凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗WSSV选育家系的建立及其抗病特性

2002-2007年在人工感染白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的基础上进行一代个体选育（G1）后,对凡纳滨对虾连续进行了4代家系选育,共建立120个抗WSSV家系,感染实验结果表明：G2~G5选育家系对虾平均成活率分别为5.57%±9.83%, 8.66%±11.52%, 9.52%±8.84% 和 13.79%±12.86%;G2~ G5选育家系对虾平均成活率的变异系数分别为1.77、1.40、0.97和0.87。根据每个家系对虾的成活情况可分为敏感、中等抗性和高抗性家系,G2至G5敏感家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年下降,分别占76.5%、55.2%、51.4%和33.3%,抗病成活率分别为0.44%±1.09%、0.78%±1.70%、2.27%±2.76%和2.44%±3.09%,感染WSSV后2~3 d出现1个急性死亡高峰;中等抗病家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升,分别占0、20.7%、31.1%和38.5%,抗病成活率分别为0、9.08%±1.46%、10.7%±1.41%和11.36%±3.30%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰值大于第2高峰;高抗家系在各代选育家系中的比例逐年上升（G4除外）,分别占23.5%、24.1%、17.1%和28.2%,抗病成活率分别为22.23%±5.21%、22.7%±12.30%、24.45%±6.56%和28.98%±8.09%,感染WSSV后出现2个死亡高峰,第1死亡高峰至小于第2高峰。经连续的定向选育,选育对虾抗病性状一代比一代强,表现出明显的抗病性能,特别是高抗对虾不仅死亡率低且其死亡高峰推迟2～3d,延缓了对虾WSSV暴发的时间,但是每代每尾对虾平均产卵量逐年下降（P<0.05）。     

第四代凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病及免疫特性研究

35个第四代凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系和未选育对虾按每克体重注射10³拷贝WSSV病毒量,根据选育家系的抗病性能分3个类群:高抗性类群,成活率达24.45%±6.56%;中抗性类群,成活率为10.70%±1.41%;敏感类群,成活率为2.72%±2.76%,各类群间差异显著(P＜0.01)。对分别代表高抗、中抗和敏感类群的12、7和3号家系以及未选育对虾按每克体重注射10²、10³、10⁴和10⁵拷贝 WSSV,高抗性对虾在10²、10³、10⁴及10⁵感染水平下的存活率分别为100%、23.3%±3.5%、7.8%±1.9%和0%;中抗对虾分别为87.7%±3.9%、12.2%±1.9%、0%和0%;敏感对虾分别为54.4%±3.9%、2.2%±1.9%、0%和0%;未选育对虾分别为51.1%±5.1%、0%、0%和0%。在10³拷贝组感染过程中免疫相关因子的变化表明,高抗对虾血液中血细胞数分别比中抗、敏感和未选育对虾提高20.7%(P>0.05),36.7%(P<0.05)和34.4%(P<0.05);PO活力上述三类对虾提高40.0%(P<0.05),76.3%(P<0.05)和63.4%(P<0.05);SOD活力分别比上述三类对虾提高31.1%(P>0.05),58.8%(P<0.05)和32.0%(P>0.05);POD活力分别比上述三类对虾提高29.6%(P>0.05),44.9%(P<0.05)和43.3%(P<0.05);血清蛋白含量分别比分别比上述三类对虾提高31.2%(P>0.05),38.7%(P<0.05)和39.3%(P<0.05),而敏感对虾和未选育对虾之间则无显著差异。结果表明,经四代选育后的高抗对虾免疫性能明显高于其他对虾,表现出良好的抗WSSV性能。     

