紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响

为探讨微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus,Pallas 1788)幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响,以鱼油为主要脂肪源配制基础饲料(FO),分别用裂壶藻粉(SO)、微绿球藻粉(NO)及两种藻粉的混合物(MO)替代鱼油中的DHA、EPA,不足部分用玉米油补齐,制成4种等氮等能的实验饲料,投喂星斑川鲽幼鱼(初始体重7.35 g±0.03 g)90 d。结果显示,与FO组相比,SO组的生长性能无显著差异(P0.05),NO组和MO组特定生长率、蛋白质效率和脏体比显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增大(P0.05);MO组的全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组与MO组的全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组背肌粗灰分含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);藻粉替代鱼油对肌肉和肝脏脂肪酸组分影响显著,肌肉的C16:0和DHA含量与其在饲料中所占的百分比呈显著正相关(r=0.973,0.967,P0.05),C14:0和C16:1n-7呈极显著正相关(r=1.00,0.996,P0.01),肝的C18:2n-6、n-6 PUFA和DHA/EPA呈显著正相关(r=0.983,0.976,0.977,P0.05),C16:1n-7呈现极显著正相关(r=0.992,P0.01);NO组和MO组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量较FO组显著降低(P0.05),NO组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下裂壶藻粉可以替代星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料中的鱼油而不对其生长和生理指标产生负面影响,并且在一定程度上能提高星斑川鲽的营养价值。     

饲料中DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血清生理指标的影响

为研究饲料DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和血液生理指标的影响,实验配制等氮、等能的5种不同DHA/EPA值(0.64、0.97、1.18、1.59和1.91)的饲料,每个比值设3个重复,饲养周期56 d。结果显示:(1)随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,星斑川鲽幼鱼增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率均呈先上升后下降的趋势(P0.05)。当饲料DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.59时实验鱼增重最快,饲料效率最高。蛋白质效率则在DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.18时达到最高。蛋白质沉积率(protein retention efficiency,PRE)与饲料DHA/EPA值呈显著二次回归关系(y=-1.589 5x2+2.858 3x+45.184;R2=0.910 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=PRE),当饲料DHA/EPA值大于0.90时呈下降趋势。肝体比呈先下降后小幅回升的趋势(P0.05),在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到最低,为2.85%,脾脏指数呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),于饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59组最高(0.12%);(2)肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料DHA/EPA值的增加呈明显下降趋势(P0.05),且在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时降到最低,为8.60%,而后又显著上升,但仍显著低于饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64时的水平(13.44%)。二次回归分析(y=5.199 6x2-15.652x+20.866;R2=0.634 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=肝脏脂肪含量)显示,当饲料中DHA/EPA值为1.51时肝脏脂肪含量最低。脂肪酸分析结果显示,随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,肝脏及肌肉中EPA含量均呈线性下降趋势(P0.05),而DHA含量及DHA/EPA均呈直线上升趋势(P0.05)。肝脏和肌肉组织n-3 HUFA总量不受饲料处理的影响(P0.05);(3)血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59时显著高于其他各组(P0.05),白蛋白在饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64、0.97和1.59水平最高。溶菌酶(LSZ)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到峰值(P0.05),为2.76μg/mL。谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值1.91时无显著变化,而当饲料DHA/EPA1.18时,血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性提高了65%左右。研究表明,在本实验条件下,以增重率为参考指标,采用二次回归(y=-31.066x2+77.26x+76.541;R2=0.957 4,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=增重率)分析可得,当饲料脂肪水平为8.3%,n-3 HUFA含量为0.74%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼[初始体质量(31.70±0.12)g]对DHA/EPA值的最适需要量应为1.24。     

饲料中添加锌对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、生理生化指标和机体抗氧化的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,以七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0、50、100、150、200、400mg/kg,配制成6种等氮等能的精制饲料,饱食投喂初始体重为62.89±0.51g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,探讨饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、血液生理生化指标和机体抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,添加150～400mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率(WGR)(P<0.05),且WGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在150mg/kg锌饲料组.添加100～200mg/kg饲料锌显著提高了试验鱼血液红细胞数量(P<0.05),0mg/kg锌饲料组的血细胞比容和血红蛋白含量均显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).血清蛋白含量不受饲料锌添加量的影响(P>0.05).血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随着锌添加量的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),在锌添加量为150mg/kg时达最高值;当添加量高于150mg/kg时,LSZ活力变化不显著(P>0.05).0与50mg/kg锌饲料组的血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活力显著低于其他各组(P<0.05).0和50mg/kg锌饲料组肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),以150mg/kg锌饲料组最低(P<0.05).建议星斑川鲽幼鱼精制饲料中锌的适宜添加量为150mg/kg.     

