Evaluation of the use of butylated hydroxytoluene to reduce superficial scald of apples

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was found to be effective in reducing the incidence of superficial scald in ‘Granny Smith’ apples grown in Australia and New Zealand, when it was applied to the fruit as a post-harvest dip or when the fruit were stored in wraps impregnated with BHT. However, much higher concentrations of BHT were required to produce an equivalent reduction in scald compared with diphenylamine or ethoxyquin.     

Multiformulation dips for controlling storage disorders of apples and pears. II. Assessing scald inhibitors

Superficial scald (scald) was adequately controlled by diphenylamine (DPA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT and Topanol), and Ethoxyquin and partly controlled by Topanol O (a BHT emulsion formulated for calcium chloride compatibility). Mixing calcium chloride (calcium) with these scald-inhibitors tended to improve the level of scald control, although this effect was not always significant, and Benlate reduced the effectiveness of Ethoxyquin. The phytotoxic effect of individual dip components caused appreciable wastage from lenticel spotting. Lowest lenticel spotting occurred with Ethoxyquin and DPA miscible oil (MO), while BHT miscible oil formulations Topanol and Topanol O caused excessive spotting. Calcium was also highly co-inductive to lenticel spotting, and this effect was compounded by the inclusion of scald inhibitors with calcium. In using mixed ingredient (multiformulation) dips, DPA as a miscible oil or powder gave effective scald control without greatly increasing lenticel spot when calcium was added. However, this effect was more apparent on ‘Granny Smith’ and since calcium did not improve fruit firmness on ‘Delicious’, its inclusion in post-harvest dips for this cultivar is not warranted.     

The relative effects of rootstocks and calcium sprays on the appearance of internal breakdown and superficial scald of ‘Red Delicious’ apples during storage

The 2-year investigation involved storing fruit samples from each tree in a trial of 8 rootstocks with the locally selected ‘Lalla Red Delicious’ to see how the storage characteristics were modified by rootstock and/or calcium sprays.The 6 spray applications of calcium made a significant reduction in the incidence of internal breakdown in both years, although the magnitude of the response varied from rootstock to rootstock in 1976. There were no significant rootstock effects in 1975, and in 1976 they were eliminated where calcium sprays were used. In the absence of calcium sprays in 1976, apples from ‘M. 16’ produced significantly more internal breakdown than those from any of the other stocks, with ‘MM. 107’ producing the second highest level. At the other end of the scale, apples from ‘MM. 110’ had the lowest incidence, closely followed by ‘M. 1.’ The remaining 4 stocks (‘11 immune’, ‘M.13’, ‘M.25’ and ‘Seedling’) gave intermediate readings and were not significantly different from each other.The calcium spray treatments also significantly reduced the incidence of superficial scald with all rootstocks. The main rootstock effect observed was that apples from ‘MM. 110’ and ‘M. 1’ had significantly less scald than from 5 of the other 6 rootstocks.     

影响苹果虎皮病发生的因素

苹果虎皮病是贮藏后期果实发生的一种生理病害,发生轻重与果实的成熟度、气候因素及贮藏环境条件有关。在生长季最后几周天气干热的年份要特别注意虎皮病的防治。采用低氧气调、超低氧气调防治虎皮病的效果好,其处理条件一般是0℃左右的温度、1%-2.5%O2和0.5%-3%CO2。适期采收果实、采后及时入库冷藏、使用乙烯吸收剂去除或减少贮藏环境中的乙烯等措施,也有助于防治虎皮病。     

黄金梨贮藏期虎皮病防治试验

研究了包装方式、抗氧化剂和常用防腐保鲜剂防治黄金梨贮藏期虎皮病。结果表明:贮藏210天后,在供试包装材料中以外黄内黑的双层袋包装效果最佳,其虎皮病病情指数为1.55;以含0.2%DPA保鲜纸和0.2%DPA浸果处理效果明显,虎皮病病情指数分别为0.87和1.59,显著低于其他处理;以1%壳聚糖处理、0.0001%ICC处理及2.5%CaCl2加0.1%TBZ等常用防腐保鲜剂对黄金梨虎皮病的抑制效果较为明显,病情指数分别为2.98、4.34、4.80,且好果率高,分别为91.82%、92.26%、90.04%。     