毒死蜱胁迫下WSSV对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

为了评价养殖水环境中毒死蜱对凡纳滨对虾生存的危害性,开展了毒死蜱胁迫下白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)对凡纳滨对虾致死实验,分析了毒死蜱胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃组织WSSV含量和肌肉组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性变化。通过急性毒性实验测定了毒死蜱对凡纳滨对虾的半致死浓度(LC₅₀),随着暴露时间的延长,LC₅₀值显著下降,存在着浓度-反应的正向关系,96 h LC₅₀为0.758 μg/L(0.521～0.987 μg/L)。在此基础上,确定了毒死蜱胁迫实验浓度为0.2 μg/L,此浓度下药浴4 d后对凡纳滨对虾注射WSSV,结果显示:毒死蜱胁迫下注射WSSV组的对虾死亡率(83.33?Ee4.7%)极显著高于乙醇-WSSV组(40.00?Ee0.9%);对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示:感染72 h后,毒死蜱-WSSV组WSSV含量约是乙醇-WSSV组的4倍;感染96 h后,毒死蜱-WSSV组WSSV含量显著增加,约是72 h毒死蜱-WSSV组的4.9倍,是96 h乙醇-WSSV组的5.9倍。毒死蜱胁迫下,对虾肌肉组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性低于对照组20%左右。由此可见,毒死蜱胁迫下,WSSV增殖速率加快,导致对虾死亡率升高。     

凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征血液病理研究

对自然发病、投喂和注射感染的凡纳滨对虾白斑综合征（white spot syndrome,WSS）血液病理进行研究,结果发现：不同感染方式患病对虾的血液病理变化相似,表现为：1．患病对虾血细胞总数、透明细胞数量极显著减少,小颗粒细胞、大颗粒细胞极显著增加。2．显微病理变化主要表现为血涂片中血细胞明显减少且分布不均匀,破损或解体的细胞增多,呈典型的溶血状态。3．超微病理变化表现为,大部分血细胞坏死,少数血细胞呈不典型的凋亡。患病对虾的血细胞核中可见大量白斑综合征病毒（white spot syndrome virus,WSSV）粒子。病理变化表明血细胞是WSSV的主要靶细胞。     

氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV的影响

为了评价养殖水环境中氨氮和亚硝基氮对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的危害性,开展了氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染WSSV后的死亡率、WSSV在患病对虾体内增殖速率和对虾主要免疫相关酶活性影响的研究。实验设置氨氮(NH+4)和亚硝基氮(NO-2)的共同胁迫浓度均为20 mg·L-1,分别注射10-4和10-5稀释度的WSSV提取液。结果显示,胁迫下感染10-4WSSV的凡纳滨对虾144 h死亡率达到100%,显著高于无胁迫组(76.67%),相同实验条件下高浓度病毒感染组死亡率高于低浓度组。对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫下凡纳滨对虾体内WSSV的增殖加快,感染48 h后胁迫组病毒量是无胁迫组的1.6倍,72 h时病毒量达到无胁迫组的2.0~3.7倍。此外,免疫相关酶活性结果显示,氨氮和亚硝基氮浓度突变会促使对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性先短暂升高然后降低。由此可见,氨氮和亚硝基氮共同胁迫会加快WSSV在患病凡纳滨对虾体内的增殖,导致更高死亡率,这可能是因为胁迫造成了对虾免疫相关酶活性的降低和抗病原感染能力下降所致。     

凡纳滨对虾全同胞家系的建立及生长比较

全同胞家系是遗传分析的重要材料。采用自然交配法建立了62个凡纳滨对虾第一代全同胞家系,对其中17个家系进行了比较研究。结果表明,各家系的孵化率、出苗率与雌性亲本的大小相关性不显著。17个家系中有7个家系显示生长优势,其大小顺序依次是A02＞A11＞A01＞A17＞A06＞A08＞A16;7个家系在40周内的生长速度较17个家系的平均值高23.2%。在所有家系中,A01、A02、A11等3个家系的体重显著大于其它家系（P＜0.05）,其平均生长速度较所有家系平均生长速度分别快25.5%、31.6%和31.0%。这3个家系的整齐度良好,在养殖中期的个体变异系数分别为11.58%、9.95%和8.48%,后期均小于5%,显示出优良的经济性状,为进一步选择培育凡纳滨对虾的快速生长新品系奠定了基础。     