饲料蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血浆生化指标的影响

以鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个不同蛋白质水平(34.85%,40.48%,46.54%,51.54%,56.69%)的等能饲料.以初始体质量为(54.52±0.23)g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)为实验对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行54 d的摄食生长实验,研究饲料蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血浆生化指标的影响.结果显示:(1)增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随着饲料蛋白水平的增加而上升,51.54%和56.69%饲料组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),其余各组差异显著(P<0.05);51.54%饲料组的蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);51.54%饲料组的蛋白质沉积率(PRE)也显著高于34.85%、46.54%和56.69%组(P<0.05),但与40.48%饲料组差异不显著(P>0.05).以增重率为参考指标,折线回归分析结果表明,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳增重时对饲料中蛋白质的需要量为53.56%.(2)饲料不同蛋白水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼鱼体灰分含量没有显著影响,但显著影响了鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水分的含量(P<0.05).51.54%饲料组鱼体粗蛋白含量最高,显著高于34.85%组(P<0.05),而与40.48%、46.54%和56.69%组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);鱼体粗脂肪含量随着饲料蛋白水平的升高而下降,水分含量表现出与粗脂肪含量相反的趋势.(3)饲料蛋白含量对星斑川鲽幼鱼部分血浆生化指标也产生了显著性的影响.血浆总蛋白(TP)以51.54%组最高,与56.69%组差异不显著(P>0.05),,但显著高于34.85%、40.48%和46.54%组(P<0.05);40.48%、51.54%和56.69%组间血浆尿素氮(BUN)含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于34.85%和46.54%组(P<0.05).综合以上结果,星斑川鲽饲料中蛋白质适宜添加量为51.54%～53.56%.     

饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、组织积累和抗氧化功能的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,七水硫酸锌为锌源,在基础饲料中分别添加锌0,50,100,150,200,400mg/kg,制成6种含有不同锌水平的精制饲料(19.95,71.06,118.50,174.00,226.10和411.20mg/kg),投喂初始体重为(62.89±0.51)g的星斑川鲽幼鱼66d,研究饲料锌水平对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体成分、组织锌积累及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,随着饲料锌水平的增加,星斑川鲽的增重率(WGR)显著升高(P<0.05),在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组达最大值,而锌水平高于174.00mg/kg时,其增重率和特定生长率(SGR)变化不显著(P>0.05),SGR和WGR的变化趋势相同,且SGR的最大值及饲料系数(FCR)的最小值均出现在174.00mg/kg锌饲料组;全鱼营养成分各处理组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),锌添加量为0mg/kg饲料组的肌肉脂肪含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05);411.20mg/kg锌饲料组的全鱼、脊椎骨和肌肉中锌积累量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),当饲料锌水平为118.50～411.20mg/kg时,全鱼、脊椎骨和血清中锌积累量显著高于...     

乳制品-酵母益生元对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长性能和抗氧化能力的影响

选取平均初始体重为15.05±0.04g的星斑川鲽幼鱼540尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%乳制品-酵母益生元的试验饲料,实验期56d。结果表明：1）饲料中添加乳制品-酵母益生元可显著提高星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、摄食率(DFI)、蛋白质效率(PER)及肥满度(CF)(P<0.05),显著降低饲料系数(FCR)(P<0.05),但对星斑川鲽幼鱼的脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)无显著影响(P>0.05)。2）饲料中添加乳制品-酵母益生元显著提高了星斑川鲽幼鱼血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、抗超氧阴离子自由基(O2-?)的活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),显著提高星斑川鲽幼鱼肝脏中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),同时显著降低了血清和肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05)。本研究条件下,饲料中添加乳制品-酵母益生元可提高星斑川鲽幼鱼的生长性能及抗氧化能力,以特定生长率为评价指标,二次回归分析得出星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料中乳制品-酵母益生元的适宜添加量为1.32%。     

饥饿后再投喂对星斑川鲽生长、摄食的影响

采用饥饿不同时间后再恢复投喂相同时间的方法,在温度(19±1)℃、盐度32±1的条件下,对相同规格的星斑川鲽[(26.02±0.30)g]的生长、摄食进行了研究。研究结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂20 d后鱼体质量超过对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了超补偿生长;饥饿10d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量接近对照组水平,差异不显著(P>0.05),获得了完全补偿生长;饥饿15 d的星斑川鲽恢复投喂20 d后,鱼体质量未能达到对照组水平,差异显著(P<0.05),获得了部分补偿生长。饥饿后再投喂处理对星斑川鲽的体质量、全长、特定生长率、比肝质量等生长指标均有显著影响;对总摄食量、平均摄食量、食物转化率、摄食率、吸收率、排粪率的影响亦比较明显。结果表明,饥饿5 d的星斑川鲽在恢复投喂后生长最快,表现出很强的补偿生长能力。     

