥调控...     

Chemical Characterization and Stability of Poultry Manure Tea and Its Influence on Phosphorus Sorption Indices of Tropical Soils

This study characterized poultry manure extract (tea) and investigated the effects of integrated use of tea and the sequence of phosphorus (P) application [P added before (PBT), after (TBP), or jointly (PT) with tea] on P-sorption characteristics on acidic, alkaline, and neutral tropical soils. Results indicated that diluted tea contained 400 mg nitrogen, 155.80 mg potassium, and 10.48 mg P L^?1 and the nutrients were greatest after 2 weeks. Soil P sorption conformed to the Freundlich model, indicating that soil P affinity was less than the aqueous solution at low solution P concentration. Freundlich index (k) in neutral soil was 78 and 94% greater than in acidic and alkaline soils, respectively. The lowest P sorption efficiency and greatest phosphate requirement were in acidic soil. Poultry manure tea could enhance P availability and reduce P fixation irrespective of the sequence of application of tea and P.     

安徽省土壤无机磷组分状况及施肥对土壤磷素的影响

采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。     

滴灌条件下不同磷肥品种对土壤磷有效性及玉米产量的影响

通过模拟试验及田间试验研究不同磷肥施用后对土壤磷有效性的动态变化和分布特点,以及玉米磷吸收和产量响应的影响。田间和模拟试验包括4个处理,分别为对照(不施磷肥)、MAP(磷酸一铵)、UP(磷酸脲)和AAP(水溶性聚磷酸铵)。模拟试验中,不同磷肥均提高土壤中有效磷含量,APP处理10—15 cm土层有效磷含量增加最多。在均匀的养分投入和管理水平下,3种磷肥品种均有土壤酸化效果,其中UP处理最为显著。田间试验中,玉米生长后期,APP处理的土壤有效磷含量在深层土壤分布较高,UP处理土壤pH较低,均有利于改善土壤的供磷能力,提高土壤有效磷含量;APP处理对根系发育有显著的促进作用,玉米组织磷含量和磷吸收量最大,产量最高(14.40 t/hm^2)。3种磷肥中,APP处理移动性较好,土壤深层有效磷含量增加,利于根系生长和养分的吸收,提高产量。水溶性聚磷酸铵(APP)是一种适合于玉米灌溉施肥的肥料。     

有机磷在调节土壤磷素保持与释放过程中的作用

以巢湖沿岸土壤和沉积物为对象,分析了速效磷、藻类可利用性磷、有机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性的空间变化格局,并测定了磷吸附参数.结果表明,土壤有机磷含量差异显著,以草地最高,而速效磷和藻类可利用性磷含量无明显差异;酶活性及速效磷含量与有机磷含量呈显著正相关,土壤对正磷酸根的吸附量与土壤中有机磷含量呈正相关;湖泊沉积物中有机磷含量与周边土壤中有机磷含量显著正相关.因此,土壤有机磷及其酶促水解过程是调节沉积物作为磷源或磷汇功能的关键因素之一.     

东平湖表层沉积物中磷的吸附容量及潜在释放风险分析

利用沉积物磷吸附指数（PSI）和磷吸附饱和度（DPS）研究了东平湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,并讨论了沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,表层沉积物的磷吸附指数变化范围为30.3～45.2[mg P·（100g）-1]·（μmol·L-1）-1,表现出从湖心、湖东向湖北、湖南逐渐增大的扇形特征;而磷吸附饱和度变化范围为6.5%～24.1%,与磷吸附指数变化趋势恰好相反。磷吸附指数与沉积物中草酸铵提取的铁（FeOX）含量呈极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁铝总量呈显著正相关,磷吸附饱和度与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷（POX）含量呈显著正相关。此外,磷释放风险指数（ERI）变化范围为14.9%～67.5%,表明东平湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围。     

氮磷配施对苹果幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态和磷素利用的影响

以矮化苹果砧木M9T337幼苗为试材,设置4个氮水平(N 0,150,300,450 mg/kg,分别以N0、N1、N2、N3表示)和2个磷水平(P2 O5100,200 mg/kg,分别以P1、P2表示),研究了氮磷配施对苹果砧木幼苗生长、土壤无机磷形态转化和磷素吸收利用的影响,以期为果园磷肥高效利用提供参考依据.结...     

石灰性土壤施用不同磷肥对玉米苗期生长和土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究旨在探讨不同磷肥品种对玉米生长发育和土壤无机磷组分的影响,以期为磷肥高效利用提供参考.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理:磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氮磷复合肥硝酸磷肥(NiP)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙混施(SA+P),试验60天后测定了玉米的生物学指标和玉米植株磷素含量,同时测定了土壤有效磷与土...     

不同有机肥及用量对矿区复垦土壤有效磷含量及供磷特性的影响

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤,依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市偏城村),在4个磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)研究不同肥料(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥)对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化.经过2年的田间试验,...     