Heat treatment and harvest date interact in their effect on superficial scald of ‘Granny Smith’ apple

A study was made of the effect of hot water dips (HWD) at temperatures of 42, 44, 46 and 48 °C (HWD 42 °C, HWD 44 °C, HWD 46 °C and HWD 48 °C, respectively) for 3 min on development of superficial scald and the concentration of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols (CT), CT₂₅₉, CT₂₆₉, CT₂₈₁, as well as OD₂₀₀ on Granny Smith apple fruits harvested on three dates and stored 125 days in air at 2 °C. HWD 48 °C efficiently decreased surface scald in the second and third harvest. α-Farnesene and CT were measured spectrophotometrically and by HPLC. No clear relationship of OD₂₀₀ and scald development was observed. Correlation of scald index and OD₂₀₀ at the end of storage was negative for the second harvest date. There was no significant correlation between the scald index and CT₂₅₉. Scald index was positively correlated with CT₂₆₉ after 80 days for the second and third harvest and at the end of storage for the second harvest. CT₂₈₁ was spectrophotometrically detectable only at the end of the storage, for the third harvest date, in control, HWD 42 °C, and HWD 44 °C. HWD 42 °C had significantly higher CT₂₈₁ compared to HWD 44 °C and control. HPLC analysis of control samples revealed presence of CT₂₈₁ in all three harvest dates, and presence of at least two components, as was the case of CT₂₅₉ and CT₂₆₉. The ratio of these two components was different for all three CT species. Fruit maturity was an important factor determining the response of fruit to heat and occurrence of superficial scald. The results indicate that a successful treatment using HWD to control superficial scald may be obtained after further research and that there are still some questions on the role of different CT's in scald biochemistry that should be addressed in future research.     

Multiformulation dips for controlling storage disorders of apples and pears. I. Assessing fungicides

When applied as post-harvest dips on ‘Granny Smith’ or ‘Jonathan’ apples and ‘Packham Triumph’ pears, the fungitoxic effect of Benlate, Rovral, Dithane M45 or Imazalil was not adversely affected by the presence of diphenylamine or calcium chloride. Best protection from storage rots was obtained with Rovral and Imazalil on ‘Granny Smith’; Benlate, Rovral and Imazalil on ‘Jonathan’ and Rovral or a Dithane M45 Benlate mix on ‘Packham’ pears. Calcium chloride in these dips reduced ‘Jonathan’ breakdown and when mixed with Benlate, Rovral or Imazalil, it improved retention of fruit firmness. A disadvantage of calcium chloride in dips was its effect of increasing skin injury (lenticel spot) on ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Jonathan’. Scald control by diphenylamine was unaffected by the presence of calcium chloride or fungicides.     

套袋对皇家嘎拉苹果贮藏过程中香气成分的影响

采用静态顶空(SHS)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,分析了皇家嘎拉苹果0℃贮藏过程中香气成分的变化。结果表明:(1)套袋导致皇家嘎拉苹果采收时香气物质相对质量分数降低。套双层袋皇家嘎拉苹果采收时测定的香气有5类27种,套单层袋皇家嘎拉苹果采收时测定的香气有3类28种,而不套袋皇家嘎拉苹果的香气物质为6类31种;(2)0℃下贮藏过程中,套袋和不套袋皇家嘎拉苹果果实香气种类呈上升趋势,至贮藏90d时,不套袋苹果香气物质的种类增加最多,增加了18种,套双层袋果实增加最小为7种。(3)0℃下贮藏过程中,皇家嘎拉苹果香气物质相对质量分数呈下降趋势,其中以不套袋苹果降幅最大,降低了11.70%,单层袋果实降幅最小,降低了4.78%。(4)套袋导致皇家嘎拉苹果特征香气物质相对质量分数降低。皇家嘎拉苹果特征香气物质是:乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸-2-甲基丁酯、2-甲基-丁酸己酯、己醇、己醛。皇家嘎拉苹果属于酯香型。     