复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对杂交鳢生长、体组成与生化指标的影响

为研究复合蛋白源替代鱼粉对杂交鳢生长、体组成、抗氧化与生化指标的影响,在基础饲料中用复合蛋白源(由棉粕+菜粕+蚕蛹+桑叶发酵而成)分别替代饲料中0%、12%、24%、36%和48%的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮等脂(含粗蛋白CP 42%,粗脂肪EE 8.5%)的实验饲料,在室内循环水族箱内饲喂杂交鳢(初始体质量22 g)8周。结果显示,当复合蛋白源替代鱼粉水平大于12%时,杂交鳢的终末体质量(FBW)和特定生长率(SGR)显著降低,在48%替代水平达到最低。36%和48%替代水平蛋白质效率(PER)显著降低,而饲料系数(FCR)显著升高。各实验组摄食率(FR)无显著差异。替代水平组全鱼粗脂肪含量以及脏体比(VSI)和肠脂比(IPF)显著降低,而水分含量显著增加。随替代水平的增加,胰蛋白酶活性显著降低,而肠脂肪酶活性显著升高。替代水平24%以上肝脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著升高。替代水平12%以上血清中总胆固醇(CHO)含量显著降低,而替代水平36%以上血糖(GLU)含量会显著降低。各实验组血清甘油三酯(TC)、总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量无显著变化。研究表明,复合蛋白源替代12%鱼粉不会影响杂交鳢的生长,而高水平替代会抑制杂交鳢的生长,但可以改善杂交鳢机体糖脂代谢,提高机体的抗氧化能力。     

饲料中豆粕蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白对齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

试验分别以豆粕替代0(对照组)、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%的鱼粉蛋白设计出6种等氮等能的饲料配方, 按照配方配制试验饲料(A1、A2、A3、A4、A5和A6)。将540尾体质量为(14.67±0.51) g的齐口裂腹鱼随机分为6个试验组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复30尾试验鱼, 分别投喂6种不同的试验饲料, 养殖时间为45 d。结果表明, 豆粕蛋白替代水平对齐口裂腹鱼的生长有显著影响。豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白的比例为60%时, 试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料蛋白效率(PER)均达到最高(分别为118.08%、1.95%/d和207.22%), 饵料系数(FCR)最小(1.27)(P<0.05)。与其余各试验组相比, 替代比例为100%的试验组的WGR、SGR、PER显著降低, FCR显著升高(P<0.05)。通过二次多项式回归分析可知, 齐口裂腹鱼生长性能最佳时豆粕蛋白替代比例为34.25%~45.46%; 随着豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例的增大, 鱼体水分、粗灰分、肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05), 粗蛋白在豆粕蛋白替代水平为60%时达到最高(15.53%), 但在豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时试验鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05), 肝体指数则随豆粕蛋白替代水平增加而增大, 但在0~80%之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着豆粕蛋白替代比例的增加, 超氧化歧化酶(SOD)的活性有一定的波动, 在豆粕蛋白替代比例为40%达到最高, 豆粕蛋白替代比例在20%~60%时, 溶菌酶(LSZ)的活性逐渐升高, 但各组间及与对照组间的差异不显著(P>0.05), 谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)随着豆粕替代比例增加而逐渐升高, 但豆粕蛋白替代比例小于80%时差异不显著(P>0.05)。豆粕蛋白替代比例为100%时AST、ALT活性显著高于其余各试验组(P<0.05)。说明饲料中豆粕替代一定比例的鱼粉蛋白可促进齐口裂腹鱼的生长, 提高对饲料蛋白的代谢和免疫能力, 但豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例超过80%则可引起肝损伤或组织病变。在本试验条件下, 综合考虑其生长指标、体成分及免疫指标, 齐口裂腹鱼的饲料中豆粕对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代比例为80%, 当其替代比例为34.25%~45.46%时可获得最佳生长效果。     

Effect of dietary lipid level on the growth performance,feed utilization,body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder. Five isonitrogenous diets with increasing dietary lipid levels (6%, 10%, 14%, 18% and 22% dry material) were each fed to triplicate groups of starry flounder (29.9 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed the 6% lipid diet were significantly lower than the other groups, while there was no significant difference in fish fed the 10%, 14%, 18% and 22% lipid diets. Body lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The moisture content of the whole body was negatively correlated to the dietary lipid level. The dietary lipid level also affected the lipid content of the dorsal muscle positively. Liver lipid content increased as the dietary lipid level increased from 6% to 14% and then decreased. With increasing dietary lipid level, the nitrogen retention achieved the highest value when the fish were fed the 14% lipid diet, but there were no significant differences with the 10% and 22% groups. The plasma total protein content first showed an increasing and then a decreasing trend with increasing dietary lipid level, and it was significantly higher in the 14% lipid group than other groups. Based on the WG response using the broken‐line model, the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile starry flounder was estimated to be 10.62% in the experiment.     