不同磷肥用量对绿芦笋产量及营养品质的影响

2008年3~7月在西辽河平原的内蒙古民族大学实验农场,以4年生芦笋阿波罗(Asparagus officinalis L.cv.Apollo)为试材,研究了不同磷肥用量对绿芦笋产量及营养品质的影响。结果表明,施磷量在0~90 kg hm-2的范围内,绿芦笋产量随施磷量的增加呈先升高后略有降低的变化趋势,单支重和支数均有不同程度的增加。随着磷肥用量的增加,叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量增加,而类胡萝卜素的含量变化不大;采笋后期叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量均明显地高于采笋前期和中期。可溶性糖、粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量总体上随着施磷量的增加而增加;矿质元素含量在一定施磷水平下较高,高量施磷和不施磷处理含量均较低。在试验条件下,施磷量在72 kghm-2下,具有较高的产量和较好的营养品质。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

Influence of Residual and Fresh Subsurface Phosphorus Fertilizer Bands on Soil Phosphorus Profile Distribution and Maize Growth and Shoot Phosphorus Uptake

A field study was conducted at Beresford, SD, to examine how residual fertilizer phosphorus (P) bands influenced the distribution of Bray-1 extractable P in the soil profile and maize (Zea mays L.) shoot growth and P uptake in a ridge-till system. Liquid ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0) was injected each fall for three consecutive years in either one or two concentrated subsurface bands in a 5 × 5 cm configuration with respect to the planted seed at rates to provide either 0, 10, 20, or 40 kg P/ha. Soil samples were removed once in the spring before planting with a rectangular block sampler along a 30 cm transect perpendicular to the ridge row to a depth of 15 cm after the third year of the P application. The large sample was separated into eight 7.5 × 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm block sections. Soil was analyzed for Bray-1-extractable orthophosphate-P in each of the sample blocks, composited for increasingly greater soil volumes, and compared with shoot growth and P uptake at the sixth and twelfth leaf and silking stage of growth. Applied-P rate had a strong effect on Bray-1-P levels, increasing them from 7.5 to 195.1 mg P/kg as P rate increased from 0 to 40 kg P/ha. The locations of the previously applied P bands were highly variable in the sampling profile. Coefficients of variation (c.v.) for Bray-1-P levels varied from 1.9 to 141.4 for sampling-block locations and increased as P rate increased. This result indicated that, within treatment replication, there was little consistency with fertilizer P-band placement with respect to the planted seed, and the variability increased with higher P applications. Applied-P rate influenced shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, and shoot P uptake in the sixth leaf and twelfth leaf growth stages only. The band number had no influence on these parameters. When increasingly larger volumes were considered to improve the accuracy of sampling position with the predictability of the Bray-1 P levels and shoot parameters, the smallest soil volume and sampling position close to the planted seed was as accurate a predictor of shoot parameter responses as the Bray-1 P levels derived from soil composites of larger sampling volumes.     

Assessing the Feasibility of Olsen P and P Sorption Parameters in Acidic Soils

Plant-available phosphorus (P) and P adsorption capacities are important for crop growth in acidic soils. Olsen P test, which is based on extraction with bicarbonate for predicting the amount of soil P available to plants, was used in this work. Soil P-adsorption capacities were determined by Langmuir line equation. The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of Olsen P for predicting phytoavailable P and P sorption parameters in acid soil. To this end, we (i) assessed the phytoavailable P by successively pot-cropping rice and (ii) P adsorption characteristics of soil and their relation with Olsen P. Plant-available P, estimated by Olsen P in tested soil, was correlated to labile P. Qm (phosphorus sorption maximum) was negatively correlated with K (P sorption strength). P buffering capacity of soils was P3 (the highest P rate) >P2 (the second highest P rate) >P1 (the lowest P rate) >P0 (no P adding) after 75 day’s rice growth, which indicated P replenishment capacity was different among P treatments. This also suggested that P of plant uptake may decrease soil buffering capacity, especially for soils that contained relatively lower amounts of P. Qm and K were not significantly correlated to Olsen P. Degree of P saturation and Olsen P shared the similar trend with the change of P application rates and sampling dates. We concluded P status in soil can be characterized by degree of P saturation and Olsen P in tested soil. They were able to explain P status from both agronomic and environmental aspects.

Abbreviations: Qm, P sorption maximum; K, P sorption strength; P3, highest P rate in soil; P2, second highest P rate in soil; P1, lowest P rate in soil; P0, P adding in soil.     

磷素活化剂对红壤磷形态及有效性影响的研究

在我国南方红壤中加入不同的磷活化剂进行培养试验,结果显示:磷活化剂提高了土壤有效磷含量,不同活化剂的活化能力不同。相关分析和通径分析结果表明,磷活化剂的活化能力大小顺序为:低分子有机酸钠钙盐>腐植酸>腐植酸钠>脲基甲酸乙酯;磷活化剂可以提高红壤中的Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P等无机磷含量,其中Al-P和Ca-P与有效磷均达到极显著水平,而Fe-P作用效果不显著,可以通过影响Al-P和Ca-P来间接影响有效磷,磷活化剂会抑制土壤中O-P的生成。     

天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及潜在释磷风险

研究了天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物对磷的吸附容量,分析了沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)及由这两个指标构成的磷释放风险指数(ERI),预测了不同区域沉积物磷的潜在释放风险。结果表明,沉积物的PSI变化范围为7.44~28.53 mg L/100 gμmol,湖北部和中部沉积物的PSI值较高;DPS与PSI的变化趋势相反,变幅为0.85%~4.99%,表现为湖南部和中部沉积物的DPS高于北部。沉积物的PSI与磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而DPS与沉积物各理化参数间的相关性较差。有机质(OM)、活性铝(Alox)和粘粒是表层沉积物对磷持留的主要影响因素。此外,天鹅湖潟湖表层沉积物的ERI变化范围为2.93%~44.70%,磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于中度范围,其中东南部发生富营养化的风险较高