Multiformulation dips for controlling storage disorders of apples and pears. III. Throughput limitations in dip application

Effectiveness of post-harvest diphenylamine (DPA) dip treatments for superficial scald (scald) control is dependent on application method, DPA formulation, dip age, quantity of fruit throughput and the inclusion of additives (calcium chloride and fungicides).With bin-immersion systems, throughput up to 100 × 18 kg cases per 561 of dip, caused no loss of DPA. However, with an Australian miscible oil formulation DPA (M.O. Aust.) containing additives there was increased scald and lenticel spot (spot) after 50-case throughput, and with a wettable powder formulation DPA (P) there was increased spot after 50-case throughput, but these limitations were not apparent with an American miscible oil formulation DPA (M.O. U.S.). Replacing lost dip-volume with normal strength DPA after 50-case throughput prevented the occurrence of these disorders with further throughput. Dips which had had prior throughput and were then aged for 1–2 weeks were effective provided they were agitated before use.With bin-flooding systems using DPA (M.O. Aust.) or DPA (P), effective scald control was limited to the case throughput which was treated in 40–75 min. Exceeding this limitation caused the DPA (M.O. Aust.) emulsion to break down due to mechanical agitation in pumping, and DPA (P) to form a surface scum of DPA ingredient in the return tank. The DPA (M.O. U.S.) formulation was stable and effective in this system for at least 100 min pumping.     

苹果霉心病大发生的原因及防治措施

2003年,由于花期前后降雨早、次数多、雨量大及防治措施不力,导致苹果霉心病的大发生。地势低洼土壤湿度大、留枝过多通风透光不良的果园发病重。4月上中旬花前(铃铛花时)和谢花后7～10天两个关键时期进行防治,有效药剂为多效灵、叶宝绿二号、多抗霉素、宝丽安等,并加强综合管理,增强树势,改善通风透光条件,可有效地控制或减少霉心病的发生。     

中华人民共和国农业行业标准苹果贮运技术规范

1 范围 本标准规定了鲜食苹果的采收及入贮、适宜冷藏条件、气调贮藏、贮藏寿命和出库指标,贮藏结束时的管理、运输、检验规则及检验方法。     

Stomatal and tree growth characteristics of some crab apples

Fifteen crab-apple species were classified on the basis of their stomatal apparatus (density, length and width) and tree growth (trunk cross-sectional area, height and spread) characteristics. None of the stomatal parameters were correlated with tree vigour.     

苹果套袋的负面作用及其对策

在推广莱果套袋栽培中发现,套袋容易引发日灼和缺素症。选择适宜果袋,掌握正确套袋方法,套袋后加强综合管理,特别是增施微肥,切实做好摘叶,转果,铺反光膜等,可最大限度地减小套袋带来的负面影响。     

Reduction of low temperature breakdown in apples with gibberellic acid

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) was found effective in reducing low temperature breakdown in stored apples when it was applied as a dip in aqueous or ethanolic solution or in wax emulsion. The levels of GA ₃ examined, which ranged from 2 to 80 µmole/fruit, all reduced breakdown to the same extent.     