口服特异性卵黄抗体对凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV感染的免疫保护效果

为探讨特异性卵黄抗体对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)抗白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的免疫保护机制及效果,本研究以添加不同剂量WSSV卵黄抗体制剂(0、0.2%和0.5%)的饲料投喂凡纳滨对虾幼虾,免疫28 d后使用WSSV进行人工感染,测定感染对虾的肝胰腺免疫酶活力和免疫基因表达水平,以及感染后14 d内对虾的存活率。结果显示,WSSV感染3 d后,与未添加卵黄抗体制剂的对照组相比,0.2%免疫组对虾肝胰腺的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酚氧化酶(PO)活力显著升高,酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力显著降低,热休克蛋白70基因(Hsp70)表达水平显著升高,凝集素基因(lectin)和β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白–脂蛋白基因(β-GBP-HDL)表达水平显著降低;0.5%免疫组对虾肝胰腺的SOD活力显著升高,ACP和AKP活力显著降低,Hsp70基因表达水平显著升高,β-GBP-HDL基因表达水平显著降低。人工感染实验结果显示,WSSV感染14 d后,0.2%和0.5%免疫组对虾的存活率分别为48.89%和87.78%,均显著高于对照组(存活率为0),且0.5%免疫组对虾存活率显著高于0.2%免疫组。特异性卵黄抗体制剂能在一定程度上改变发病的进程,延迟对虾的发病和死亡时间,提高同期存活率。研究表明,口服特异性卵黄抗体制剂可以调节对虾肝胰腺免疫酶活力和免疫基因表达水平,显著提高凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV感染的能力。本研究为卵黄抗体抗WSSV感染机制的研究提供了参考,也为在生产上使用卵黄抗体防控WSSV感染提供了科学依据。     

氨氮胁迫下白斑综合征病毒对凡纳滨对虾的致病性

为了评价养殖水环境中氨氮(NH_4-N)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的危害性,开展了NH_4-N胁迫对凡纳滨对虾感染白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)后的死亡率、WSSV增殖速率和对虾主要免疫相关酶活性影响的实验。在NH_4-N胁迫质量浓度为15.6 mg·L-1,分别注射2×105和2×106个WSSV粒子,结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下注射2×105个WSSV粒子的凡纳滨对虾第144小时死亡率达到53.3%,显著高于无胁迫组(40.0%)。对虾鳃组织WSSV荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,NH_4-N胁迫下凡纳滨对虾鳃组织内WSSV的增殖加快。此外,免疫相关酶活性结果显示,NH_4-N浓度突变会促使对虾血清中酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性短暂升高后持续降低。由此可见,NH_4-N胁迫会加快WSSV在患病凡纳滨对虾体内的增殖,导致更高死亡率,这可能是因为胁迫造成了对虾免疫相关酶活性降低和抗病原感染能力下降。     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体子代免疫性能的初步分析

在凡纳滨对虾群体选择育种研究中,利用1个经过人工选择和自交传代的凡纳滨对虾群体F2A,连续两个世代对该群体自交繁育的子代及其与其它群体杂交繁育的子代,进行免疫指标的检测和分析。结果表明,该群体两个世代的自交组繁育的子代F3A和F4A组,多项免疫指标都高于同世代的其它交配组,其中血细胞吞噬杀伤活性F3A组比同世代其它组高14.8%和64.3%,F4A组比同世代的其他组高27.0%～44.8%;血清溶细胞活性F3A组比同世代其它组高76.3%和74.6%,F4A组比同世代其它组高36.5%～58.3%;血清蛋白含量也高于其它组;只有酚氧化酶低于其它组。显示在人工选育条件下,凡纳滨对虾群体内自交传代,可能有利于群体免疫性能的遗传。但杂交组在生长和抗逆方面表现的杂交优势,与其偏低的免疫指标不一致。     

