阿根廷鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白及肌肉组织凝胶保水性研究

研究了不同温度、pH、离子浓度、单体保水剂、复合保水剂对阿根廷鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白、肌肉凝胶保水特性的影响.试验结果表明,在pH 6.6,离子浓度0.7 mol/L,温度为70 ℃时,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水能力最佳;甘油和多聚磷酸钠组成的复合保水剂对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶保水能力影响最大;该复合保水剂添加的体积分数为6 %时,阿根廷鱿鱼肌肉凝胶保水能力最好.     

鲢肌球蛋白热诱导的凝胶化温度

为了研究鲢鱼糜凝胶化温度与肌球蛋白热稳定性的关系,测定经不同凝胶化温度处理的鱼糜凝胶特性,利用浊度法检测鲢肌球蛋白溶液聚集体的形成过程,并采用圆二色谱仪、差式量热扫描仪分别对鲢肌球蛋白溶液的α-helix结构变化和热变性温度进行测定。结果表明,鲢鱼糜的适宜凝胶化温度为40℃,肌球蛋白的聚集速率在39℃、51℃、54℃3个温度点时出现大幅度增加,其中39℃时聚集速率最快;肌球蛋白α-helix在40℃、55℃时大量解旋成无规卷曲结构,40℃时解旋速率最快;肌球蛋白存在两个变性温度43.32℃和51.59℃。鲢鱼糜凝胶化温度与肌球蛋白α-helix的第一个解旋温度和第一个变性峰值温度点相对应,凝胶化温度实质上是肌球蛋白的第一个变性峰值温度点。     

淀粉对鱼肉凝胶形成能的影响

１ 介绍 鱼糜和盐混合、加热、形成三维蛋白质网络．一般认为这是蛋白质分子变性、变性分子相互作用形成十字联结的原因。决定鱼肉的凝胶形成能的因素有：鱼种、鱼质、含盐量、蛋白质含量和加工方法。 为了改善鱼肉凝胶结构性质、常在鱼糜中添加淀粉．糊化过程中连续发生了几个变化：颗粒膨胀、结晶区破裂、双折射降低、粘性提高和颗粒分裂。淀粉加热时鱼糜凝胶中淀粉的糊化可在一定范围内提高弹性、淀粉与鱼糜蛋白质的关系不明。 本文研究了添加淀粉对鱼肉凝胶弹性的影响、即淀粉颗粒膨胀糊化与鱼糜蛋白质凝胶的相互作用。２ 材料和方法２…     

超高压对秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

秘鲁鱿鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是一种高产量、低价格、低品质的海洋渔业资源,由于其肉质粗糙,还有酸、苦、涩等不良风味,使秘鲁鱿鱼的资源化利用成为一个难点问题。本研究以秘鲁鱿鱼为研究对象,通过测定肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、弹性、电泳图谱等,研究了超高压对其凝胶特性的影响,并比较了其与热诱导凝胶的差异。结果表明,超高压300MPa、10min时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶弹性达到最大值1.43;超高压300MPa、25min时凝胶弹性为1.42;超高压400MPa、25min时凝胶硬度达到最大值52.5g;300MPa、保压25min时凝胶强度达到最高值68.4g。不添加TG-B型谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)时,秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维难以形成热诱导凝胶;添加了2%TGase的热诱导凝胶硬度较高,可达到74.74g,但凝胶弹性仅为0.90,凝胶强度为67.0g,与超高压诱导凝胶的强度相近。研究表明,超高压具有促进凝胶形成和改善凝胶特性尤其是凝胶弹性的作用,可以成为替代热处理的一种秘鲁鱿鱼鱼糜制品生产的新技术。     

鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成的动力学分析

以鲢（Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix）和狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）鱼糜为对象,在微波、水浴两种加热条件下,对鱼糜及鱼糜大豆蛋白复合素材试样的凝胶特性——破断力值加以测定,进而考察不同加热方式下两种鱼糜的凝胶形成速度以及微波加热所需的活化能,并对试样能量吸收值进行了比较。结果表明：（1）鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成速度比传统水浴加热高两个数量级,不同鱼种的鱼麋微波加热凝胶形成速度有一定的差异性（P〉0．05）。（2）微波加热下,欲达到相同的破断力值,鲢需要高于狭鳕1倍的活化能,两者对应的复合素材的活化能均小于相应的单一鱼糜试样。（3）与水浴加热相比,在能量吸收值相同的情况下,微波加热试样能达到更高凝胶破断力值。     

斑马鱼原肌球蛋白基因克隆表达及免疫学鉴定

克隆斑马鱼原肌球蛋白的基因并表达纯化出重组蛋白,对其免疫学特性进行鉴定。提取斑马鱼总RNA,采用RT-PCR克隆斑马鱼原肌球蛋白的全长基因,根据序列设计带有酶切位点的特异性引物,扩增斑马鱼原肌球蛋白基因的完整开放阅读框,连入载体pET-28a,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株中通过IPTG诱导得到重组斑马鱼原肌球蛋白。重组蛋白经Ni 2+亲和层析柱纯化后进行Western-blot检测。获得斑马鱼原肌球蛋白基因,Western-blot结果显示重组蛋白具有良好的免疫活性。本研究成功克隆并表达了斑马鱼原肌球蛋白基因,经免疫学鉴定发现其具有过敏原性。     

TG酶催化过程中鲢肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性能的变化

为探究转谷氨酰胺酶(TG酶)催化过程中,鲢肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性能的变化,进一步提升鲢鱼糜制品特性和营养价值。对不同催化时间(0、15、30、60 min)后鲢肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的交联度、凝胶强度、白度、持水性、微观结构及消化特性变化进行了分析。结果显示,TG酶诱导蛋白胶凝后,蛋白凝胶交联度显著提高。在TG酶催化过程中,随交联时间的延长,白度值增加、持水性提高。通过扫描电镜分析,发现凝胶网络孔径变小,结构变得更加致密。在催化时间30 min下,交联度、白度值及持水力显著提高,弛豫时间T22显著减小。TG酶催化后的蛋白凝胶在消化初始阶段水解程度较低,因为交联度提升,蛋白网络结构越来越致密,降低了胃蛋白酶对其水解位点的可及性。蛋白消化90 min后,网络遭到破坏,导致其水解速率明显提高。研究表明,在适当的交联时间下,有助于提升蛋白凝胶的凝胶特性。该研究为TG酶对鱼肉制品品质及消化特性的改善提供了实验依据。     

几种淡水鱼的凝胶特性

近年来,我国水产品总产量连续几年位居世界第一,其中以淡水鱼的增幅最大。但目前,由于水产品的深加工没有跟上,淡水养鱼面临销售不景气的困扰,因此解决好水产品的保鲜、加工、销售等问题,是关系到水产业继续发展的重要课题。 为了探讨淡水鱼在鱼糜制品方面的发展可能性,笔者在1990年留学日本期间,曾对6种淡水鱼的凝胶特性进行过研究,现整理发表如下。     

基因重组cystatin对鲢鱼糜肌球蛋白的保护作用初探

研究了基因重组中华鲟半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(recombinantChinesesturgeoncystatin)基因在毕赤酵母中的表达和以鲢为原料制作鱼糜过程中添加与未添加recombinantcystatin情况下肌球蛋白的含量变化趋势。结果表明重组cystatin对木瓜蛋白酶具有较强的抑制活性,曲线方程为y=0.0234x 0.0059。SDS PAGE电泳和分析结果表明添加重组cystatin可使鱼糜肌球蛋白具缓和内源性蛋白酶降解作用,具有明显的保护作用。     

