Relationship of stomatal resistance to sulfur dioxide and ozone injury in grapevines

Both SO₂ and O₃ were found to induce stomatal closure in grape leaves (Vitis labrusca L., cv. ‘Ives’). Vines treated with 0.5 p.p.m. O₃, in the absence of SO₂, for 2 hours, had a stomatal resistance approximately 30% higher than plants treated with filtered air. Vines treated with 0.5 p.p.m. SO₂, in the absence of O₃, for 2 hours, had a stomatal resistance approximately 190% higher than plants treated with filtered air. The interaction between the 2 pollutants did not significantly alter stomatal response.In vines treated with a mixture of 0.5 p.p.m. O₃ and 0.5 p.p.m. SO₂, correlation of vine injury with changes in stomatal resistance revealed 2 separate forms of resistance to pollutant injury, a resistance to SO₂ injury correlated with stomatal closure during pollutant exposure, and a resistance to O₃ injury correlated with greater stomatal opening prior to pollutant exposure.     

Petunia cultivar sensitivity to ozone and sulphur dioxide

Ozone (O₃) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) are widespread pollutants in many of the areas in which petunias are grown as bedding-plants. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of ‘Capri’, ‘White Magic’ and ‘White Cascade’ to separate or combined O₃ and SO₂ at 2 growth stages. Relative cultivar sensitivity was the same for O₃, SO₂ or O₃ + SO₂, with ‘Capri’ leaves least injured and ‘White Cascade’ leaves most injured. Visible injury symptoms were similar in all cultivars. Leaves of intermediate age were most sensitive, but early vegetative plants were more sensitive to O₃ than plants in immediate prefloral stage. Severity of leaf injury was generally greater from the combined gases than from the single gases, and the combination treatment at the early vegetative stage significantly reduced plant growth and flower weight 4 weeks later.     

Response of the Rieger begonia to ozone and sulphur dioxide

Ozone (O₃) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) are at present the two most pervasive air pollutants in the urban and suburban areas in which most Rieger begonias are grown. These air pollutants have been shown to impair crop productivity and quality in many other species. Controlled environment experiments were therefore conducted to elucidate the responses of ‘Schwabenland Red’ to separate or bombined O₃ and SO₂ at different growth stages.Plants at the early vegetative or prefloral stages had much more leaf damage after combined O₃ + SO₂ than after separate gases at 15 p.p.h.m. O₃ or 60 p.p.h.m. SO₂ for 5 days in a synergistic type of response. Exposure for an additional day at twice these concentrations greatly increased leaf damage. Growth reductions were not found after 2 weeks but delaying measurements until 8 weeks after treatment revealed some growth reductions.Experiments were conducted with flowering plants using O₃ of 0, 10, 20 or 30 p.p.h.m. in all combinations with SO₂ at 0, 60, 120 or 180 p.p.h.m. Fully developed leaves were damaged, and undamaged leaves were smaller and lighter on plants exposed to 20 p.p.h.m. or more O₃, 120 p.p.h.m. or more SO₂, or any combination of O₃ and SO₂ at or above 10 and 60 p.p.h.m., respectively.     

改接方法对葡萄和枣接穗成活率及生长量的影响

2001-2004年在对葡萄和枣改接良种的过程中，探讨了嫁接方法对接穗成活率及新梢生长量的影响。结果表明，将冬季剪下的1年生枝单芽接穗于4月下旬劈接在砧树绿枝上，嫁接成活率和新梢生长量最好。嫁接后全封闭包扎较露芽包扎成活率高。     

Production and distribution of endogenous sulfur dioxide and its generating enzyme in rats