凡纳滨对虾商业苗种抗WSSV性能比较

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)一直是甲壳类生物的高致病性病原。为了解市场上不同凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)商业苗种病原携带情况及其抗WSSV性能,本研究收集了6个品牌的凡纳滨对虾商业苗种(分别简称为海南Z、海南S、广州P、广州Z、黄骅R和东营M),先进行包括WSSV在内的8种病原的检测,然后,采用单尾定量口饲感染方式进行抗WSSV性能测试,并比较各组苗种感染WSSV后的平均存活时间、存活率以及累积死亡率的差异。结果显示,6个商业苗种都不携带WSSV,部分苗种检测有潜在虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)和偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)。各苗种感染WSSV后,平均存活时间从长到短依次为海南Z、广州P、黄骅R、海南S、广州Z、东营M。东营M感染WSSV后第4天达到死亡高峰,而海南Z在第6~7天到达死亡高峰,比东营M晚了2~3d。感染实验结束后,海南Z和广州P存活率最高,同为72.5%,而东营M和黄骅R的存活率最低。本研究表明,海南Z和广州P抗WSSV性能最强,研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾抗病新品种的选育提供基础数据。     

Melanin-containing feedstuffs protect Litopenaeus vannamei from white spot syndrome virus

International Aquatic Research - Viral diseases are a serious issue for the shrimp aquaculture industry. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been considered one of the most dangerous pathogens...     

Experimental white spot syndrome virus challenge of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) at different salinities

In recent years, the shrimp industry has turned to inland freshwater culture as one method to avoid problems such as the introduction of possible vectors of viral pathogens into seawater ponds. Our experiments evaluated susceptibility to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei held under different salinity regimens. Juvenile L. vannamei that were conditioned at salinities of 35, 25, 15, 5 and 2 g L⁻¹ were challenged with WSSV. In order to assess the severity of white spot disease, histological analysis and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were carried out on the challenged shrimp every 4 h after 48 h post challenge. The results indicated that significantly more severe infections resulted at 15‰ than at other salinities. Mortality could not be compared due to the sampling design and because severe WSSV infections occurred in all test groups such that few shrimp remained alive in each challenged group at the end of the test. Despite this, the results suggest that salinity may affect the course and outcome of WSSV infections.     

Rotifer cellular membranes bind to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Cell membranes from the rotifer, Brachionus urceus, were obtained by centrifugation and found to specifically bind white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in vitro. This finding suggests that there is likely a WSSV receptor on the rotifer cell membrane and provides evidence that rotifers may be a host for WSSV.     

Pre-exposure to infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus or to inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) confers protection against WSSV in Penaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larvae

Larvae and post-larvae of Penaeus vannamei (Boone) were submitted to primary challenge with infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) or formalin-inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Survival rate and viral load were evaluated after secondary per os challenge with WSSV at post-larval stage 45 (PL45). Only shrimp treated with inactivated WSSV at PL35 or with IHHNV infection at nauplius 5, zoea 1 and PL22 were alive (4.7% and 4%, respectively) at 10 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, at 9 days p.i. there was 100% mortality in all remaining treatments, while there was 94% mortality in shrimp treated with inactivated WSSV at PL35 and 95% mortality in shrimp previously treated with IHHNV at N5, Z1 and PL22. Based on viral genome copy quantification by real-time PCR, surviving shrimp previously challenged with IHHNV at PL22 contained the lowest load of WSSV (0-1x10(3) copies microg-1 of DNA). In addition, surviving shrimp previously exposed to inactivated WSSV at PL35 also contained few WSSV (0-2x10(3) copies microg-1 of DNA). Consequently, pre-exposure to either IHHNV or inactivated WSSV resulted in slower WSSV replication and delayed mortality. This evidence suggests a protective role of IHHNV as an interfering virus, while protection obtained by inactivated WSSV might result from non-specific antiviral immune response.     