鲫鱼和罗非鱼的凝胶特性值研究

本文通过对日本罗非鱼和鲫鱼及其冷冻鱼糜的凝胶特性值进行一系列测定,得出其最佳的凝胶形成温度分别是35℃和40℃,凝胶析出温度是60℃。凝胶形成值碱盐漂洗法高于清水漂洗法,分别是清水漂洗的2及1.7倍左右。只有在50℃以下凝胶,二段加热的第二次加热才有提高凝胶形成能和增加白度的作用。冰鲜四天,k值11.0的鲫鱼其凝胶形成能平均仅为k值3.2活鲫鱼的40％,对于鲜度差的鱼采用一段的高温加热法(30′90℃)为佳。罗非鱼的凝胶形成能高于鲫鱼,大约是鲫鱼的1.5倍。鱼糜的耐冻性罗非鱼比鲫鱼强,添加5％砂糖或5％环糊精及0.2％多磷酸盐都能够有效地抑制两种冷冻鱼糜的变性。     

Effects of High Pressure on Myofibrillar Protein and Moisture Distribution of Shrimp (Solenocera melantho) Muscle

ABSTRACT

The effects of high pressure (100–500 MPa) treatment on myofibrillar protein (MP) contents and distribution of water in Solenocera melantho muscle were investigated. The results showed that the shrimp treated with 200 MPa had the highest shelling score, and the solubility of MP in meat of shrimp treated with 300 MPa was significantly reduced. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of MP increased with increasing pressure. Treatment of shrimp with 200–300 MPa high pressure partially converted the structure of MP from an α-helix structure to a β-sheet structure, allowing for greater exposure of the tryptophan residues present. Treatment of shrimp with 100–200 MPa led to a significant loss in the amount of immobilized water in shrimp muscle. However, the treatment did not significantly change the moisture distribution. Overall, pressures of 100 to 200 MPa are considered the most suitable for the processing of S. melantho.     

ATP含量与外源酶添加对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化水平的影响

蛋白质磷酸化修饰可影响肌肉品质,为探究外源酶添加对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白蛋白质磷酸化水平的影响,向罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白溶液分别加入蛋白激酶A（Protein Kinase A,PKA）、和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphatase,AP）进行体外孵育,通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和荧光染色测定不同时间段内的磷酸化水平变化。此外,通过将罗非鱼肌肉浸泡在不同浓度ATP 溶液中测定其肌原纤维蛋白蛋白磷酸化水平以探究ATP对其影响。结果显示,在0~72 h,PKA组磷酸化水平均显著高于对照组和AP组,PKA组整体磷酸化水平从0 h的0.35±0.01上升至12 h的0.37±0.01而后下降至72 h的0.29±0.01,总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,肌球蛋白重链磷酸化水平和肌动蛋白磷酸化水平分别从0 h的0.73±0.01、0.86±0.01下降至72 h的0.58±0.02和0.68±0.01（P<0.05）。当孵育时间为0、4、24和48 h时,3组磷酸化水平均具有显著差异。在外源添加0.3 mol/L ATP后,结果显示肌原纤维蛋白整体磷酸化水平（0.46±0.001）显著高于对照组（0.42±0.01）。PKA可促进罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化修饰,而碱性磷酸酶则使其去磷酸化。研究表明,宰后罗非鱼肌肉中的ATP含量、PKA及AP活性水平是影响蛋白质磷酸化水平的关键因素。本研究可为探明罗非鱼品质变化机制与调控策略提供理论依据。     

Physicochemical and Gel Properties of Myofibrillar Protein from Sin Croaker (Johnius dussumieri) Fish During Ice Storage