AIM: To investigate the distribution of endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and its generating enzyme (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, GOT) in normal rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were anaesthetized and heart, liver, lung, kidney and vascular tissues (including aorta and pulmonary, mesenteric, kidney and tail arteries) were isolated rapidly. SO2 content was determined by reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection and GOT was detected in various tissues by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and enzymatic methods. GOT mRNA expression in arteries was studied through in situ hybridization. RESULTS: SO2 was endogenously generated in various rat tissues, including heart, liver, lung, kidney and arteries. The SO2 content was higher in arteries than that in other tissues. GOT enzyme and GOT mRNA expression were higher in heart, liver and kidney than those in arteries, and GOT1/GOT2 mRNA located in endothelia and vascular smooth muscle cells near endothelial layer. CONCLUSION: SO2 is endogenously generated in cardiovascular system, and the SO2 content in arteries is higher than that in other organs. GOT enzyme and GOT mRNA expression are low in arteries, and this phenomenon may be related with local metabolism.     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

酿酒葡萄的整形修剪技术

采用篱架单干双臂整形修剪技术栽培酿酒葡萄,可稳定结果部位,改善通风透光条件,提高浆果品质,浆果含糖量比采用其他树形提高1.0~3.7个百分点,且便于管理和采收。介绍了篱架单干双臂树形的整形和冬季、夏季修剪技术。     

臭氧处理对巨峰葡萄品质与生理生化的影响

探讨臭氧气体处理对巨峰葡萄采后贮藏品质及生理的影响,为臭氧在葡萄保鲜领域的研究与应用提供理论及实践依据。以21.04mg·m-3、44.62mg·m-3、81.41mg·m-3、131.14mg·m-3等不同浓度臭氧气体处理巨峰葡萄,置于温度-0.5℃～0.5℃、湿度85%～95%冷库中贮藏,研究不同处理对巨峰葡萄贮藏品质与生理生化的影响。结果表明,适宜浓度的臭氧处理可有效抑制葡萄的呼吸强度,延缓可溶性固形物、维生素C的下降;有效抑制PPO活性,减少单宁等抗氧化物质的消耗;并能保持葡萄果实内较高的SOD、CAT活性,减轻膜脂过氧化作用,从而延缓葡萄果实的成熟和衰老进程。其中以81.41mg·m-3臭氧气体处理葡萄,即以250mg·h-1臭氧气体发生量通入气胀2min,并密闭保持1h,每周处理1次,对巨峰葡萄保鲜效果最为显著,贮藏至98d后,好果率达85.42%,显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。     

葡萄钾营养及其在果实中积累的研究进展

钾是植物营养的关键性元素,对酶的活化、植物生长、光合作用、渗透势调节、同化产物的运输、产量与品质均有重要作用。目前,在葡萄生产上,钾是需求量最多的营养因子,但存在钾肥施用量不足、利用率不高等问题。钾作为葡萄植株中含量最丰富的阳离子,占植株干物质总量的0.4%~4.3%。葡萄果实作为强大的钾库,在果实转色后对钾的积累逐渐增多,到果实完全成熟时钾离子含量占阳离子总含量的70%左右,其中果皮中钾含量最高,种子次之,果肉最少。钾离子在果实中的转运是通过离子通道来实现的,在葡萄果实中,同时存在KUP/KT/HAK和Shaker两大基因家族,共同调控钾在果实的运输与再转运。同时,土壤条件、气候因素、品种特性、激素水平、栽培措施等都对果实中钾的积累有重要影响。综述了葡萄的钾营养、葡萄果实中钾的积累过程及其影响因素,为更好地调控果实中的养分平衡和指导生产提供依据。     

臭氧水浇灌对韭菜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及营养成分的影响

以大棚韭菜为试验材料,采用1.0 mg·L~(-1)臭氧水浇灌处理,测定韭菜幼苗氮含量、叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、水分含量、维生素C含量、总蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和矿质元素含量等指标,研究臭氧水浇灌对韭菜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及营养成分的影响。结果表明,臭氧水浇灌使韭菜叶片叶绿素含量和SPAD值显著增加,分别比对照增加了49.06%和21.34%;SOD、POD和CAT活性显著增加,分别比对照增加了85.92%、108.09%和66.16%;维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量及Ca、Fe、Mn含量显著增加,分别比对照增加了27.41%、20.61%及33.13%、15.79%、67.45%。说明臭氧水浇灌不但提高了韭菜幼苗的光合能力和抗逆能力,还可以明显提高韭菜营养和品质。     