Dietary microorganism and plant effects on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus

The effect of plants and probiotics on the survival and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was evaluated. A probiotic mixture (PM), plant extract (PE) or powdered plants (PP) were added to feed with the attractant Dry Oil^®. An experiment was conducted with five treatments in triplicate. Shrimp (weighing 11.70±2.5 g) were cultured in 120 L plastic tanks and fed twice a day with commercial feed plus additives or with commercial feed plus WSSV. Animals were monitored for the occurrence of WSSV using single‐step and nested PCR. The PM and PP added to the commercial feed showed high survival, a decrease in WSSV prevalence in shrimp and an increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase. The total haemocyte count in shrimp treated with PM was significantly higher than that in the control group (treatment I) and in shrimp fed with PE. The results of the present work indicate that PP and PM are good candidates for use as feed additives against WSSV in shrimp cultures.     

Experimental infection of European crustaceans with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Eight European marine and freshwater crustaceans were experimentally infected with diluted shrimp haemolymph infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Clinical signs of infection and mortalities of the animals were routinely recorded. Diagnosis was by direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA hybridization (dot-blot and in situ hybridization) using WSSV probes and by PCR using WSSV specific primers. High mortality rates were noted between 7 to 21 days post-infection for Liocarcinus depurator , Liocarcinus puber , Cancer pagurus , Astacus leptodactylus , Orconectes limosus , Palaemon adspersus and Scyllarus arctus . Mortality reached 100%, 1 week post-infection in P. adspersus . When infection was successful, direct TEM observation of haemolymph revealed characteristic viral particles of WSSV, some observed as complete virions (enveloped), others as nucleocapsids associated with envelope debris. WSSV probes showed strong positive reactions in dot-blots and by in situ hybridization in sections and specific virus DNA fragments were amplified successfully with WSSV primers. White spot syndrome virus was pathogenic for the majority of the crustaceans tested. This underlines the epizootic potential of this virus in European crustaceans.     

乳山对虾养殖场白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)调查研究

2002年采用PCR-核酸探针斑点杂交法检测了乳山对虾养殖场1000余份样品携带白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的情况。结果显示,639例对虾样品中阳性检出率为26·6%;77例蟹类样品中阳性检出率为18·2%;266例浮游动物样品中阳性检出率为38·3%,3~9月份浮游动物阳性率呈下降趋势,消毒后水体中浮游动物的阳性率仍很高;30例贝类样品检测均为阴性;204例底泥样品中,阳性检出率为17·6%,22例抽滤海水样品检测均为阴性。结果表明,虾、蟹类在传播WSSV中起着重要作用,贝类、海水传播WSSV的可能性很小,浮游动物、底泥在传播WSSV中的作用和机制应引起高度重视。     

WSSV-VP39基因克隆与结构分析

根据已公布的WSSV-VP39全基因序列(GenBank No.AAL89161)设计1对引物,经PCR扩增及琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,扩增出约898bp的特异条带,将其回收后克隆入pGAPZα-A载体中,并进行序列测定与分析。结果表明,扩增序列与Gene Bank登录序列(GenBank No.AAl89161)核苷酸同源性100%。序列分析表明,WSSV-VP39基因编码蛋白无跨膜区域,有多个蛋白激酶C、酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和酪氨酸硫酸化位点,1个糖基化位点。蛋白序列比对结果表明,WSSV-VP39与WSSV-VP37具有较高的同源性,其在WSSV侵染中的作用值得关注。     

New genetic recombination in hypervariable regions of the white spot syndrome virus isolated from Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in northwest Mexico

The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen of great concern to the worldwide shrimp culture. In comparative studies on the WSSV genome, regions such as the open reading frame (ORF) 14–15 and ORF 23–24, prone to deletions and recombination, had been useful to study the evolutive relationships among viral strains. When looking for the WSSV strains infecting Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in northwest Mexico, we found evidence of a genetic similarity in ORF 14–15 to a strain from India and a recombination involving ORFs 78, 79 and 80. Two genotypes were found involving the insertion of a 265 base‐pair segment of ORF 108 into ORF 78 with inversions and deletions within ORFs 78, 79 and 80. The WSSV has an Asian origin and the mutations found could be an adaptation strategy to infect L. vannamei and other crustacean species of the American continent.