Effect of various sources of dietary additive on growth,body composition and serum chemistry of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Asia traditional herbal feed additives have often been shown to have beneficial effects on disease resistance, growth, feed conversion and protein conversion. There have been few studies on the use of these feed additives in olive flounder diets. The present study was designed to determine if there are benefits associated with the inclusion of any of these traditional herbal feed additives in olive flounder diets. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile fish averaging 6.5 g were randomly distributed into 36, 180‐L flow‐through tanks. No additive was included into the control (Con) diet. The aqueous type of additives: 2.5% bamboo (BB), 0.25% Prunus mume (PM), 2.5% Artemisia capillaris (AC), 2.5% cinnamon (CC), 2.5% Cirtus junos (CJ), 0.25% Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) and 2.5% Ficus carica (FC), and the powder type of additives: 1% Houttuynia cordata (HC), 1% safflower (SF) and 1% sea tangle (ST) were included into the experimental diets. Finally, 0.1% emulsifying oil (EO) was included into the experimental diet. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed the BB, CT and SF diets was higher than that of fish fed the FC and HC diets. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the BB and SF diets was higher than that of fish fed the AC, FC and HC diets. None of serum criteria of fish was affected by any of dietary additives. Dietary additives did not affect weight gain and serum chemistry of olive flounder, but 2.5% bamboo extract and 1% safflower powder was effective to improve FER and PER.     

Response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with various protein sources on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)

Animal and/or plant protein sources substituting fishmeal in the diets keep being developed due to its high price. The purpose of this study is to determine response of dietary substitution of fishmeal with silkworm pupae meal, promate meal?, meat and bone meal and/or their combination on the performance of juvenile olive flounder. A 60% fish meal was used as the main protein source, used as the control (Con) diet. The 10 and 20% fishmeal were substituted with silkworm pupae meal and meat and bone meal, referred to as the SPM10, SPM20, MBM10 and MBM20 diets, respectively. And the 10, 20 and 40% fishmeal were substituted with promate meal?, referred to as the PM10, PM20 and PM40 diets, respectively. Finally, the 10 and 20% fishmeal were substituted with combined silkworm pupae meal and promate meal?, refereed to as the SPM + PM10 and SPM + PM20 diets, respectively. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed the MBM10 diet were higher than those of fish fed the Con, SPM20, PM20, PM40 and SPM + PM20 diets. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed the SPM10, MBM10, MBM20, PM10 and SPM + PM10 diets was higher than that of fish fed the SPM + PM20 and PM40 diets. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MBM10 and MBM20 diets was higher than that of fish fed the SPM20, PM20, PM40 and SPM + PM20 diets. In conclusion, dietary substitution of fishmeal with 10% SPM, 20% MBM, 10% PM and 10% SPM + PM could be made.     

Influence of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

A feeding trial using five semi-purified diets (50% crude protein) was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder. The control diet contained casein and gelatin as intact protein sources and four other diets contained 30% casein–gelatin (2:1, w/w) and 20% crystalline amino acids (CAA). CAA were added to the diets to simulate the amino acid pattern found in red sea bream egg protein (REP), Japanese flounder larvae whole body protein (FLP), Japanese flounder juvenile whole body protein (FJP), and brown fish meal protein (BFP), respectively. The test diets were fed to triplicate groups of juveniles (2.75±0.05 g) twice a day for 40 days to evaluate weight gain, survival, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU). The apparent retention of total dietary amino acids in the whole body and A/E ratios of the whole body were also evaluated. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the diet containing the dietary amino acid pattern of BFP followed by fish fed the control, FJP, FLP and the REP diets. Percent survival, FCE, PER and APU were also significantly (P<0.05) affected by the amino acid pattern in the diets, indicating the highest value in fish fed the BFP diet. Except for a few amino acids, the amino acid composition of the whole body did not show marked differences with different dietary amino acid pattern. Results suggest that BFP could be more suitable as a reference amino acid pattern in the diet of juvenile Japanese flounder compared to the amino acid pattern of FLP, FJP or REP.     

Influences of dietary distillers dried grain level on growth performance,body composition and biochemical parameters of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Five diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21 and DDG28) were prepared to contain 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg^?1 DDG. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 11.6 ± 0.1 g were fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diets containing 70–280 g kg^?1 DDG was not different to that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed DDG21 and DDG28 diets was lower than that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme and digestive enzyme activities were not affected by dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggested that DDG is a valuable ingredient as a candidate to replace wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 280 g kg^?1 for the growth of olive flounder. On the other hand, if lower feed efficiency of fish fed 210–280 g kg^?1 DDG is considered, up to 140 g kg^?1 DDG in diet is recommended for optimum feed utilization of fish.