栽培葡萄的技术要点

人类栽培葡萄有几千年的历史,随着对葡萄生物学特性的认知,栽培技术的沿革日臻完善,实用新技术层出不穷.笔者根据多年的科研、生产实践,简介如下,供参考. 1 为今后葡萄生产推荐的主要栽培品种 1.1 鲜食有核品种 1.1.1 京秀 北京植物园育成,属欧亚杂种,生长势中等,丰产性强,是极好的早熟品种.果穗大,圆锥形,果粒椭圆形,重6～8 g,果皮艳红色,品质极佳.抗病性强.适于篱架栽培、中短梢修剪.     

Role of sulfur dioxide in acute lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion of hind limbs in rats

AIM：To explore the role of endogenous and exogenous sulfur dioxide(SO2) in acute lung injury(ALI) induced by ischemia-reperfusion(IR) of limbs in rats. METHODS：The rat model of ALI was induced by ischemia and reperfusion of the hind limbs using a tourniquet. The rats(n=96) were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham, IR, sham+SO2, sham+hydroxamate(HDX), IR+SO2 and IR+HDX. The morphological changes of the lung tissues were observed under light microscope. Meanwhile, polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMN) in alveolar septum, lung coefficient, lung levels of malondialdehyde(MDA) and intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1, serum tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-1, the content of SO2 and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in the lung tissues, and 24 h survival rate of the rats were measured. RESULTS：IR of the rat limbs resulted in the damage of the lung tissues, and the increases in PMN in alveolar septum, lung coefficient, the lung levels of MDA and ICAM-1 and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1 were also observed with the reductions of SO2 content and AST activity. Pretreatment with SO2 donor Na2SO3/NaHSO3 alleviated the changes of the indicators above. HDX, an inhibitor of SO2-producing enzymes, aggravated the changes above. CONCLUSION：Down-regulation of AST/SO2 pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of limb IR-induced ALI. Administration of exogenous SO2 might attenuate lung injury through anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation.     

葡萄越冬防寒及受冻后的补救措施

冬季葡萄埋土防寒，可选在土壤封冻前进行。采取地面埋土防寒法、地下埋土防寒法和局部埋土防寒法等，能有效防止葡萄发生冻害。一旦发生冻害，可采取剪除受冻枝条和根，并及时扣塑料小拱棚，促使半死根群恢复生机，提高活根的吸收能力，进行补救。     

日光温室栽培葡萄的技术

采用红双味、乍娜等早熟葡萄品种的营养袋芽苗进行日光温室栽培。定植后，加大肥水供应，采用篱架独龙或双龙干整枝，并反复摘心，促进主蔓生长和冬芽分化。11月初扣棚，12月初提温催芽，严格花果管理和温湿度调控，翌年6月，15个温室总产15128kg，平均666.7m^2产1396kg。     

红富士苹果采后二氧化氯处理的保鲜作用

研究了二氧化氯(ClO2)处理对红富士苹果在冷藏条件下的防腐保鲜效果的影响,为ClO2应用于红富士苹果采后防腐保鲜提供一定的理论依据和技术参考.分别用浓度(有效成分)O、20、50、80 mg·L1的ClO2溶液采后处理红富士苹果,定期测定果实生理品质指标,并在贮藏末期观察统计其腐烂指数.结果表明,适宜浓度的ClO2采...     

大棚栽培葡萄灰霉病的发生与防治

塑料大棚温度较高 ,湿度大、光照差 ,葡萄枝蔓生长较弱 ,加上密度过大等因素 ,极易导致灰霉病发生 ,这已成为制约大棚葡萄生产的重要因素之一。1　病害症状葡萄灰霉病危害花穗和果实 ,有时也危害叶片和新梢。花穗多在开花前发病 ,初期呈淡褐色、水渍状 ,后变为暗褐色或黑褐色。在潮湿条件下 ,病部组织软化、腐败 ,表面产生浓密的灰色霉层 ,稍加触动 ,可见烟雾粉状物飞散。被害花穗萎蔫 ,幼果极易脱落。果实多在近成熟期和贮藏期感病 ,受害部位产生褐色凹陷病斑、软腐 ,果粒表面密生鼠灰色霉层并很快扩展至全穗果粒 ,果穗易脱落。贮藏期如受…     