The physicochemical and gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MFP) from sin croaker fish were studied during ice storage for 18 days. Significant changes in the trends of solubility, Ca²⁺ ATPase enzyme activity, surface hydrophobicity, and water holding capacity of extracted MFP were observed by the 6th day of storage. The Ca²⁺ ATPase enzyme activity reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by the 6th day of storage. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) did not show a remarkable change in the concentration of myosin heavy chain. Surface hydrophobicity increased almost four times from its original value of 18.98 µg; whereas, water holding capacity showed a fluctuating trend during storage. The emulsion capacity of the MFP was in the range of 0.89- to 1.92-mL oil/mg protein during storage. The gel strength value (313.45 g.cm) of heat-induced gel prepared from fresh minced meat decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by the 6th day of ice storage. Texture profile analysis revealed that changes in hardness and gumminess were concurrent to steeply reducing breaking force up to the 6th day. The histological observation showed gradually increasing gaps between muscle fibers. The histological observations and physicochemical quality indicated that the sin croaker fish can be used for producing good quality surimi when stored for up to 6 days in ice.     

Preparation of Water-Soluble Chitosan and its Suppressive Effect on the Denaturation of Scallop Adductor Muscle Myofibrillar Protein During Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT

In the present study, investigated were the preparation of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) by hydrolysis of original chitosan with commercial α-amylase and the suppressive effect of WSC on denaturation of bay scallop adductor muscle myofibrillar protein (Mf) during frozen storage at ?18°C for 12 months. The WSC (2.5- to 10-g dry weight) was added to 100 g of the Mf, and the changes in the Ca-ATPase activity, solubility, and sulfhydryl content were examined during frozen storage. The addition of WSC significantly reduced the denaturation of the Mf Ca-ATPase. Moreover, a significant increase in Mf solubility and sulfhydryl content was observed in the WSC-treated bay scallop adductor muscles compared with the control (p < 0.05) during frozen storage at ?18°C.     

Characterization and Film-Forming Properties of Gelatins from Whitemouth Croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) Skin and Bones

The Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), due to its abundance, is considered one of the most traditional and important species fished in the coastal waters and estuaries of South America. The aim of this work was to produce biopolymeric films of gelatins obtained from skin and bones of Whitemouth croaker. The fish gelatins were characterized through the yield, chemical composition, physiochemical, and rheological properties. The films were characterized by tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability (WVP), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and optical properties. The values of protein yield, hydroxyproline content, gel strength, melting temperature, gelling temperature, and viscosity of the skin gelatin were higher than the values of the bone gelatin. The films obtained of skin gelatin showed all properties and thermal analysis superior in relation to the films of bone gelatin; this can be justified by the best physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the skin gelatin.     

Comparative Effects of Fish and Cow Gelatins and Locust Bean Gum on Chemical,Textural, and Sensory Properties of Yogurt

ABSTRACT

Yogurt is a traditional dairy product widely consumed all over the world. Syneresis, which is a result of lower water holding capacity, is a big concern and an important quality parameter. In this study, the efficiency of locust bean gum and different gelatins (fish skin, fish scale, and bovine skin) in preventing syneresis was investigated. Samples were stored at 4°C for 2 weeks, a typical shelf life of yogurt, and analyzed periodically for quality parameters. Syneresis, viscosity, and water holding capacity of the control and gum added samples were almost identical, while gelatin added samples were generally significantly improved (p < 0.05).     

冬季不同海区拟穴青蟹可溶蛋白和糖含量比较

采用生物化学方法测定了福建厦门海区和浙江宁海海区冬季拟穴青蟹鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖的含量.结果显示,厦门海区拟穴青蟹冬季可溶性蛋白含量在鳃(4.02 mg/ml)、肝胰腺(3.12 mg/ml)和肌肉(4.35 mg/ml)中显著高于宁海海区拟穴青蟹鳃(2.49 mg/ml)、肝胰腺(2.22 mg/m...     