不同品系和光照对套袋苹果品质的影响

2002年研究了红富士在山东省不同地区、不同品系间套袋果果实品质的差异,以及光照条件对套袋果果实品质的影响,结果表明套袋红富士(品系)果实品质的差异主要在于果皮花青苷含量,遗传因素和气候(特别是光照)条件是影响套袋红富士(品系)果实品质的两大制约因素。提出了苹果套袋栽培容易被忽视的配套技术环节。     

起垄加覆草对减少黄泛区富士苹果裂果的效果

富士苹果裂果率的产生,除其内部因素外,外部条件主要取决于全年土壤含水量和果园湿度的变化幅度。起垄加覆草,旱能保水、涝可排水,使土壤年周期含水量和果园湿度较为稳定,能减少富士裂果。     

‘华硕’苹果采收期判定及其对贮藏品质的影响

【目的】明确‘华硕’苹果采收期的有效判定方法,并确定‘华硕’苹果的最佳采收期。【方法】对不同采收成熟度的‘华硕’果实进行淀粉染色,分析品质指标参数之间的差异性和相关性;同时对不同采收期‘华硕’苹果进行低温与货架期贮藏,测定主要品质变化情况。【结果】乙烯释放速率、淀粉染色指数与糖酸比是可以判定‘华硕’苹果采收成熟度的可靠指标。采收期Ⅱ的‘华硕’苹果在采收时以及冷藏和货架期均表现出较好的品质。货架末期,采收期Ⅱ的果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量分别为1.52 N·cm~(-2)、9.50 g·100 g~(-1)和0.58 g·100 g~(-1),均高于其他2个采收期,早采或晚采都不适宜‘华硕’苹果采后果实品质的维持。【结论】采收期Ⅱ是‘华硕’苹果适宜的采收期,该采收期果实的淀粉染色等级为3～4级,乙烯释放速率为(10.65±0.60)μL·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),淀粉指数为(3.40±0.20),糖酸比为(10.57±0.14)。     

钙素营养与套袋苹果苦痘病的关系

为了探讨苹果套袋后苦痘病加重的原因,以富士苹果为试材,对果实发育过程中钙、氮含量的变化规律,果实幼果期和成熟期钙总量,套袋后果实微环境湿度变化及不同有机质果园苦痘病发生率进行了测定。结果表明,未套袋苹果果实在幼果期吸收钙量占成熟果实总钙量30%左右,后期占70%左右,套袋影响了果实对钙的吸收;套袋使袋内湿度增加,果实表面蒸腾作用降低,使果实对钙的吸收受到影响;同时套袋果氮含量一直高于未套袋果,N/Ca增大,促成了苦痘病的发生。增加果园有机质含量,可以改善根际钙离子供应,降低苦痘病的发生。     

Storage behaviour of ‘Richared’ and ‘Starkrimson’ delicious apples

This study involved harvesting samples of ‘Richared’ and ‘Starkrimson’ from Tasmanian orchards on 3 harvest dates in 2 consecutive years. The storage performance was assessed after 12 weeks cool storage in 1974 and 18 weeks in 1975.Flesh pressures at harvest were usually higher in ‘Richared’ than in ‘Starkrimson’. The incidence of superficial scald did not differ between the 2 cultivars. ‘Richared’ was far more susceptible to watercore at harvest and breakdown ex store than ‘Starkrimson’. For these reasons, the timing of harvest was more critical for ‘Richared’ than for ‘Starkrimson’.     

Calcium and magnesium interactions in browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with bitter pit

The role of Ca and Mg in the enzymatic browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was explored. Enzymatic browning due to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was stimulated with the addition of 0.8–10 mM MgCl₂ to the reaction mixture, whereas 0.8–10 mM CaCl₂ had little effect or decreased the rate of enzymatic browning. Within a week after vacuum infiltration with MgCl₂, treated fruits exhibited browning symptoms that were similar to bitter pit. Six months after vacuum infiltration, when analyzed for enzyme activity, MgCl₂-treated fruits exhibited higher rates of PPO activity, whereas CaCl₂-treated fruits had lower activity than the MgCl₂-treated fruits and the controls. A hypothesis is advanced that the initial visible symptoms of bitter pit, i.e. the localized browning, is caused by PPO, its activity being stimulated by the localized Mg/Ca imbalance present in the tissue. The results indicate that Ca is predominant in the prevention of this disorder, whereas a deficiency of Ca is involved in its induction.