Cell wall development in the berries of two grapevines

The cell wall content of the berries of grape cultivars ‘Barbera’ and ‘Freisa’ was examined and analyzed during their growth and ripening from July to October.The build-up of cell wall material was much faster in ‘Barbera’ than in ‘Freisa’, and ended 2 weeks before completion of commercial maturity, while in ‘Freisa’ it progressed at a lower rate, but continued up to picking-time. The two most important groups of cell wall polysaccharides were insoluble pectins and hemicellulose. Their behaviour appeared to be always complementary.Cell number per berry apparently decreased steadily in both cultivars, more rapidly in ‘Freisa’ than in ‘Barbera’. The reason for this is not certain, but appears to be due either to cell fusion or to cell squeezing. The average number of cells per berry in both cultivars was of the same order of magnitude, and in agreement with the findings of other authors.     

硫对猕猴桃叶绿体结构及果实品质的影响

【目的】为猕猴桃种植中合理施用硫肥提供科学的参考依据。【方法】将土壤、有机肥和硫磺粉混匀后装盆,移栽1 a生猕猴桃嫁接苗,定期观察不同硫处理盆栽猕猴桃植株的生长情况;另外冬季在‘米良一号’猕猴桃老果园中采用不同浓度硫磺粉和有机肥混合作基肥进行环状沟施,翌年9月研究施硫处理对猕猴桃叶片叶绿体结构及果实品质的影响。【结果】施用适量的硫磺对翌年猕猴桃植株的生长有促进作用,当硫质量浓度大于2.5 kg·m~(-3)时,猕猴桃植株新梢生长较短,叶片较小,对猕猴桃植株的生长有抑制作用。施硫2 a后土壤性质发现了明显变化,质量浓度为1.0~2.0 kg·m~(-3)硫处理后,土壤pH符合猕猴桃适宜生长的范围,而1.5 kg·m~(-3)硫处理后,土壤的有机质、全氮和有效磷含量明显高于其他处理组。与对照不施硫相比,田间1.0 kg·m~(-3)硫处理的猕猴桃叶片中叶绿体呈规则的梭形,环绕在细胞内表面,基粒、基质片层清晰,基粒类囊体垛叠多且排列致密整齐,叶绿体内富含小颗粒的淀粉粒,且叶片细胞大小均一,排列整齐紧密;同时低、中质量浓度的硫处理明显改善了猕猴桃果实品质,其中以2.0 kg·m~(-3)硫处理效果最好,其单果质量、果形指数、果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量分别比对照提高了11.19%、8.94%、32.65%、5.45%、9.16%、11.76%和26.92%;随着施硫量的增加,果实中全硫的含量也不断增加,但所有处理均在作物全硫含量安全范围内。【结论】施硫质量浓度为1.0~2.0 kg·m~(-3)时能改善土壤养分,稳定维持猕猴桃叶片细胞和叶绿体结构,明显改善果实品质。     

不同温度和CO_2体积分数对丰水梨采后生理指标的影响

为明确丰水梨采后适宜的贮藏温度和CO2体积分数,从果实硬度、膜透性、乙醇质量分数、总酚质量分数、PG活性、PPO活性及果心褐变等方面研究了不同温度和CO2体积分数对丰水梨果实的防褐保鲜效果。结果表明,-1.5℃明显降低果实腐烂率,维持较高的果实硬度,但果实发生不同程度冷害;5℃适合短期贮藏(<60d)。与CK相比,3%O2+1%CO2可较好保持果实硬度和风味,明显抑制PPO活性、乙醇产生和果心褐变,延缓酚类物质降解,较好保持细胞膜完整性;2%CO2防褐保鲜效果次之;3%～5%CO2防褐保鲜效果最差。