Comparison of Practical Diets with and without Animal Protein at Various Concentrations of Dietary Protein on Performance of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Raised in Earthen Ponds1

Abstract— A 2 × 5 factorial experiment was conducted using practical-type extruded feeds containing 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36% crude protein with or without animal protein. The animal protein supplement consisted of 4% menhaden fish meal and 4% meat, bone and blood meal. Channel catfish fingerlings (average size: 26.3 g/fish) were stocked into 50 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 24,700 fishha. Five ponds were used for each dietary treatment. Fish were fed once daily to satiation for 202 d. There were no differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentage fillet moisture, and survival among treatments. In fish fed diets containing no animal protein, feed consumption, weight gain, and percentage dressout were lower for fish fed the 20% protein diet than those fed diets containing 28% and 32% protein. Fish fed 28, 32, or 36% protein diets without animal protein did not differ in respect to percentage dressout and percentage visceral fat; fish fed the 36% protein diet had higher percentage fillet protein and a lower percentage fillet fat than fish fed other diets with the exception of fish fed the 28% protein diet. In fish fed diets containing animal protein, feed consumption, weight gain, percentage fillet protein and ash, and percentage dressout were lower and visceral fat was higher for fish fed the 20% protein diet than those fed other diets. Fish fed diets containing 24% protein and above with animal protein were not different in respect to weight gain and feed consumption, but fish fed the 24% protein diet had a higher percentage fillet fat than fish fed a 32% or 36% protein diet. Fish fed the 32% protein diet had a lower visceral fat. Considering animal protein vs non-animal protein with the data pooled across all diets without regard to dietary protein level, weight gain and FCR of fish fed diets containing animal protein were higher than those fed diets containing no animal protein. However, weight gain of fish fed diets containing 20, 28, or 32% protein with or without animal protein did not differ. Dressout percentage and fillet protein were higher and fillet fat was lower for fish fed diets containing no animal protein than those fed diets containing animal protein. Data from this study indicated that animal protein may not be a necessary dietary ingredient for fish fed 28% or 32% protein diets typically used for grow out of pond-raised channel catfish under satiation feeding conditions. Whether animal protein should be included in catfish diets containing less than 28% protein is unclear, since fish fed the 24% protein diet benefited from animal protein but those fed the 20% protein diet did not benefit from animal protein. Additional studies to provide more information on low-protein, all-plant diets are currently being conducted.     

Comparison of Satiate and Restricted Feeding of Channel Catfish with Diets of Varying Protein Quality in Production Ponds

A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted using satiate and restricted feeding with 32% crude protein diets containing low, medium, and high quality protein. Protein quality in the experimental diets was varied primarily by substituting peanut meal and cottonseed meal for soybean meal. Percentages of lysine, the first-limiting amino acid, were 1.14, 1.33, and 1.61 in the low, medium, and high quality protein diets respectively. Digestible energy concentration of the diets was 2.9 kcal/g. Channel catfish were grown from an average weight of 47 g to marketable size over a 15 wk period at a stocking density of 13,750 fish/ha in 400 m² earthen ponds. Each treatment was replicated in three ponds. Fish in the satiation group were fed as much as they would consume each day for the 15 wk experimental period. Fish in the restricted group were fed as much as they would consume until the daily feed allowance reached 65 kg/ha, which was reached at approximately week 5 of the experiment, and thereafter, there was no further increase in feed allowance. There was no significant interaction between feeding regimen and dietary protein quality for weight gain or feed conversion. Weight gain and feed efficiency under both satiation and restricted feeding increased linearly as protein quality increased. Protein quality had no influence on protein efficiency ratio (PER) under satiate feeding but had a positive effect on PER under restricted feeding. Protein quality had a positive linear effect on dressing percentage under restricted feeding, but in those fish fed to satiation, dressing percentage only increased between the low and high quality protein treatments. Protein quality had a negative linear effect on muscle fat but had no effect on visceral fat under satiate or restricted feeding. These results indicate that channel catfish are sensitive to protein quality differences in practical feeds at both satiate and restricted feeding rates, and that reduction in protein quality reduces dressing yield and increases muscle fat in food size fish.